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MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF RABBIT LUNG, BRONCHIAL TREE AND PULMONARY VESSELS USING CORROSION CAST TECHNIQUE
... Interstitial pneumonitis, also known as ivterstitial pneumonia, is a condition characterized by inflammationand damage to the interstitial tissue of the lungs, which iv the area between thealveoli and the blood vesses. This can lead it scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, making it difficiltfor oxygen to pass into the bloodstream (Mark et al., 2016;Iyawe and Ebomoyi, 2017;Drake et al., 2015;Ganapathy et al., 2019;Autifi et al., 2015). Interstitial pneumonitis can be caused by vafious factors, including exposure to toxins or chemical, radiation therapy, viral or bacterial infections and autoimmune disorders (Harrison, 2014;Moore and Dalley, 2014;George et al., 2014;Ayres, 2015). ...
Background: Insecticide poisoning is the most common cause of lung diseases among people with insecticide-related occupations which has significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on dichlorvos-induced interstitial pneumonitis in the adult Wistar rat.Methods: Thirty (30) adult Wistar rats (male and female) weighing between 240 g and 270 g were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats per group. Group A rats were placed on feed and water only. Group B rats were exposed to only 2 puffs of dichlorvos (10 ml/puff) at a concentration of 100 mg/m3, administered at 10 am daily for 30 minutes via inhalation. Group C rats received 500mg/kg body weight per day (BWT/D) of Moringa oleifera. Groups D and E rats were exposed to dichlorvos via inhalation and received 250mg/kg BWT/D (low dose) and 500mg/kg BWT/D (high dose) of Moringa oleifera respectively. The Moringa oleifera dosages were given for 30 consecutive days via an orogastric tube. The weights of the animas in each group were taken and recorded weekly and the difference noted. At the end of the 30th day exposure, the animals were euthanized under chloroform anaesthesia and the lungs were harvested and processed for histological examination. The obtained data were analyzed using the one-way Analysis of Variance, with level of significance set at <0.05. Results: Exposure to dichlorvos did not affect body weight in rats, but it did cause significant changes in blood parameters, including decresed lymphocytes and red blood cells, and disruptions of other red cell indices, indicating haematoogical toxicity. This suggests that dichlorvos may have effects of the bood and haematoogical system, even if it doesn’t affect body werght. The histological sections of the lungs of rats in Group A, C, D and E showed normal histoarchitecture of the lungs. There were observable histological variations in the lung histoarchitecture of the exposed rats (Group B) which include bronchiolar haemorrhage, alveolar haemorrhage and interstitial infiltrates of inflammatory cells (evidence of interstitial pneumonitis).Conclusion: It was concluded that Moringa oleifera had an ameliorative effect on dichlorvos-induced interstitial pneumonitis in Wistar rats. Moringa oleifera is therefore valuable in combating interstitial pneumonitis.
... Interlobar fissures separated the lung into distinct lobes; the number of lobes in the right and left lobes in both sexes of Squirrel was agreed with (26) in mice but disagreed with that reported in rabbits in which the left lung was composed of two lobes; anterior and posterior lobes 27 . The lungs of both sexes do not have clear sub-pleural pulmonary lobules that differ from those of small ruminants 25 but agree with that found in rabbits 28 . The corrosive cast technique displayed the form of the trachea and bronchial tree, which differed from that observed by (19) Iraqi weasels (Herpestes javanicus), in which the left primary bronchi were divided into apical, middle and caudal bronchi to the apical, middle and caudal lobes. ...
The present study aimed to identify the topography, morphology, histochemistry and histology of lung structures, bronchial divisions and trachea in adult local Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) as a species inhabited in Iraqi environments. This work was conducted on thirty local Squirrel of both sexes (15) males and (15) females were divided into three equal groups, first for http://wsx5customurl.comanatomical perceptions, second to resin cast technique and the third for histological study. Anatomically, in both sexes, the trachea appeared as a cartilaginous structure consisting of flexible cartilaginous rings, C-like, connected by annular ligaments. It begins at the end of the cricoid cartilage from the level of the second cervical vertebra to the fourth thoracic vertebral plane; eventually, it splits into the right and left main bronchi. Count tracheal rings, the entire weight of the lung, full length, the diameter of the trachea and right and left bronchi. The trachea in females was slightly less than in males but not significantly. The bronchial tree was detected in resin cast, which was constructed of the trachea divided into left and right primary bronchi (Main bronchi), the right one was split into four secondary bronchi to enter the right lobes and two secondary bronchi to the left one. The left lung contains one lobe, whereas four lobes were observed in the right. Histologically, the wall of the trachea consists of four layers. Epithelial cells of ciliated pseudostratified columnar and goblet cells that reacted positively with PAS were covered in the mucosa. Submucosa was devoid of the tracheal glands. The Trachealis muscle is connected from the outer aspect of rings. Similarly to the trachea, the primary bronchi are structured but smaller in diameter; they break up within the lung into primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, then it terminates in respiratory bronchioles that contain Clara cells and open at the end in the sacs of alveoli. Two types of pneumocystis were observed lining the alveoli. The current study concluded anatomically and histologically that there were no significant differences between males and females of local squirrels. The lobulation of the lung in squirrels is different from other animals. The trachea and lung histologically resembled numerous animals, however, the wall had micro morphometric changes. But, the surface lining cells of the tracheal and bronchi mucosa secrete neutral mucin, with no submucosal glands in the tracheal wall. Keywords: Trachea, Local Squirrel, Bronchial Tree, Histochemical, Lung.
... At the same time, the study of the lungs of various animal species showed the presence of individual morphological features in the lobular structure of the lungs [21]. Thus, in bats, the left lung is not divided into lobes, and in mink and sable, the left lung is divided into only two lobes -cranial and caudal [6]. ...
The lungs, which form part of the respiratory apparatus, provide gas exchange between the environment and the tissues of the human and animal body. Therefore, lung diseases are one of the most pressing issues for modern humane and veterinary medicine. This problem is caused by the progressive growth of diseases in mammals such as bronchial asthma, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, coronavirus infections, etc. Therefore, to effectively solve this issue in terms of prevention, effective treatment, and prompt differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases, an essential area in morphology is the study of the respiratory apparatus, namely the lungs, in clinically healthy animals, to develop marker test criteria that will serve as indicators of the norm in the differential diagnosis of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the macro- and microscopic structure of the lungs, conduct a morphometric assessment of their morphological structures in domestic sexually mature horses (class Mammals, species – domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus L., 1758). The object of this study was the lungs of clinically healthy sexually mature horses (n=5). Fresh lungs of the animals under study were subjected to anatomical preparation. For histological studies, generally accepted methods of fixing pieces of material and making histological sections were used, which were then stained with haematoxylin and eosin and according to Van Gieson’s method. The basis of the lungs in horses are pyramidal or cone-shaped lobules. Part of the structure of the lobes are acini covered with a thin layer of connective tissue. The microscopic structure of acini is formed by alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. According to the results of research, the alveolar tree in horses is shortened and wide and has a bubble shape. The results of morphometric studies showed that the average volume of pulmonary alveoli in clinically healthy horses is 699.80±106.42 thous. μm3. The respiratory part of the lungs in horses occupies 54.8±7.4% of the total area of the lung parenchyma, the connective tissue base – 45.2±7.4%. Such studies of morphological features and morphometric parameters of equine lungs are of practical importance in veterinary medicine since they are markers and criteria for pathomorphological diagnosis of diseases associated with the respiratory system
... The respiratory system of the laboratory animals is a benefit to discovering unique species variations; therefore, it is used as animal models for direct scientific studies 1 . The lungs are the essential part of the respiratory system; they are characterized by compact soft tissue and a spongy mass of tissue covered by the pleura, which is extended from the thoracic cavity within the thorax. ...
The rabbits are considered small mammals that had, in comparison to big animals, they have a high metabolic rate and oxygen requirement. Because the larynx is located at a high angle to the oropharynx, it may immediately access the nasopharynx of rabbits categorized as nose breathers. The lungs were symmetrical in size, with the right lung being more prominent than the left and situated at the trachea's bottom. The trachea is located between the left and right bronchus. Twenty rabbits were transported to the laboratory, and by the appropriate laboratory, the instrument opened the thoracic cavity, and also the organs were filmed while the respiratory organs were removed. Due to the heart interposition and its left deviation, the left lung in rabbits is smaller than the right lung, which has just three lobes. The lungs also lack septa. The trachea is separated into two bronchi, the last of which is branched into tiny bronchioles. Achieve a histological and morphological description of rabbits' respiratory tract because the rabbits are valuable models in respiratory research due to their respiratory hyperresponsiveness, which resembles asthma in humans. The larynx is located lower than the oropharynx, where it may directly access the nasopharynx, and the rabbits are nasal breathers. The primary respiratory organs of rabbits are the left and right lung, trachea and bronchi, as in humans and rats. Still, it is supported by double cartilage in the conducting portion of the respiratory system. Keywords. Respiratory system, Oryctolagus cuniculus.
Екологічна ситуація, що стрімко змінюється, передбачає наявність високого рівня адаптаційних можливостей організму тварин до реалій довкілля. В умовах ведення тваринництва це можливо лише за регулярного контролю морфологічного стану органів і систем тварин, особливо дихальної, на яку активно впливають особливості утримання, атмосферне повітря, годівля, а також лікувально-профілактичні заходи, що проводяться. Отже, функціонування легень як відкритої морфофункціональної системи безпосередньо залежить від характеру їхньої динамічної взаємодії зі складним комплексом фізико-хімічних факторів навколишнього середовища. У зв'язку з цим є очевидна необхідність детального вивчення макро- та мікроморфології органів дихання, оскільки такі органи є системою, за допомогою якої організм «будує себе з умов навколишнього середовища». Також необхідно враховувати, що ця система займає одну з провідних позицій у забезпеченні оптимального рівня функціонування організму, оскільки від її роботи багато в чому залежить розвиток тварини, обмінні процеси, а також стан її здоров'я. Встановлення макро- та мікроморфологічних особливостей органів дихання є фундаментом під час проведення профілактичних і лікувальних заходів. Дихальна система забезпечує надходження Оксигену в організм та виведення з нього вуглекислого газу, газообмін між кров’ю та повітрям. Наукова стаття присвячена дослідженню макро- та мікроморфологічних особливостей легень статевозрілого коня – Equus Feruscaballus L., 1758. За допомогою анатомічного препарування, використання макроскопічних, гістологічних, морфометричних та статистичних методів, досліджено морфологію легень та їх анатомічний тип. В результаті досліджень встановлено часткову будову легень, визначено їхню топографію, форму, розміри, галуження бронхів бронхіального дерева, здійснено органометрію (абсолютна та відносна маси легень), проведено морфометричну оцінку морфологічних структур, визначено коефіцієнт асиметрії тощо. За результатами морфологічних досліджень виявлено характерні морфологічні особливості макро- та мікроскопічної структури легень статевозрілого коня відповідно до класу, віку та виду тварин. Виявлено наявність індивідуальних морфологічних особливостей у часточковій будові легень коней. Зокрема, у лівій легені є лише дві частки (краніальна та каудальна), у правій легені – три частки (краніальна, каудальна та додаткова). Альвеолярне дерево легень коней укороченого типу, широке та має пухирчасту будову. Проведені дослідження певною мірою розширюють і доповнюють відомості про видові, породні та морфологічні особливості анатомічної і гістологічної будови легень у свійських тварин та мають важливе значення для оцінки клініко-морфологічного стану тварин у нормі та для виявлення патогенезу хвороб тварин, пов’язаних з органами дихання.
In the marsupial gray short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), the majority of lung development, including the maturation of pulmonary vasculature, takes place in ventilated functioning state during the postnatal period. The current study uses X‐ray computed tomography (μCT) to three‐dimensionally reconstruct the vascular trees of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein in 15 animals from neonate to postnatal day 57. The final 3D reconstructions of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein in the neonate and at 21, 35, and 57 dpn were transformed into a centerline model of the vascular trees. Based on the reconstructions, the generation of end‐branching vessels, the median and maximum generation, and the number of vessels were calculated for the lungs. The pulmonary vasculature follows the lung anatomy with six pulmonary lobes indicated by the bronchial tree. The pulmonary arteries follow the bronchial tree closely, in contrast to the pulmonary veins, which run between the pulmonary segments. At birth the pulmonary vasculature has a simple branching pattern with a few vessel generations. Compared with the bronchial tree, the pulmonary vasculature appears to be more developed and extends to the large terminal air spaces. The pulmonary vasculature shows a marked gain in volume and a progressive increase in vascular complexity and density. The gray short‐tailed opossum resembles the assumed mammalian ancestor and is suitable to inform on the evolution of the mammalian lung. Vascular genesis in the marsupial bears resemblance to developmental patterns described in eutherians. Lung development in general seems to be highly conservative within mammalian evolution.
The rapidly changing ecological situation implies a high level of adaptation capabilities of the animal organism to the realities of the environment. In the conditions of animal husbandry, this is possible only with regular monitoring of the morphological state of organs and systems, especially the respiratory system, which is actively influenced by the features of housing, atmospheric air, feeding, as well as the medical and preventive measures that are carried out. Therefore, the functioning of the lungs as an open morphofunctional system directly depends on the nature of their dynamic interaction with a complex complex of physical and chemical environmental factors. In this regard, there is an obvious need for a detailed study of the macro- and micromorphology of the respiratory organs, since such organs are a system by which the body "builds itself from environmental conditions". It is also necessary to take into account that this system occupies one of the leading positions in ensuring the optimal level of functioning of the body, since the animal's development, metabolic processes, and its state of health largely depend on its work. Establishing the macro- and micromorphological features of the respiratory system is the foundation for preventive and therapeutic measures. The respiratory system ensures the intake of oxygen into the body and the excretion of carbon dioxide from it, and the gas exchange between blood and air. The scientific article is devoted to the study of the macro- and micromorphological features of the lungs of a sexually mature horse - Equus Feruscaballus L., 1758. With the help of anatomical preparation and macroscopic, histological, morphometric and statistical methods of research, the morphology of the lungs was investigated and their belonging to a certain anatomical type was determined. As a result of the research, the partial structure of the lungs was determined, their topography, shape, dimensions, branching of the bronchi of the bronchial tree, results of organometry (absolute and relative lung mass), morphometric assessment of their morphological structures, asymmetry coefficient, etc. were determined. According to the results of morphological studies, the characteristic morphological features of the macro- and microscopic structure of the lungs of a mature horse were revealed according to the class, age and species of animals. The presence of individual morphological features in the lobular structure of the lungs of horses was revealed. In particular, there are only two lobes in the left lung (cranial and caudal), and three lobes in the right lung (cranial, caudal and additional). The alveolar tree of the lungs of horses is shortened, wide and has a vesicular structure. The conducted research to a certain extent expands and supplements information about the species, breed and morphological features of the anatomical and histological structure of the lungs in domestic animals and is important for assessing the clinical and morphological state of animals in normal conditions and for identifying the pathogenesis of animal diseases related to the respiratory organs.
The study of the animal body and its morphoarchitectonics is a priority area for the successful development of animal husbandry. The purpose of the study is to establish the macroscopic structure of the lungs and provide an organometric assessment of their morphological structures in domestic sexually mature animals. The study used 30 clinically healthy individuals of 6 animal species belonging to the class Mammalia – Mammals. According to the results of the morphometry analysis of absolute and relative lung values in domestic mammals and their right and left lobes, a pronounced asymmetry was established, the coefficient of which corresponded to: in rabbits – 1:1.30, in dogs – 1:1.33, in sheep – 1:1.37, in pigs – 1:1.34, in cattle – 1:1.37, in horses – 1:1.2. For morphological assessment of typical lung features characteristic of a particular animal species, a morphological scale of marker features of the organ is proposed. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to classify the lungs of domestic mammals, considering the structure and shape, into 4 types: 1st – expanded-shortened (lung development index (LDI) = 85– 100%); 2nd –intermediate (LDI = 101–120%); 3rd – moderately elongated (LDI = 121–130%); 4th – elongated (LDI = 131–140%). Based on a detailed analysis of organometric studies, a scale for assessing marker features of the lung is proposed – in rabbits (LDI = 90 ± 1.89%) assigned to the extended-shortened type, in cattle (LDI=117±2.21%) and sheep (LDI=114±2.08%) – intermediate type, in horses (LDI = 127 ± 2.74%) – moderately elongated type, in pigs (LDI = 136 ± 3.01%) and dogs (LDI = 137 ± 2.84%) – elongated type. The obtained results of morphological studies of the lungs of the representatives of the mammalian class are of practical importance in biology and veterinary medicine since they are marker signs of their morphofunctional state and criteria for pathomorphological diagnosis of respiratory diseases
The respiratory system is one of the most important systems that carries out the body's gas exchange between air and blood, as a result of which oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is removed from it to the environment. In recent years, in the list of diseases of various etiologies, there has been a sharp increase in the number of diseases related to the respiratory organs. There is no doubt that the effective treatment of these pathologies is impossible without knowledge of breed and species characteristics of the anatomy and histology of respiratory organs, the morphofunctional parameters of which should be taken into account when carrying out diagnostic and preventive measures, regarding the prevention of animal diseases, and when providing them with medical care. Therefore, when planning research on the respiratory organs, which include the lungs, one should take into account their topographical-anatomical specific features in domestic animals, their structural-functional features of the microscopic structure, etc. The completed morphological work is a fragment of the research topic of the Department of Normal and Pathological Morphology, Hygiene and Expertise, Polis National University: "Development, morphology and histochemistry of animal organs in normal and pathological conditions", (state registration number – No. 0113V000900). This publication is devoted to the study of the morpho-functional characteristics of the lungs of a sexually mature horse (Equus Feruscaballus L., 1758). Using the method of anatomical dissection, macroscopic, histological, morphometric and statistical methods of research, the macro- and microscopic structure of the lungs was clarified and their belonging to a certain anatomical type was determined. As a result of the conducted studies, the partial structure of the lungs was determined, their topography, shape, dimensions, absolute and relative mass of the lungs were determined, a morphometric assessment of their morphological structures, asymmetry coefficient, etc. was carried out. Staining of tissue sections with hematoxylin and eosin was used to study cell morphology, conduct morphometric studies, and obtain histological examination preparations. When conducting morphological studies, the basic rules of good laboratory practice GLP (1981), the provisions of the "General ethical principles of animal experiments" adopted by the First National Congress of Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001) and the requirements of the "Rules for conducting work using experimental animals", approved by order of the Ministry of Health No. 281 dated November 1, 2000 "On measures to further improve organizational forms of work with the use of experimental animals". It was morphologically investigated that the macro- and micromorphology of the lungs of a sexually mature horse has certain characteristic morphological features, according to the class, age and species of animals. Thus, through scientific studies of the horse, we present the presence of individual morphological features in the lobular structure of the lungs. So, in the left lung of horses there are only two lobes: cranial and caudal, in the right lung there are three lobes: cranial, caudal and additional. Histological structure of acini formed by alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. According to the results of morphological studies, the alveolar tree in horses, represented by a shortened type, is wide and has a bubble shape. Morphometric studies have shown that the average volume of pulmonary alveoli in clinically healthy horses is 699.8±106.42 thousand μm3. The respiratory part of the lungs in horses occupies 54.8±7.4% of the total area of the lung parenchyma, the connective tissue base – 45.2±7.4%. Key words: anatomy, domestic animals, respiratory organs, gas exchange, morphometry, morphotopography, lung lobes, absolute weight, lung histostructure, bronchial tree, respiratory bronchioles, lung asymmetry.
Respiratory organs and cardiovascular system are interconnected and perform extremely vital functions of the organism, the main goals being performing gas exchange with the environment and emitting carbon dioxide produced in the organism into the environment. Therefore, we carried out comparative histo- and cytomorphometric evaluation of morphological structures of the heart and lungs of cattle, sheep and horses. Using complex methods of research, we determined specifics of microscopic structure and histometric parameters of parenchyma of the lungs and myocardium of the ventricles of the hearts of clinically healthy animals in species aspect – cattle, sheep and horses. The studies revealed that the histoarchitectonics of the studied animals were similar in structure, characteristic of other species of agricultural mammals, and distinct morphometric peculiarities of their histostructures. The study indicated that the respiratory zone of the lungs is most developed in horses. This parameter was lower in ruminants – cattle and sheep. Connective tissue septum of parenchyma of lungs was better expressed in cattle and sheep, and less in horses. At the same time, mean volume of lung alveoli in clinically healthy animals varied: being highest in horses – 699 ± 106 thou µm3, then cattle – 337 ± 43 thou µm3 and sheep – 158 ± 37 thou µm3. Such variation in histometric parameters of parenchyma of the lungs in experimental animals indicates adaptive specifics of the organism of animals in terms of living conditions. Therefore, the respiratory zone was most developed in the lungs of horses, animals that experience significant physical and physiological load on corresponding organs and systems. As a result of histometric studies of myocardium, we determined patterns of sizes of thickness of its cardiomyocytes and volume of their nuclei. We determined that in myocardium of the heart ventricles, in the same microscope field of view, cardiomyocytes of varying thicknesses occur. At the same time, thickness of cardiomyocytes, their mean volume of nuclei in the ventricle myocardium were expressed the most in cattle, then in horses and sheep, and their histometric parameters in myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in the experimental animals were higher than in the right one. Therefore, thickness of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle in cattle equaled 14.06 ± 0.41 µm, and volume of nuclei of cardiomyocytes respectively 124.55 ± 7.99 µm3. Similar changes in such parameters of histometry were found in sheep and horses. We attribute such varying histometric parameters of the thickness of cardiomyocytes and volume of their nuclei in myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in experimental animals, compared with such parameters in the right ventricle, to the activities of the ventricles (the left one generally functions as a pump, right one – as a volumetric) and functional specifics of this myocardium tissue, which is capable of spontaneous rhythmic contractions, resulting in blood flow in the vessels: cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle carry greater load, promoting blood flow in vessels of greater (somatic) blood circulation, respectively cardiomyocytes of the right ventricle – less load, promoting blood flow in vessels of lesser (pulmonary) blood circulation.
Respiratory disorders are very common in rabbits. Rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, so "simple" rhinitis can cause severe respiratory distress and patient collapse. Causes of dyspnea could be of primary origin or secondary, whereby diseases primarily affecting other organs can result in respiratory embarrassment even if the respiratory system is healthy (eg, anemia, cardiac disease). Diagnosis is based on radiography, ultrasonography, endoscopy, computed tomography, and/or pathogen isolation. Once the diagnosis has been completed, treatment options should be discussed with the owner. The article describes the anatomy of the respiratory tract, diagnostics, and therapy for selected respiratory disorders in rabbits.
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