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Research Direction in Realizing Sustainable IoT Based Smart City Ecosystem
Abstract and Figures
In order to achieve sustainable goals within urban context, IoT based smart city is a popular concept to endeavor. The utilization of IoT technology is the backbone of this concept. This paper explores the current development of IoT based smart city ecosystem and suggests some issues to be followed up. In this ecosystem, stakeholders are basically categorized into Users, Devices Producer, Middleware Developer and Apps Developer. It is found that the future challenges of IoT based smart city are circling around coordination activity among these stakeholders.
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... Mukti et al. [165] clarified that the utilization of IoT innovation is the foundation of the smart city idea. The author examined the current advancement of the smart city environment dependent on the IoT, which brought up some subsequent issues. ...
... Mukti et al. [165] clarified that the utilization of IoT innovation is the foundation of the smart city idea. The author examined the current advancement of the smart city biological system dependent on the Internet of Things, which brought up some subsequent issues. ...
Smart City has been an emerging research domain for Government, Businesses, and researchers in the last few years. The Indian government is also interested and investing lots of funds to develop smart cities. These cities are technology-based and require interdisciplinary research and development for successful implementation. Over the last few decades, various technological interventions have created a tendency to provide smart everyday objects to make human life more comfortable. The emergence of the smart city paradigm is a response to creating a future city that guarantees the well-being and rights of its citizens from the perspective of industrial development: industry, urban planning, environment, and sustainable development. There are several subdomains in the smart city for the research. To work with the different subdomains in a smart city, proper guidance about the background of the smart city is required. This research paper is a guide for the same. This research paper represents a systematic literature review of the smart city domain. This paper carries out a systematic review of research papers published in various well-reputed journals like IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, etc., between 2011 and 2021. This paper will help the government, businesses, and researchers aiming to enhance the smart city concept. Initially, this paper discusses the origin and emergence of this concept, followed by a few definitions and characteristics with the real roadmap and primary supporting pillars of the smart city. This paper discusses a typical architecture having different layers like Sensing, Transportation, Data Management, and Application Layers. There are various supporting technologies and platforms for the smart city; hence implementations are impossible without these technologies and media. This research paper discusses different components of the smart city. A broad literature survey is being done to observe various challenges, opportunities, and future trends in the smart city. This research paper can guide the researchers and provide the research direction in the smart city domain.
This study uses a methodology based on an in-depth literature assessment of international organisations to define the meaning of the term "smart" in relation to cities. It also acknowledges the key dimensions and characteristics that define a smart city. The various measures of urban smartness are examined in order to establish the need for a shared understanding of what makes a smart city, what its highlights are, and how it performs in comparison to traditional urban regions. Smart cities advocate for future environments in which ubiquitous sensors, data supply and sharing, and information mash-up allow for improved support of all aspects of (social) life in human settlements. As this vision develops, evolves, and is shaped by a variety of application situations and adoption perspectives, a common requirement for scalable, pervasive, and adaptable solutions emerges.
This paper aims at clarifying the significance of the word “smart” with regard to the cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of international institutions. It also recognizes the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The diverse measurements of urban smartness are reviewed to demonstrate the requirement for a mutual meaning of what constitutes a smart city, which is its highlights, and how it performs in contrast with conventional urban areas. Smart cities advocate future environments where sensor pervasiveness, data delivery and exchange, and information mash-up enable better support of every aspect of (social) life in human settlements. As this vision matures, evolves and is shaped against several application scenarios, and adoption perspectives, a common need for scalable, pervasive, flexible and replicable infrastructures emerges.
The expansion of big data and the evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have played an important role in the feasibility of smart city initiatives. Big data offer the potential for cities to obtain valuable insights from a large amount of data collected through various sources, and the IoT allows the integration of sensors, radio-frequency identification, and Bluetooth in the real-world environment using highly networked services. The combination of the IoT and big data is an unexplored research area that has brought new and interesting challenges for achieving the goal of future smart cities. These new challenges focus primarily on problems related to business and technology that enable cities to actualize the vision, principles, and requirements of the applications of smart cities by realizing the main smart environment characteristics. In this paper, we describe the state-of-the-art communication technologies and smart-based applications used within the context of smart cities. The visions of big data analytics to support smart cities are discussed by focusing on how big data can fundamentally change urban populations at different levels. Moreover, a future business model of big data for smart cities is proposed, and the business and technological research challenges are identified. This study can serve as a benchmark for researchers and industries for the future progress and development of smart cities in the context of big data.
Services based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) communications are actively being proposed for several industries. A lot of initiatives are presented for smart cities, smart homes and smart energy systems. But even with advances in new technology and substantial amount of research funding, most of these services are not deployed on a large scale. Innovation is not needed only for the technical solutions but also for the business models and how actors cooperate. In this paper, a number of projects on smart cities, smart homes and energy systems are presented and compared with some successful cases where new IoT and M2M concepts have been applied. Also, an analysis in presented for the benefits and values that can be identified for different IoT services, including cost saving in service provisioning and ease of use for end-users. It is also studied how drivers, such as improvement in resource utilization, are often hampered by the unwillingness of traditional actors to share a service platform, afraid of losing control over their customers. Examples show how the business models changed or need to be changed. The coexistence of services from parallel sectors and within the same sector is studied in this paper and further compared with a case of competing solutions for the same service (mobile parking). The application of new technology entails changes in the organization of actors; this paper reveals the decreased relevance of some traditional actors, like communication providers, in the service delivery when IoT and M2M solutions are adopted.
Increasing population density in urban centers demands adequate provision of services and infrastructure to meet the needs of city inhabitants, encompassing residents, workers, and visitors. The utilization of information and communications technologies to achieve this objective presents an opportunity for the development of smart cities, where city management and citizens are given access to a wealth of real-time information about the urban environment upon which to base decisions, actions, and future planning. This paper presents a framework for the realization of smart cities through the Internet of Things (IoT). The framework encompasses the complete urban information system, from the sensory level and networking support structure through to data management and Cloud-based integration of respective systems and services, and forms a transformational part of the existing cyber-physical system. This IoT vision for a smart city is applied to a noise mapping case study to illustrate a new method for existing operations that can be adapted for the enhancement and delivery of important city services.
‘Smart cities’ is a term that has gained traction in academia, business and government to describe cities that, on the one hand, are increasingly composed of and monitored by pervasive and ubiquitous computing and, on the other, whose economy and governance is being driven by innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship, enacted by smart people. This paper focuses on the former and, drawing on a number of examples, details how cities are being instrumented with digital devices and infrastructure that produce ‘big data’. Such data, smart city advocates argue enables real-time analysis of city life, new modes of urban governance, and provides the raw material for envisioning and enacting more efficient, sustainable, competitive, productive, open and transparent cities. The final section of the paper provides a critical reflection on the implications of big data and smart urbanism, examining five emerging concerns: the politics of big urban data, technocratic governance and city development, corporatisation of city governance and technological lock-ins, buggy, brittle and hackable cities, and the panoptic city.
We have a clear idea today about the necessity and usefulness of making cities smarter, the potential market size, and trials and tests. However, it seems that business around Smart Cities is having difficulties taking off and is thus running short of projected potentials. This article looks into why this is the case and proposes a procedure to make smart cities happen based on big data exploitation through the API stores concept. To this end, we first review involved stakeholders and the ecosystem at large. We then propose a viable approach to scale business within that ecosystem. We also describe the available ICT technologies and finally exemplify all findings by means of a sustainable smart city application. Over the course of the article, we draw two major observations, which are seen to facilitate sustainable smart city development. First, independent smart city departments (or the equivalent) need to emerge, much like today's well accepted IT departments, which clearly decouple the political element of the improved city servicing from the underlying technologies. Second, a coherent three-phase smart city rollout is vital, where in phase 1 utility and revenues are generated; in phase 2 only-utility service is also supported; and in phase 3, in addition, a fun/leisure dimension is permitted.
The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has high promises and might provide many benefits, yet has been given scant attention in e-government literature. Within the IoT, physical objects, “things”, are networked and connected to the Internet. These “things” are able to identify themselves to and communicate with other devices or “things”. There are many impediments blocking the adoption of IoT, and there is limited insight in these barriers. In this paper, impediments for the adoption of IoT are investigated by conducting a literature review and carrying out two case studies. The impediments found in literature were confirmed and extended using the case studies. Results show that impediments are interrelated and occur on the strategic, tactical and operational level. For adoption the impediments needs to be addressed in concert. Research on e-governance can benefit from understanding these interrelated impediments.
In this paper, we discuss key findings, technological challenges and socioeconomic opportunities in Smart City era. Most of the conclusions were gathered during SmartSantander project, an EU project that is developing a city-scale testbed for IoT and Future Internet experimentation, providing an integrated framework for implementing Smart City services.
This study presents a case application of a socio-technical framework to assess and predict the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Korea. Applying a socio-technical system approach to the IoT, this paper seeks a clear understanding of how the IoT will evolve and stabilize in a smart environment. It investigates the complex interaction between social and technical aspects of the IoT, by highlighting the co-evolution, interaction, and interface, which constitute the next generation network environment. It describes the challenges in designing, deploying, and sustaining the diverse components of the IoT, and provides a snapshot of Korea’s current approach to meeting this challenge. Finally, the findings of this study provide insights into these challenges and opportunities, by offering a socio-technical analysis of IoT development. The insights help to conceptualize how the IoT can be designed and situated within human-centered contexts.