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Indonesia: Dutch Colonial Buildings
Abstract
This chapter starts with a brief history of Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia. The arrival of Europeans in the early fifteenth century had a great impact on building construction in Indonesia. The material and spatial concepts of European buildings were completely different from those of the Indonesian indigenous people. With the passage of time, it proved that building designs imitated from existing European buildings could not be used directly in the tropical climate of Indonesia. This led to the development of buildings that were adapted to the local context. Secondly, this chapter shows the results of a field measurement conducted in a Dutch colonial building in the city of Bandung. The results showed that, overall, daytime indoor air temperatures in the building maintained relatively low values compared to the corresponding outdoor temperature mainly due to the thermal mass effect. Other passive cooling strategies found from the measurement include night ventilation, use of corridor spaces, high ceilings, and permanent openings above windows/doors.
... On the other hand, the results of all building typologies showed that the indoor air temperatures were increased near the roof space; the results are a good agreement with the field study of the Dutch Colonial buildings in Indonesia. Wibowo et al. (2018) measured the vertical distribution of air temperature under the different ventilation conditions; for a building with 5.6m height, it was found that about the temperature near the ceiling was 30.2°C when the temperature near the floor was only 21.7°C (Wibowo, Alfata, & Kubota, 2018). In Fig. 13, a notable indoor high temperature about 56°C was observed near the roof of the building 3Rn due to its lack of roof ventilation, predominant roof height and large building layout. ...
... On the other hand, the results of all building typologies showed that the indoor air temperatures were increased near the roof space; the results are a good agreement with the field study of the Dutch Colonial buildings in Indonesia. Wibowo et al. (2018) measured the vertical distribution of air temperature under the different ventilation conditions; for a building with 5.6m height, it was found that about the temperature near the ceiling was 30.2°C when the temperature near the floor was only 21.7°C (Wibowo, Alfata, & Kubota, 2018). In Fig. 13, a notable indoor high temperature about 56°C was observed near the roof of the building 3Rn due to its lack of roof ventilation, predominant roof height and large building layout. ...
Myanmar’s territory mostly experiences tropical monsoon climate, where temperatures are normally not extreme, but humidity can increase discomfort. In response, vernacular architecture strategies have evolved to deal with excess heat and humidity. One of the most prominent of these strategies is the use of high multistage roofs with ventilation. Over the years, many of the traditional buildings were altered but the use of multistage roof design has remained remarkably resilient in Myanmar. Nevertheless, little is known about their contribution to thermal comfort and their vulnerability to overheating risks due to the pervasive threat of the climate crisis.
In the work presented here, a thorough review of multistage roof typologies was followed by an investigation of their performance when building parameters including form, ventilation and materials were varied. Twenty-four dynamic simulations were performed using three building typologies and thirty-two fluid dynamic simulations were performed using two building typologies. In all cases, indoor volumes were kept the same. The results suggest that with the use of typical light-weight permeable envelope, the indoor temperatures follow ambient temperature closely; although a heavier-weight set of materials did not impact significantly on the maximum air temperatures, it has made a different with regard to the lowest temperatures and overall comfort. The variable that impacted the most on the results was roof ventilation mode, with the best results being 3.5% of a year better than the worst. The multistage roof was found to help reduce heat gains form solar radiation.
The findings showed that Myanmar’s vernacular buildings with multistage roofs offer an opportunity to improve indoor comfort in tropical climates and therefore its ability to moderate indoor temperatures through the use of simple building physics and geometry should be honoured.
... On the contrary, Bandung (and its neighboring Cileunyi), located about 140 km from Jakarta, is situated at 768 m above sea level [31]. Bandung has a cooler climate than Jakarta with a temperature of 23-24 °C [32]. Our data supports that INA bacteria are more commonly found in rainwater than air samples from the same collection site [15]. ...
Background
Ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria are a group of microorganisms that can act as biological nucleator due to their ice nucleation protein property. Unfortunately, little is known about their prevalence and characteristics in tropical areas including Indonesia. Here, we monitor the presence of INA bacteria in rainwater and air samples collected from Jakarta, Tangerang and several areas in Western Java, Indonesia for one year. We further identify and characterize selected Class A of INA bacteria isolated from these areas.
Results
Most of the INA bacteria were isolated from rainwater samples collected during March–August 2010, particularly from Jakarta, Bandung, and Tangerang. A total of 1,902 bacterial isolates were recovered from these area. We found a limited number of bacterial isolates from air sampling. From ice nucleation activity assays, 101 INA isolates were found active as ice nucleator at a temperature above -10 °C. A large majority (73 isolates) of them are classified as Class C (active below -8 °C), followed by Class A (26 isolates; active at -2 to -5 °C) and Class B (two isolates; active at -5 to -8 °C). We sequenced the 16S rRNA gene of 18 Class A INA isolates and identified 15 isolates as Enterobacteriaceae, while the remaining three as Pseudomonadaceae. The vast majority of our Class A INA isolates were likely Pantoea spp. with several isolates were deduced as either Pseudomonas , Cronobacter , and Klebsiella . We found that these 18 Class A INA isolates had acquired resistance to antibiotics erythromycin and ampicillin, which are considered two critically important antibiotics.
Conclusions
Our results showed that the prevalence of INA bacterial population varies across locations and seasons. Furthermore, our isolates were dominated by Class A and C INA bacteria. This study also cautions regarding the spread of antibiotic resistance among INA bacteria.
The objective of this study was to develop an adaptive thermal comfort equation for naturally ventilated buildings in hot–humid climates. The study employed statistical meta-analysis of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) RP-884 database, which covered several climatic zones. The data were carefully sorted into three climate groups including hot–humid, hot–dry, and moderate and were analyzed separately. The results revealed that the adaptive equations for hot-humid and hot-dry climates were analogous with approximate regression coefficients of 0.6, which were nearly twice those of ASHRAE and European standards 55 and EN15251, respectively. The equation using the daily mean outdoor air temperature had the highest coefficient of determination for hot–humid climate, compared with other mean temperatures that considered acclimatization of previous days. Acceptable comfort ranges showed asymmetry and leaned toward operative temperatures below thermal neutrality for all climates. In the hot–humid climate, a lower comfort limit was not observed for naturally ventilated buildings, and the adaptive equation was influenced by indoor air speed rather than indoor relative humidity. The new equation developed in this study can be applied to tropical climates and hot–humid summer seasons of temperate climates.
Bandoeng, Beeld van een stad
- Rpga Voskuil
Strategi pengelolaan cagar budaya Kota Bandung
- E Nurfindarti
- D Zulkaidi