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Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Antioxidants are a necessary nutrient component of the body to prevent and cope with oxidative stress. Avocado leaf allegedly has a natural antioxidant that can meet the needs of antioxidants which are still limited, especially for people with degenerative diseases. This study aimed to identify and analyze the phytochemical content and antioxidant power of avocado leaf extract. Materials and Methods: The type of research is pure experiment. The avocado leaf extraction preparation was macerated using 96% ethanol solvent with a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 3×24 h. Phytochemical types analyzed were flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. Measurement of antioxidant activity using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method on avocado leaf extract and vitamin C (control group). Data analysis was unpaired t-test, one-way ANOVA test and linear regression test with significant value was p < 0.01. Results: Positive avocado leaf extract contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Antioxidant activity avocado starch extract (absorbance DPPH = 0.797) is strong with IC50 of 72.61 mg LG⁻¹ and vitamin C as positive control is also very strong with IC50 (mg LG⁻¹) of 23.03. Conclusion: Avocado leaf extract contains phytochemical substances with a strong antioxidant that can be used to prevent and cope with oxidative stress.
... The extraction method of Persea americana (avocado) leaves using 95% HPLC grade ethanol and methanol as a universal solvent for refluxing is quite capable of dissolving polar compounds, so that multiple polar and non -polar compounds, such as certain bioactive elements contained in avocado leaves, can then be attracted to the solvent, although study has shown that ethanol is less effective in screening antioxidants (Rahman et al., 2018). Methanol in comparison to ethanol has proven to be a better solvent for extraction of bioactive and antioxidant but the use of ethanol is safer compared to methanol (Rahman et al., 2018). ...
... The extraction method of Persea americana (avocado) leaves using 95% HPLC grade ethanol and methanol as a universal solvent for refluxing is quite capable of dissolving polar compounds, so that multiple polar and non -polar compounds, such as certain bioactive elements contained in avocado leaves, can then be attracted to the solvent, although study has shown that ethanol is less effective in screening antioxidants (Rahman et al., 2018). Methanol in comparison to ethanol has proven to be a better solvent for extraction of bioactive and antioxidant but the use of ethanol is safer compared to methanol (Rahman et al., 2018). The Table 1 shows the total phenolic content of Persea Americana extracted by both 95% methanol and ethanol respectively. ...
... Ascorbic acid has very high standard antioxidant activity, the percentage DPPH scavenging activity appeared to increase as concentration increased for both the standard and the other solvent extracts of consideration. The absorbance appeared to reduce as concentration increased and it correlated with what (Rahman et al., 2018) reported in a similar research. The varying of of IC50 value of P. Americana extract in ethanol and methanol is worthy of note. ...
... Persea americana, commonly called avocado, is a flowering plant of Lauraceae family and a native to central Mexico. It is well known throughout the world for its fruit which is highly consumed because of its peculiar nutritional composition, antioxidant content, and biochemical profile [12]. Compound class such as carotenoids, tocopherols, phenolics (i.e., flavonoids, condensed tannins and hydroxycinnamic acids), acetogenins monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are the main antioxidants found in avocado. ...
... IC50 (inhibition concentration at 50) denotes the concentration of sample which is required to scavenge 50% of DPPH free radicals [19], except for the absence of steroids in their extracts, which is present in our methanol fraction. Similarly, our findings correspond with the analysis of avocado leaf extract from Indonesia by Rahman et al., [12] with the exception that alkaloid is lacking in their extract. ...
Objective: Persea americana is a popular plant that is well known for its fruit, which is highly consumed due to its nutritional and medicinal values. The rich secondary metabolites content of P. americana creates an opportunity to utilize it as a functional food or standardized herbal preparations. The quality of a medicinal plant is determined by the active substances produced by the plant. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to determine the secondary metabolites present in P. americana grown in uncultivated farmland in Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria. Methods: The dried pulvurised leaves of P. americana from uncultivated farmland in Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria were extracted with methanol by the maceration method and partitioned successively with solvents of increasing polarity. The extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical screening and the total phenolics were determined spectrometrically using the folin–ciocalteu method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that P. americana is rich in various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. The total phenolic content gave 500µg/g gallic acid equivalent. The total flavonoid content obtained was 250µg/g using quercetin as standard. The anti-oxidant assay of the crude extract showed a high activity of 89.05% at a concentration of 0.05g/ml. Conclusion: Total phenolic content of the plant is likely to be a key for determining the free radical scavenging and ROS reducing ability of the plant.
... 90% of ethanolic extract of PA leaf contains good amounts of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. These phytochemicals have the super antioxidant property and can be used for averting some diseases associated with oxidative stress (Rahman & Dewi, 2018). PA plant contains diverse polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects which have potency to treat many disease (Castro-López et al., 2019). ...
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neuro-degenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several pathological conditions, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, contribute to the degeneration of motor neurons. Despite extensive research, no current drug therapies have proven effective in treating ALS. Purpose: This study explores the therapeutic potential of Persea americana (PA) Mill, commonly known as avocado, in the treatment of ALS. Methods: The review draws on pre-clinical and clinical studies that have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of PA extracts (PAE) in diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, highlighting the potential mechanisms that may be relevant to ALS. Results: Although no studies have directly investigated the effects of PA on ALS, the bioactive compounds in PA have shown promising results in mitigating neurodegenerative processes through their diverse biological activities. Conclusion: Based on existing evidence from related neurodegenerative conditions and the mechanisms involved in ALS pathology, it is hypothesized that PA extracts may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for ALS. Further research is required to validate the efficacy of PAE in managing ALS symptoms and slowing disease progression.
... 90% of ethanolic extract of PA leaf contains good amounts of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. These phytochemicals have the super antioxidant property and can be used for averting some diseases associated with oxidative stress (Rahman & Dewi, 2018). PA plant contains diverse polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant effects which have potency to treat many disease (Castro-López et al., 2019). ...
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neuro-degenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several pathological conditions, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, contribute to the degeneration of motor neurons. Despite extensive research, no current drug therapies have proven effective in treating ALS. Purpose: This study explores the therapeutic potential of Persea americana (PA) Mill, commonly known as avocado, in the treatment of ALS. Methods: The review draws on pre-clinical and clinical studies that have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of PA extracts (PAE) in diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, highlighting the potential mechanisms that may be relevant to ALS. Results: Although no studies have directly investigated the effects of PA on ALS, the bioactive compounds in PA have shown promising results in mitigating neurodegenerative processes through their diverse biological activities. Conclusion: Based on existing evidence from related neurodegenerative conditions and the mechanisms involved in ALS pathology, it is hypothesized that PA extracts may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for ALS. Further research is required to validate the efficacy of PAE in managing ALS symptoms and slowing disease progression.
... A qualitative phytochemical test of filtrates of MCFE was performed to clarify the presence of phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acid, alkaloids, and terpenoids using a standard procedure [27,28]. The qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out using Mayer's test, Alkaline reagent test, foam layer test, Chloroform + Sulfuric acid test, and Ferric chloride test [29,28,30,31]. ...
This study investigates the effects of the simultaneous use of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract (MCFE) and amlodipine (AML) on rats’ antihypertensive activity and sub-chronic toxicity. The antihypertensive activity was assessed in 25 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups: 1. normal, 2. negative control (NaCl 8%), 3. positive control [NaCl 8% + AML 1 mg/kg body weight (BW)], 4. Treatment-1 [NaCl 8% + MCFE (45 mg/kg BW)], and 5. Treatment-2 [NaCl 8% + MCFE (45 mg/kg BW) + AML (1 mg/kg BW)]. MCFE and AML were given orally on days 22–35. The blood pressure was measured on days 0, 7, 21, 28, and 35. The sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted with a repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity test. The results showed that the blood pressure reduction in the treatment-2 group was not significantly different from those in the positive control or treatment-1 group (p > 0.05). In addition, it changed aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels, and histological parameters in the liver and kidneys. The simultaneous use of MCFE and AML might have the same activity as either AML or MCFE alone but could cause toxic effects on liver and kidney function. Therefore, simultaneous use should not be considered for hypertension therapy.
... The starch powders showed presence of phytochemicals such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides. Previous studies carried out on the starch by other researchers have revealed the presence of these same phytochemicals in ample amounts [23][24][25]. ...
Introduction: Starch is a biopolymer commonly used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations due to its biocompatibility, inertness, biodegradability, availability and affordability. Purpose: The study aimed to extract and characterize the starch isolated from avocado (Persea americana) seeds and investigate its disintegrant and binder properties in paracetamol tablet formulations. Methods: Starch was extracted from avocado seed using standard methods and then subjected to some phytochemical, physicochemical and bulk powder properties analyses. High-resolution analyses using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) were also carried out on the extracted starch powder. Results: Starch extraction yield was 19.61% and the starch was light-brown in colour, odourless, tasteless and smooth in texture. The starch showed a melting point range of 102-114°C and moisture content of 22.7%. It also exhibited a hydration capacity of 2.76 g/g and swelling and moisture sorption capacities of 46.43 and 115.34%, respectively. The starch powder was cohesive with poor flow properties but the DSC, FTIR, SEM and XRD results showed a semi-crystalline powder composed of fluffy discrete particles. Conclusion: The starch isolated from P. americana seeds exhibited good swelling, hydration and moisture sorption capacities, making it a good candidate as a tablet disintegrant. Keywords: Avocado, starch, physicochemical, high-resolution, analyses
... It is a medium to large tree, 9 to 20 meters tall and characterized as an evergreen plant whose leaves are usually 7 to 41 cm in length and can be elliptic, oval or lanceolate in shape; although some varieties lose their leaves for a short time before flowering [8]. Avocado leaf extract is said to contain phytochemical substances such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids with a strong antioxidant that can be used to prevent and cope with oxidative stress [9]. Avocados are commercially valuable and are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates throughout the world. ...
Aim: To investigate whether the aqueous extract of avocado leaves can be used in alternative medicine for the remediation or treatment of lead poisoning in the brain. Study Design: Pure Experiment, using animal models. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; between January 2019 and June 2019. Methodology: Twenty albino Wistar rats including both male and female, and weighing around 155 g were randomly assigned to four groups (designated as A,B,C and D), with each group consisting of five animals. While group A served as the control, group B was administered a daily dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of avocado leaf extract, group C received 150 mg/kg body weight per day of lead acetate, and group D was given 150 mg/kg body weight per day of lead acetate and immediately followed with 500 mg/kg body weight/day of the avocado leaf extract. Treatments were given once daily through the oral route using a syringe with attached micropipette tube for 15 days, while the animals had access to water and chow ad libitum. The rats were euthanized on the 16th day by cervical dislocation and the cranial cavity was carefully exposed in order to dissect the brain and to obtain tissue samples from the cerebellum, which were then prepared for microscopic examination using routine histological techniques, with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Results: The findings showed the extract to be ameliorative by reducing histomorphological distortions of lead acetate toxicity in the brain, and thus caused moderate regeneration of the cerebellar tissue. Conclusion: The outcome of this research therefore indicates that the avocado leaf extract has medicinal potentials and could serve as an herbal remedy in the alternative treatment of lead poisoning.
... [18] Avocado leaves contain phenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, according to the results obtained in the phytochemical screening test which shows the presence of these compounds in avocado leaf extract. [19] Compound that is believed to have an effect on diuretic activity is flavonoid. [20] Flavonoid can increase urinalysis and electrolyte secretion in mice by increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). ...
Context: Antioxidant activity in avocado leaves plays a role in improving insulin work in controlling blood glucose levels. Aim: To analyse the effect of doses of avocado leaf extract on the regeneration of diabetic rat renal cells. Methods: Experimental method was used with 18 male white rats as subjects. White rats were divided into six groups: Treatment G1: Feed + STZ (Streptozotocin) + Sucrose 10% + Avocado leaf extract dose of 100 mg/kg body weight + NaCMC 0.5%, G2: Feed + STZ + Sucrose 10% + Avocado leaf extract 150 mg/kg body weight + NaCMC 0.5%, G3: Feed + STZ + Sucrose 10% + Avocado leaf extract dose 200 mg/kg body weight + Na-CMC 0.5%, G4: Feed + STZ + 10% sucrose + Na-CMC 0.5%, G5: Feed + STZ + 10% sucrose + Glibenclamid + Na-CMC 0.5%, and P6: Feed. Results: The average renal damage of rats in the rat group was G1 = 1.66; G2 = 1.33; G3 = 0; G4 = 3; P5 = 0; P6 = 0. Score 0 = no damage. Score 1 = mild renal cell damage (1/3 cell part); score 2 = moderate renal cell damage (2/3 cell parts); score 3 = severe renal cell damage (>2/3 cell parts). Conclusion: The treatment of G3 with a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight avocado leaf extract gives a relatively effective influence on regenerating STZ induced renal cell rats, compared to other doses.
... Daiuto et al. also evaluated antioxidant activities of seed and peel parts of avocado 13 . Avocado leaves were enriched with phenolic bioactive compounds which potential as a natural antioxidants 14 and positively contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids under methanolic solution to extract avocado leaves 15 . Avocado leaves have been empirically used as a diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypertensive, hypoglycemic, diarrhea, sore throat and hemorrhage cure 16,17 . ...
Piper crocatum and Persea americana Mill leaves are commonly used in traditional medicinal remedies, such as antidiabetes, antitumors and Alzheimer treatment. However, the extensive use of plant extracts over worldwide becomes significant concerns including its safety, efficacy, and quality. Therefore, the accurate scientific evaluation has become a precondition for acceptance of herbal health claims. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav and Persea americana Mill leaf extracts. Isolation of antioxidant fractions were conducted using organic solvent extraction techniques. Antioxidant assays were conducted by using in vitro and in vivo methods involving DPPH and MDA methods. In this study, in vitro assays of Persea americana Mill and Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav leaf extracts showed the best activity in water fraction. Moreover, in vivo assays of both plant leaf extracts showed the best dose at 8 mg. Persea americana Mill and Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav leaf extracts have been successfully determined in antioxidant actions in vitro and in vivo. Persea americana Mill in water and ethanol solvents exhibit strong antioxidant properties. Meanwile, Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav exhibit moderate activity in water and weak antioxidant activity in ethanol. Both plant leaves showed that 8 mg dose was better than the dose of 4 mg and 16 mg in vivo.
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. T2DM is also the leading cause of death in most developed and developing countries. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) skin extract on blood glucose levels in white male rats with diabetes (preclinical test). Method: Experimental research in vivo with True Experimental-PreTest and Post Test Only Control Group Design. The samples were 15 white male rats aged ±3 months, with a 150-200 grams bodyweight. Avocado peel was extracted with ethanol. Measurement of fasting blood glucose levels was carried out 3 times. Streptozotocin administration was used to increase glucose levels in experimental animals. Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze the data obtained from each treatment group, and the level of significance was expressed in =5%. Results: Fasting blood glucose levels in the first measurement for all groups were included in the normal category, about 48.73 mg/dL. Then the second measurement after being induced with STZ showed an increase in fasting blood glucose levels of mice with an average of 181.07 mg/dL. Furthermore, the 3rd measurement showed that mice's fasting blood glucose level was still high, except for group IV, which decreased to 97.33 mg/dL. The results of the comparative analysis of fasting blood glucose levels on the 2nd and 3rd measurements showed that most of them experienced a decrease, except in group V, and the intervention group which experienced a significant decrease, group IV with p-value = 0.003 and the magnitude of the decrease was 133.33 mg/dL. Conclusion: The concentration of 200 mg/kg BW of avocado peel extract significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels by 133.33 mg/dL after STZ induction compared to other groups
Objectibe The rate of pancreatic cell regeneration after avocado leaf extract intervention in a diabetic animal model induced by streptozotocin was investigated in this study. Method: Experimental study was conducted on 18 male white rats as subjects, which were divided into 6 groups, 3 animals of each. Those were G1 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% Sucrose + 100 mg/kg b.w. of extract + 0.5% NaCMC), G2 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% Sucrose + 150 mg/kg b.w. of extract + 0.5% NaCMC), G3 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% Sucrose + 200 mg/kg b.w. of extract + 0.5% NaCMC), G4 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% sucrose + 0.5% Na-CMC), G5 (Feed + Streptozotocin + 10% sucrose + Glibenclamid + 0.5% Na-CMC), G6 (Normal healthy animal + Feed). Results: The pancreatic cells damage in animal diabetic model, G1 = 1.67 (moderate cell damage); G2 = 1.00 (mild cell damage); G3 = 0.33 (no damage); G4 = 3.00 (severe cell damage); G5 = 0.33 (no damage); G6 = 0.33 (no damage). Conclusion: The dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. of avocado leaf extract contributed the most significant recovery of pancreatic cell of diabetic animal induced with streptozotocin, equivalent to glibenclamide.
Oxidative stress is known to be involved in development of numerous diseases including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, kidney and cancer. Thus, investigations that mimic oxidative stress in vitro may play an important role to find new strategies to control oxidative stress and subsequent consequences are important. Rotenone, widely used as a pesticide has been used as a model to simulate oxidative stress. However, this chemical was found to produce several diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and cytoprotective effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill) extract and oil in monkey kidney epithelial cells (VERO) exposed to rotenone. VERO cells were exposed to IC50 of rotenone in conjunction with different concentrations of avocado extract and oil (ranging from 1 to 1000 µg/ml), for 24 hr. Subsequently, cell viability and oxidative metabolism were assessed. Data demonstrated that avocado extract and oil in the presence of rotenone increased cellular viability at all tested concentrations compared to cells exposed only to rotenone. In addition, extract and avocado oil exhibited antioxidant action as evidenced by decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide ion, and lipid peroxidation, generated by rotenone. Further, avocado extract and oil appeared to be safe, since these compounds did not affect cell viability and or generate oxidative stress. Therefore, avocado appears to display a promising antioxidant potential by decreasing oxidative stress.
This research aims to analyze the characteristics of maltodextrin capsules of avocado leaf extract. It was conducted in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of the Mathematics and Science Faculty of Tadulako University. The research variables are antioxidant power, anthocyanin content, phenolic content, tannin content, water content, and toxicity test in mice with various doses. It was found that the % inhibition of avocado leaf extract maltodextrin capsules increases with the increasing concentrations of 33.662%-51.996% with the IC50 value of 78.732. The phenolic, tannin and antiocyanin contents in maltodextrin capsules of avocado leaf extract on average are high by 39.94 mg/dL (Phenol), 59.54 mg/dL (Tannin), 0.0004 g/l (Anthocyanin) and low water solubility of 8.219%. The results of the toxicity test show that the administration of the avocado leaf extract maltodextrin capsules observed for 24 hours did not obtain data on the death of the test animals. It is concluded that the avocado leaf extract maltodextrin capsule has high antioxidant power with high anthocyanin, phenolic and tannin contents that can be used as a product rich in antioxidant content.
At the present time, much attention is being paid to antioxidant substances because many pathological conditions are associated with oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to discover the potency of saponin (2-phenyl-benzopyrane), a soybean flavonoid, with respect to its hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action, and the association of these effects with oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 6): control group and saponin-treated group (60 mg/kg) during 30 days. Saponin had no effects on glucose tolerance. Although no changes had been observed in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, saponin-treated animals had increased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/triacylglycerol ratio and decreased triacylglycerol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio than the control group. Saponin-treated rats showed lower lipid hydroperoxide than control rats, indicating decreased potential to atherosclerosis. No alterations were observed in antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, while lipid hydroperoxide were decreased in saponin-treated rats. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of saponin on serum lipids were related to a direct saponin antioxidant activity.