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Psychosocial drivers for change: Understanding and promoting stakeholder engagement in local adaptation to climate change in three European Mediterranean case studie
Abstract
The goal of this work was to explore whether or not the intention of engaging could be understood (Study 1) and promoted (Study 2), by using an extension of the theory of planned behaviour. In Study 1, stakeholders from three European Mediterranean case studies were surveyed: Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal), SCOT Provence Méditerranée (France), and the island of Crete (Greece) (N=115). Stakeholders' intention of engaging was
significantly predicted by subjective norm (which was predicted by injunctive normative beliefs towards policymakers and stakeholders) and by perceived behavioural control (which was predicted by knowledge of policy and instruments). Study 2 was conducted in the Baixo Vouga Lagunar case study and consisted of a two workshop intervention where issues on local and regional adaptation, policies, and engagement were presented and discussed. A within-participants comparison of initial survey results with results following the workshops
(NT1=12, NT2=15, NT3=12) indicated that these were successful in increasing stakeholders' intention of
engaging. This increase was paired with a) an increase in injunctive normative beliefs towards policy-makers and
consequently in subjective norm, and to b) a decrease in perceived complexity of planning local adaptation and
an increase in knowledge regarding adaptation to climate change.
... Closely related to the issue of consultation or community participation (below), the literature also highlights the need for clear and accessible communication of climate risk and adaptation information in enabling adaptation decisions 10,20,33,38,45,47 . Communicating information helps to build a mandate for change, alleviate opposition to change, and allows stakeholders to participate and contribute purposefully to adaptation plans 33,41,42,50 . ...
... Stakeholder participation as an enabler of adaptation is strongly tied to activities conducted by local governments (see Fig. 4), which likely reflects their role as key liaison to communities on new initiatives. The literature demonstrates that active engagement of stakeholders in decision-making processes (beyond more basic consultation processes) for adaptation policy and project development can promote the inclusion of different knowledges, perspectives, and experiences 10,26,32,42,50 . The evidence demonstrates that local people usually have the best understanding of the adaptation context, are best placed to anticipate and account for unintended effects of adaptation, and devise better responses 20,32,50 . ...
... The literature demonstrates that active engagement of stakeholders in decision-making processes (beyond more basic consultation processes) for adaptation policy and project development can promote the inclusion of different knowledges, perspectives, and experiences 10,26,32,42,50 . The evidence demonstrates that local people usually have the best understanding of the adaptation context, are best placed to anticipate and account for unintended effects of adaptation, and devise better responses 20,32,50 . Engagement can therefore improve the quality of decision-making processes, helping to assure the legitimacy and acceptance of adaptation amongst local communities 50 , or clarify the expectations and objectives of the private sector 37 . ...
Knowledge of the practice of climate change adaptation is slowly shifting from a focus on barriers and limits to understanding of its enablers. Here we take stock of the knowledge on the enablers of adaptation through a systematic review of the literature. Our review of empirical articles explaining how adaptation is enabled finds that there is a tendency in the literature to focus on local scale case studies. Across all studies some factors seem to be more important than others, including resources (particularly money), awareness of climate risks and responses, leadership, bridging and bonding social capital, and the support of higher-level institutions. Our analysis also highlights significant gaps in knowledge about enablers, including those that affect change in regional/provincial and national governments, in the private sector, and in non-local not-for profit and non-governmental organisations.
... The steps described above lead to the inclusion of seven documents (Calyx and Low, 2020;Illingworth and Jack, 2018;Jacobson et al., 2016;Kluczkovski et al., 2020;Luís et al., 2018;Pathak et al., 2021;Peltola et al., 2020). Although we initially aimed to evaluate the impact of climate communication activities by scientists, the final inclusion of seven documents limits our possibilities for analysis. ...
... In one study, scientists were involved in designing and building an exhibition (Kluczkovski et al., 2020) but not in the actual exhibition itself. In another study (Luís et al., 2018), it is unclear to what extent scientists interacted with the public, but here scientists were involved in designing workshops on adaptation strategies on climate change for the target audience. We see these roles as examples of deficit Climate communication "Scien* communicat*" OR "environmental communicat*" OR "citizen engagement" OR "climate communicat*" OR "public involvement" OR "outreach" OR "Public engagement" OR (public "NEAR/4" communicat*) ...
... All the included studies show positive results regarding outcomes. In three of the seven included studies, a pre-and post-test design was used to measure for example knowledge about climate change (Jacobson et al., 2016;Kluczkovski et al., 2020), behavioral intention to engage with climate change (Luís et al., 2018) and actual behavior change (Kluczkovski et al., 2020). In these studies, significant increases in the measured variables were found. ...
Climate scientists and others are urged to communicate climate science in a way that non-scientific audiences can understand, that makes it more relevant to their lives and experiences, and that inspires them to act. To achieve this, climate scientists undertake a range of climate communication activities to engage people with climate change. With the effort and time spent on climate communication activities comes the need to evaluate the outcomes, impact, and effectiveness of such efforts. Here, we aimed to gain insight into the impact and effectiveness of climate communication efforts by scientists by conducting a systematic literature review. However, our most important finding is that there are hardly any studies in which climate communication activities by scientists are evaluated: we found only seven articles over the past 10 years. We analyze these articles for the role of the scientists, the audiences reached, and the reported outcomes and impact of the activities. We end our study with several recommendations that should be considered when setting up studies on evaluating the impact of climate communication activities by scientists.
... As for the functional aspect, we integrate the literature that studies the relationship between voting behaviour and norms (Ulph and Ulph, 2021;Bond et al., 2012;Muchnik et al., 2013;Levine and Mattozzi, 2020;Cole et al., 2022) and we include social norm as an ingredient that shapes individuals' decision to support green policies, i.e., social norms make the decision to support to be conditional to what individuals' neighbours themselves support. It is important to study the two features of social norms, i.e., the structural and functional ones, because they concur in the creation of erroneous public perceptions of the effectiveness of a policy and hence impair its acceptance (Ulph and Ulph, 2021;Konc et al., 2021;Cole et al., 2022;Baranzini and Carattini, 2017;Alló and Loureiro, 2014;Greif and Kingston, 2011;Greif and Laitin, 2004;North et al., 1990;Ostrom and Basurto, 2011;Drews and Van den Bergh, 2016;Luís et al., 2018;Teodoro et al., 2021). ...
... This first result suggests that regulations are necessary tools to sustain citizens' propensity, but acceptability of the policy depends on how the regulation is designed. This highlights the need for proactive engagement (Luís et al., 2018) and advocacy from political leaders to mobilise public opinion and galvanise support for effective climate policies. International experience has shown the importance of systematic stakeholder engagement, at both national (Luís et al., 2018) and regional level (see Lennox et al., 2011 for a two case studies in New Zealand), for successful adaptation policies (Palermo and Hernandez, 2020 for a case study in various municipalities in Malaysia) and mitigation policies (Ferreira et al., 2022 for a case study in Portugal). ...
... This highlights the need for proactive engagement (Luís et al., 2018) and advocacy from political leaders to mobilise public opinion and galvanise support for effective climate policies. International experience has shown the importance of systematic stakeholder engagement, at both national (Luís et al., 2018) and regional level (see Lennox et al., 2011 for a two case studies in New Zealand), for successful adaptation policies (Palermo and Hernandez, 2020 for a case study in various municipalities in Malaysia) and mitigation policies (Ferreira et al., 2022 for a case study in Portugal). Stakeholder engagement is considered an efficient tool to design sounding policies that reflect the need and expectation of the constituents. ...
... Accordingly, the subsequent environmental management and policy literature has paid considerable attention to understanding the dynamic processes of stakeholder engagement through the duration of various projects and beyond (Geaves & Penning-Rowsell, 2016;Novoa et al., 2018;Shackleton et al., 2019;Vogel & Henstra, 2015). Environmental management and policy researchers have devoted distinct attention to the dynamics of organizationstakeholder-nature relations and have examined stakeholder engagement in relation to, for example, CSR and sustainability (Banerjee & Bonnefous, 2011;Dobele et al., 2014;Kumar et al., 2019), climate change and climate forecasts (Challinor, 2009;Luís et al., 2018;Tompkins et al., 2008;Vogel & Henstra, 2015), empowerment and remediation processes (Butler & Adamowski, 2015;Cundy et al., 2013), participatory processes (López-Rodríguez et al., 2020;O'Toole et al., 2013;Reed et al., 2013), and environmental resource management (Butler & Adamowski, 2015;Mease et al., 2018). While environmental management and policy research has considered organization-nature relations, the focus has been largely on human stakeholder engagement related to environmental issues, and nature has been approached as an object of stakeholder activities-a view that has been criticized as insufficient to understand the embeddedness of organizations in the natural environment (Shrivastava, 1995;Starik, 1995;Waddock, 2011). ...
... Many authors see legitimacy (Banerjee & Bonnefous, 2011;Castelló et al., 2016;Legacy, 2010;Provasnek et al., 2018;Thaler & Levin-Keitel, 2016), trust (Eger et al., 2019;Thaler & Levin-Keitel, 2016), and fairness (Davila et al., 2018) as important moral aims of stakeholder engagement. Likewise, CSR and responsibility (Kumar et al., 2019;Lees-Marshment et al., 2020;Lindgreen & Swaen, 2010;Passetti et al., 2019;Winkler et al., 2019), environmental and sustainability concerns (Jolibert & Wesselink, 2012;Luís et al., 2018;Scuotto et al., 2020), and enhancing inclusive stakeholder engagement (Mease et al., 2018) are seen as important moral aims. Research suggests that specific relational models, such as communal sharing, are particularly well suited to creating highquality relationships (Bridoux & Stoelhorst, 2016;Jones et al., 2018). ...
... In addition, improved profitability, lower agency costs, a significant impact on the market value, and revenue/profit-generating potential are examples of strategic impacts (Boakye et al., 2020;Cheng et al., 2014). Other examples of strategic impact relate to innovation outcomes (Bendell & Huvaj, 2020;Pucci et al., 2020), reputation and image (Scruggs & Van Buren, 2016), and aiding stakeholders to endorse and champion the corporate message and reports (Boiral et al., 2019), eco-efficiency (Watson et al., 2020) as well as improved knowledge generation and learning (Baltazar Herrera, 2016;Luís et al., 2018;Wiesmeth, 2020). Finally, stakeholder engagement may assist in the communication of complex scientific information to stakeholders and reveal stakeholder willingness to support various courses of action (Tompkins et al., 2008). ...
Stakeholder engagement has grown into a widely used yet often unclear construct in business and society research. The literature lacks a unified understanding of the essentials of stakeholder engagement, and the fragmented use of the stakeholder engagement construct challenges its development and legitimacy. The purpose of this article is to clarify the construct of stakeholder engagement to unfold the full potential of stakeholder engagement research. We conduct a literature review on 90 articles in leading academic journals focusing on stakeholder engagement in the business and society, management and strategy, and environmental management and environmental policy literatures. We present a descriptive analysis of stakeholder engagement research for a 15-year period, and we identify the moral, strategic, and pragmatic components of stakeholder engagement as well as its aims, activities, and impacts. Moreover, we offer an inclusive stakeholder engagement definition and provide a guide to organizing the research. Finally, we complement the current understanding with a largely overlooked dark side of stakeholder engagement. We conclude with future research avenues for stakeholder engagement research.
... Most of the studies (81%) focused on individual knowledge rather than other types of knowledge. Wolf and Moser [24] and Luís et al. [68], for example, point out that individual knowledge can be effective in responding to climate risks. Nearly 77% of the articles highlighted the importance of scientific knowledge and its understanding for improving stakeholders' engagement including Chilvers et al. [69] and Vulturius and Gerger Swartling [70]. ...
... Among affective components of active engagement, 62% of papers mention positivity (attitude) in engagement and action. From the behavioural components of active engagement in climate change, willingness to engage was discussed in 54% of the papers in relation to positive experiences of involvement and changing behaviour positively in nearly half of the articles (47%), including studies by Axon [20], Burton and Mustelin [3], Madumere [4], Sheppard et al. [66], Whitmarsh et al. [77], Wolf and Moser [24], and Luís et al. [68]. ...
... Public participation performs an important function in legitimizing government policy and decisions, especially for controversial issues such as climate change [3,[97][98][99][100]. Geiger et al. [101] suggest that just as infrequent exposure to climate change is likely to lower its salience and inhibit behavioural responses, increasing the public's exposure will foster increased engagement. Luís et al. 's [68] study to understand and promote stakeholder engagement in local climate adaptation planning from a psychosocial perspective using three European case studies found that attitudes towards engagement and knowledge on policy making process were more relevant to explaining levels of public engagement than knowledge on and attitude towards climate change. ...
Communities that are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change need to adapt to increase their resilience. Effective government policies and plans are a key component of this transition, but they are not sufficient in themselves. The community needs to be made aware of the risks, acquire knowledge about the options that are available for a response, and be empowered to take their own actions. Effective public engagement is therefore key to success in planning for climate change. This paper focuses on the importance of public engagement in climate change adaptation policy. It undertakes a systematic quantitative review of the literature dealing with the core themes of climate change awareness, knowledge, and engagement in policy-making. The findings reveal a gap in the existing academic literature on public engagement, its impacts on different types of knowledge, and the integration of both into climate change adaptation policy. In addition, findings show a strong link between public knowledge and engagement that can be used to encourage and motivate the public by using behavioural economics as a policy instrument. The paper also makes a useful contribution by identifying more effective strategies to improve climate change resilience and sustainability.
... Broadly, involvement in government policy processes occur through public communication or public participation [41,42]. Public communication is one-way information transmission either from a government agency to the public (public communication) or from the public to an agency (public consultation) [42]. ...
... Second, there is a need for a climate change governance approach for multi-stakeholder inclusion. Deliberative (collaborative) governance, is a multi-stakeholder engagement approach, where governing institutions or agencies support participation by collectively working with and integrating values from a variety of stakeholders [41,42,132,[136][137][138]. The approach stresses the creation of partnerships where the need for a two-way communication and knowledge exchange is paramount [139]. ...
... Equally, collaborative governance implies that meaningful institutional engagements are not merely one-way information provision or consultation but rather a process where both the agencies and the public health organizations are participating and engaged in the decision-making process. Participation is situated as a form of public engagement where diverse stakeholders are included in the process as opposed to the "traditional models of governance' that only include mandated policymakers and select experts [41,42]. While this collaborative governance approach is necessary, an integrative framework that conceptualizes and legitimizes public health's discursive legitimacy and meaningful participation in governance processes and structures of climate change policymaking is lacking. ...
Public health engagement in the communication, discussion, and development of climate change policies is essential for climate change policy decisions and discourse. This study examines how the existing governance approaches impact, enable, or constrain the inclusion, participation, and deliberation of public health stakeholders in the climate change policy discourse. Using the case study of the Canadian Province of Ontario, we conducted semi-structured, key informant interviews of public health (11) and non-public health (13) participants engaged in climate change policies in the province. The study results reveal that engagement and partnerships on climate change policies occurred within and across public health and non-public health organizations in Ontario. These engagements impacted public health’s roles, decisions, mandate, and capacities beyond the climate change discourse; enabled access to funds, expertise, and new stakeholders; built relationships for future engagements; supported knowledge sharing, generation, and creation; and advanced public health interests in political platforms and decision making. However, public health’s participation and deliberation were constrained by a fragmented sectoral approach, a lack of holistic inter-organizational structures and process, political and bureaucratic influences, irregular and unestablished communication channels for public health integration, and identities and culture focused on functions, mandates, biased ideologies, and a lack of clear commitment to engage public health. We conclude by providing practical approaches for integrating public health into climate change discourse and policymaking processes and advancing public health partnerships and collaborative opportunities.
... Traditionally, enterprise focuses on profit margin over attention to sustainability in environment (Hasan and Kumar, 2019;Luís et . The narrow perspective has caused severe impacts on society, biodiversity loss as well as environmental pollution (Caplow, 2018;Levy et al., 2018). ...
... To measure attitudes toward nature change, people's environmental beliefs and value systems must be effectively and reliably examined. Additionally, those engaged in pro-environmental behavior need to understand the right of each species, the intrinsic value of nature, and the moral obligation of organisms especially (Hasan and Kumar, 2019;Luís et al., 2018;Paço and Lavrador, 2017;Refsgaard and Magnussen, 2009). ...
... Boiral and Paillé (2012) defined three main structures of environmental citizenship behaviors: (1) ecological advocacy: individual advocacy and activism to improve the environment; (2) ecological assistance: willingness to promote and encourage others to maintain environmental awareness; and (3) ecological citizen participation: plans and activities of participating and supporting environmental management. The practice of ecocitizenship can motivate individuals to take actions in response to climate change (Luís et al., 2018;Vignola et al., 2017). Moreover, ecological citizens' behaviors are related to environmental identities and lifestyles. ...
Climate change has been led to the increasing magnitude of frequency and severity of extreme weather, causing serious damage to overall economy of a country and individual economy of enterprises. Only relying on government subsidy to combat the impact of climate change, the work could be in vain. This study tries to use recycling action as mitigation strategies of climate change, and analyze the dominant influencing factors that affect recycling intention. This study stands in the perspective of green education in universities, regards the recycling intentions in response to climate change as pro-environmental behaviors, and revises and verifies the citizen pro-environmental behavior model. The green educations programs can communicate, promote, active and internalize the environmental citizenship through resource recycling intentions. Students learn about the importance of advocacy and activism to environmental citizenship, then generate environmentally sustainable and recycling intentions, and achieve the goal of improving the environment and mitigating to climate change.
... In contrast, in the Caribbean, modernization, the process of structural change that a society undergoes in its economic, political, and socio-cultural spheres, caused many ancestral practices to be lost [66]. Modernization creates imbalances between technology, ecology, economy, and population [65,67,68], assuming that dangers and disasters are the result of inadequate relations of coexistence between a community and its environment [69,70]. However, Rempis et al. and Luís et al. [67,68] propose citizen participation as a strategy, adopting a holistic approach, to reduce negative processes in interventions on the coastal zone. ...
... Modernization creates imbalances between technology, ecology, economy, and population [65,67,68], assuming that dangers and disasters are the result of inadequate relations of coexistence between a community and its environment [69,70]. However, Rempis et al. and Luís et al. [67,68] propose citizen participation as a strategy, adopting a holistic approach, to reduce negative processes in interventions on the coastal zone. ...
A hazard and vulnerability assessment of coastal erosion is an essential first step for planning and decision-making, because it is part of risk management and its results are in the form of easily interpreted traffic-light maps. For the analysis of the assessment in this work, a methodology is proposed which considers three components for both hazard (magnitude, occurrence, and susceptibility) and vulnerability (exposure, fragility, and lack of resilience), through a semi-quantitative approximation, by applying relative indices to different variables. This methodology has been adapted to analyze hazards and vulnerability caused by coastal erosion combining physical and social aspects. For the validation of this methodology, Spratt Bight Beach (Colombian Caribbean) and La Bocana beach (Colombian Pacific) were selected in order to have contrasting regions and to validate the application of the method over a geographical range. One of the most significant outcomes of the assessment of the degree of hazard and vulnerability is that the rating may represent different combinations of factors. It is therefore important to study and interpret the components separately, allowing us to propose corrective and/or prospective focused interventions at local and regional levels. In terms of vulnerability, the assessment highlighted the importance of cultural ecology as a factor of resilience to coastal hazards.
... Les professionnels utilisant une perspective écosociale 11,12 pour analyser les problèmes de santé ont un rôle majeur à jouer dans l'action en faveur du climat, que ce soit dans le soutien ou dans le leadership, et ce, à différents niveaux 3,7 , mais on manque de données sur les contextes -complexesqui façonnent l'engagement [13][14][15] . Les problèmes de santé écosociaux, présents à différentes échelles et possédant de nombreuses dimensions, comme le sont les changements climatiques, sont vécus par les populations au sein des réalités structurelles et sociales de leur vie quotidienne et, comme Golden et ses collaborateurs 16 l'affirment, il n'est pas facile de savoir comment une personne peut créer sa réponse personnelle en l'absence de modèles l'aidant à s'orienter dans un domaine échappant justement à son emprise en tant qu'individu. ...
... Une perspective narrative aide à saisir les complexités des dimensions individuelles et collectives, les nuances des logiques émotionnelles et morales ainsi que les situations imprévues susceptibles de surgir dans les contextes où la mobilisation a lieu. Bien que le modèle présenté dans cet article soit exploratoire, il confirme les résultats de la littérature sur les dimensions contextuelles de l'interprétation [13][14][15][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] . En l'absence d'efforts stratégiques pour favoriser la fidélité narrative, les professionnels en santé des populations ne réussiront sans doute pas à transformer les connaissances sur les changements climatiques en action significative. ...
Introduction
Plusieurs décennies de diffusion des connaissances sur les changements climatiques n’ont pas mené à des actions adéquates pour contrer les effets de ces derniers sur la santé des populations et l’équité en santé au Canada. Il a été prouvé que ce sont les perceptions et les interprétations basées sur le contexte qui conduisent à l’engagement. L’étude de l’engagement à l’égard de la lutte contre les changements climatiques nécessite donc une analyse de l’expérience contextuelle.
Méthodologie
Cette étude qualitative, qui repose sur l’approche narrative, visait à interpréter la signification des changements climatiques auprès de dix dirigeants communautaires à Saskatoon (Saskatchewan, Canada), dont l’âge variait entre 20 et 40 ans. Nous avons étudié leur discours sur les changements climatiques à la fois sur le plan structurel et sur le plan thématique.
Résultats
Nous avons élaboré un modèle pour organiser les résultats et décrire les concepts de fidélité et de dissonance dans le discours des participants. D’après nos résultats, la connaissance des changements climatiques et la motivation personnelle à agir n’empêchent pas la dissonance narrative, ce qui entrave l’émergence de réponse personnelle significative. Cette dissonance est susceptible d’apparaître là où des obstacles internes et externes gênent la mobilisation, et ce, à divers moments de la narration, à savoir lors du passage (1) de la connaissance du défi à un sentiment d’agentivité à cet égard, (2) de cette agentivité à un sentiment de responsabilité dans le choix d’agir, (3) de cette responsabilité au sentiment d’être en mesure de produire des résultats positifs malgré les défis contextuels et enfin (4) de cette capacité à l’émergence d’un sens moral en faveur de l’action en contexte. Sans cette fidélité narrative, il y a risque d’entrave à une mobilisation significative.
Conclusion
La modélisation du discours est utile pour étudier l’engagement à l’égard de la lutte contre les changements climatiques et éclaire, pour l’approche axée sur la santé des populations, les possibilités de surmonter les entraves à une mobilisation significative. Cette approche, formulée en utilisant une logique émotionnelle et morale pour parler des changements climatiques, pourrait aider les jeunes dirigeants à surmonter les obstacles internes et externes à leur engagement.
... Together these pressures have led to a reduction in yields over the years and therefore caused rural abandonment (ADAPT-MED, 2015). Within this socio-ecological context, coastal interventions took place for preventing surface saltwater intrusion into these freshwater wetlands and agriculture fields by means of a floodbank (Lillebø et al., 2015a;Luís et al., 2018). The extension of the floodbank, which represents the primary system of defense of BVL against surface saltwater intrusion and management of freshwater from Vouga River is expected to improve accessibility, to foster agricultural and livestock activities and protect the upstream wildlife and other economic activities in the area. ...
... In an adaptive management perspective, the aim of this study is to apply an ecosystem based-management approach to mitigate the unintended impacts on biodiversity in BVL resulting from the conclusion of the floodbank. To support the adaptive management approach this study builds upon previous initiatives involving participatory methods and policy characterization (Lillebø et al., 2015b(Lillebø et al., , 2016Dolbeth et al., 2016;Luís et al., 2017Luís et al., , 2018O'Higgins et al., 2019) being structured into main three steps: 1) characterize the spatial and temporal gradients of several hydrological and related environmental variables (e.g. immersion period and water salinity) that influence saltmarshes; 2) improve the existing saltmarsh habitats maps developing new distribution models of four key species and 3) establish critical areas for ES provision in the BVL area, i.e. both upstream (freshwater) and downstream (lagoon transitional water body) the floodbank, through a combination of ES expert judgement valuation (H. ...
The Baixo Vouga Lagunar (BVL) is part of Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon in Portugal, which is classified as a Special Protection Area under the European Habitats and Birds Directives. This part of the system, corresponding to the confluence of the Vouga River with the lagoon, is very important culturally and socioeconomically for the local communities, taking place several human activities, especially agriculture. To prevent salt water intrusion from the Ria de Aveiro into agriculture fields, a floodbank was initiated in the 90's. In frame of ongoing changes in Ria de Aveiro hydrodynamics, the existing floodbank will be now extended, introducing further changes in the ecological dynamics of the BVL and its adjacent area. As a consequence, the water level in the floodbank downstream side is expected to rise, increasing the submersion period in tidal wetlands, and leading to coastal squeeze. The aim of this study is to apply an ecosystem based-management approach to mitigate the impacts on biodiversity resulting from the management plan. To do so, we have modelled the implications of the changes in several hydrological and environmental variables on four saltmarsh species and habitats distribution, as well as on their associated ecosystem services, both upstream and downstream of the floodbank. The ecosystem services of interest were prioritized by stakeholders' elicitation, which were then used as an input to a spatial multi-criteria analysis aimed to find the best management actions to compensate for the unintended loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the BVL. According to our results, the main areas to be preserved in the BVL were the traditional agricultural mosaic fields; the freshwater courses and the subtidal estuarine channels. By combining ecology with the analysis of social preferences, this study shows how co-developed solutions can support adaptive management and the conservation of coastal ecosystems.
... Like in the past Sousa, 2017;Luís et al., 2018) stakeholders acknowledged the governance complexity of the territory and identified as a persistent concern the need for more integrated management, including the involvement of the general public and communication between entities. In fact, one of the critical requirements of EBM planning process is the assessment and thoughtful use of information on stakeholder perspectives (e.g., Leslie and McLeod, 2007;Cavanagh et al., 2016). ...
... EBM responses should also consider climate change projections (Fernandino et al., 2018) and the National Strategic Plan for Climate change adaptation. The last contains the National adaptation strategy, and the associated action plan, including reducing vulnerability and increasing the response capacity and is particularly relevant in Aveiro region coastal area (Pereira and Coelho, 2013;Lillebø et al., 2015;Stefanova et al., 2015;Luís et al., 2018). ...
Ria de Aveiro represents a coastal territory, in which its natural capital, mostly classified under a Natura 2000 network of protected areas, is of paramount importance for the regional and national economy, supporting harbour activities and maritime traffic, agriculture, commercial fisheries, aquaculture, manufacturing, tourism, sports and recreational activities. Current and foreseen changes connected to human activities, namely land and water uses and potential conflicts, in frame of environmental policies, sustainable economic development and human well-being require the implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM) planning processes considering the connectivity across marine, transitional, freshwater, and terrestrial domains. The main objective is to elaborate on the co-development of the EBM planning process across the three water domains, all characterized by high biodiversity and by the wide range of services provided by ecosystems and their abiotic components, for the mitigation of impacts from the management plan under implementation. The approach used follows a stepwise procedure in frame of resilience principles, considering the analysis of the relationship between the social and ecological components and on how these can be connected through risk assessment and a spatial multi-criteria analysis based on the delivery of ecosystem services. Stakeholders' perception matched the ecosystem services provisioning risk assessment and supported the planning EBM response that consist in saltmarshes and seagrasses meadows restoration programs. Compliance of the proposed measures is achievable regarding policies (policy targets and policy instruments) and feasibility (scientific and technological knowledge and financial resources). The EBM response can support the Vouga estuary management plan and regional smart specialization (RIS3 Centro).
... Stakeholder actions have considerable influence on societal development by improving decision-making quality, promoting broader policy acceptance, enhancing understanding of climate change issues, and safeguarding the democratic legitimacy of decision-making processes (Luís et al 2018, Lee et al 2023. The need to engage stakeholders in scientific projects dealing with societally relevant problems is widely recognised. ...
Since its emergence in the 1990s, the science of attributing observed phenomena to human-induced and natural climate drivers has made remarkable progress. To ensure the relevance and uptake of climate impact attribution studies, scientists must effectively engage with stakeholders. This engagement allows stakeholders to pose key questions, which scientists can then substantiate with evidence evaluating the existence of causal links. Although significant advancements have been made in climate impact attribution science, much work remains to understand the varied requirements of different stakeholders for impact attribution findings. This perspective explores the usefulness of stakeholder engagement in climate impact attribution, the challenges it presents, and how it can be made more relevant for addressing societal questions. It advocates for prioritizing stakeholder involvement to achieve greater transparency, legitimacy, and practical application of findings. Such involvement can enhance the societal impact of attribution studies and support informed decision-making in the face of climate change.
... A participant or stakeholder is more likely to be moved by climate change impact on a location (glacier) they have visited or live close to (Pahl and others, 2014). This psycho-social effect can heighten urgency and engagement ( Luís and others, 2018). The possibility of using this method rapidly, for any glacier in the world, can foster connection with the public through local knowledge. ...
Scenario–neutral methods are commonly used to rapidly compare system responses to changes in climate. Using glacier mass balance as a system response, we present a bottom-up, scenario–neutral method as an effective tool for preliminary and overview studies on glacier sensitivity and a complementary approach to traditional top–down methods. The method's main characteristic is its visual result: two–dimensional response surfaces depicting glacier mass balance. Their axes represent perturbations in temperature and precipitation relative to a baseline. The simplicity of our approach makes it applicable to all global glaciers. As a proof–of–concept, the Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) is used to perform a scenario–neutral glacier sensitivity analysis for four glaciers. In addition, the integration with a top–down approach is demonstrated by overlaying temperature and precipitation from four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models, under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). Finally, the benefits of the method are discussed for decision–making and science communication. Assessing results shows that overall, this scenario–neutral method can provide useful information for the research of climate change impact on glacier mass, from aiding study design to science communication.
... The participatory approach implemented in this study considered multiple interests and different perspectives to increase the likelihood of implementing practices for reducing GHG (Bell et al 2012, Cloutier et al 2015, Campos et al 2016. This approach promotes transparent decision-making, which builds trust among stakeholders and ensures that decisions are based on evidence, data, and stakeholder input, thereby enhancing accountability (Fazey et al 2014, Groot et al 2015, Glaas et al 2017 and evaluating priorities, trade-offs, and potential conflicts associated with different mitigation strategies (Kettle et al 2014, Luís et al 2018. ...
Beef and dairy production systems play an important role in society, providing a variety of ecosystem services. U.S. beef and dairy production systems require being aligned with the global and national effort to stabilize the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere. This study adapted the nominal group technique framework to design a roadmap to achieving a net-zero GHG cattle supply chain in the U.S. with an emphasis on farm recommendations. Scientists with diverse expertise in sustainable beef and dairy production proposed, categorized, described, defined, and prioritized strategies that have the potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions, improve production system efficiencies, and promote sustainability. These strategies were presented to different stakeholders and classified according to the marginal GHG reduction, expected return on investment, and market readiness. Thus, strategies were defined for cow-calf and stocker, feedlot, and dairy operations, according to the characteristics of the cattle systems in the U.S. This net-zero roadmap presents a broad range of options for promoting sustainable cattle production in the U.S. Priority items for a research agenda to facilitate progress towards implementing this net-zero roadmap are described according to the dairy or beef production system and including the modulation of rumen fermentation, precision diet management, manure management, increasing animal and system efficiency, and genetic evaluation and selecting of efficient animals. The expected return on investment and market readiness of the proposed strategies depend on the technology type and system localization. Progress toward the net-zero goal depends on the widespread adoption of appropriate mitigation strategies. Future research programs must prioritize identified research needs to promote the wide adoption of the proposed strategies.
... The application of stakeholder engagement at national and local scales has positioned it as a practical governance approach, although outcomes might differ depending on the context (Talley, Schneider and Lindquist, 2016). Furthermore, stakeholder engagement has attained a normative value across Europe through institutionalization in policies that necessitates citizen participation (Luís et al., 2018). Public institutions have also benefitted from public involvement as a linkage between technical and political administrative processes (Delli Priscoli, 2012). ...
... No campo das políticas públicas e projetos ambientais há alguns estudos sobre engajamento (Reed et al., 2009;Novoa et al., 2018;Luís et al., 2018;Papagiannakis et al., 2019;López-Rodríguez et al., 2020); no entanto, eles não se referem à operacionalização do construto especificamente na gestão de recursos hídricos. É oportuno ressaltar o estudo da realizado pela Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015), que, diverso de outras pesquisas, trata do engajamento dos stakeholders na governança hídrica, sem, contudo, estudar e aplicar o construto teórico à política pública brasileira. ...
... Socio-economic issues are, in fact, also part of the debate in coastal risks management. Stakeholders' and local communities' perceptions of the adopted strategies are often influenced by the scarce communication causing a lack of knowledge and understanding, as the importance of communication process is often not valued as it should be in order to promote their engagement (Slovic, 1987;Luís et al., 2018). ...
Coastal areas frequently face critical conditions due to the lack of adequate forms of land use planning, environmental management and inappropriate coastal risk management, sometimes leading to unexpected and un-desired environmental effects. Risk management also involves cultural aspects, including perception. However, the acknowledgement of risk perception by stakeholders and local communities, as one of the social pillars of risk analysis, is often lacking. Starting from an overview of the risk concept and the related approaches to be addressed, the paper investigates the evolution of coastal risk management with a focus on the Italian case study. Despite the design and adoption of national policies to deal with coastal risks, coastal management still shows in Italy a fragmented and poorly coordinated approach, together with a general lack of attention to stakeholder involvement. Recent efforts in the design of plans aiming at reducing risks derived from climate change and mitigating their impacts (National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation; National Climate Change Adaptation Plan; National Recovery and Resilience Plan activities) should be effective in updating knowledge about climate change risks and in supporting national adaptation policies.
... Involving stakeholders in monitoring, evaluating and reviewing implemented policies ensures their perspectives are continuously considered. Encouraging collaboration between various sectors, such as public administration, private entities and non-governmental organizations, is crucial for a comprehensive and inclusive approach to policy development (Luís et al. 2018). ...
The scientific evidence clearly demonstrates that human activity plays a significant role in the changes to the world's climate, and it is crucial to take adaptive actions to mitigate the impacts of these changes. Effective climate adaptation requires raising awareness among a variety of key stakeholders, such as executives and staff in the public and private sectors, while assessing the incentives and actions they undertake and allowing them to act at various levels of engagement, ranging from global to local. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of awareness, perceived values, recommendations and expectations regarding climate change among key actors in Greece, focusing on the consequences of climate change in the country and the concurrent adaptation actions taken by stakeholders. A web-based survey was designed and conducted, and responses were systematically collected, categorized and analyzed. The key stakeholders believed that planning and implementing adaptation measures are crucial in addressing and minimizing the impacts of climate change. However, it was also noted that these plans and measures alone are insufficient to counteract the long-term, devastating consequences of climate change in Greece, and more comprehensive and targeted measures must be adopted. It was also concluded that the main obstacle to addressing and adapting to climate change in terms of public policy planning in Greece is the lack of human and financial resources, particularly among public institutions.
... Recent research has indicated that stakeholder engagement is significant in the circular economy, as the mutual support of stakeholders is needed to effectively implement the idea of a circular economy . Stakeholder engagement is increasingly used to study sustainability-related issues such as sustainable innovations (Scuotto et al., 2020;Todeschini et al., 2020), environmental management (Onkila, 2011;Papagiannakis et al., 2019), sustainability accounting and reporting , biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation (Luís et al., 2018). In a sustainability transition, stakeholder engagement entails identifying the drivers and barriers of the advancement of environmental and sustainability issues and sustainability management (Harclerode et al., 2016). ...
The purpose of this open access edited collection is to discuss the role and importance of stakeholder engagement in a sustainable circular economy from multiple theoretical and practical perspectives. Developing and maintaining a circular economy is an essential step to a more environmentally friendly and socially inclusive society. In addition to redesigning products and business models to minimise waste and increase the reuse of materials, a transition towards a sustainable circular economy requires collaboration and co-operation between various stakeholders from all parts of society. An international team of contributors explore how stakeholder engagement can foster and support sustainable change, assessing current literature and laying out guidance for future study. The collection is of interest to academics and students of sustainability management and sustainable business models, stakeholder theory and practice, and the circular economy.
... Recent research has indicated that stakeholder engagement is significant in the circular economy, as the mutual support of stakeholders is needed to effectively implement the idea of a circular economy . Stakeholder engagement is increasingly used to study sustainability-related issues such as sustainable innovations (Scuotto et al., 2020;Todeschini et al., 2020), environmental management (Onkila, 2011;Papagiannakis et al., 2019), sustainability accounting and reporting , biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation (Luís et al., 2018). In a sustainability transition, stakeholder engagement entails identifying the drivers and barriers of the advancement of environmental and sustainability issues and sustainability management (Harclerode et al., 2016). ...
The circular economy has been presented as a means to promote ecological, economic, and social sustainability. However, the connection between the circular economy and sustainability remains undefined in both theory and practice. In this chapter, we examine how a circular economy and its connection to sustainability are understood among key stakeholder groups promoting the circular economy in Finland, a forerunner country in sustainable development. Theoretically, we build on circular economy and corporate sustainability literature. Empirically, we conducted an analysis of 26 qualitative interviews with circular economy stakeholders. As a result, we present three categorisations of a sustainable circular economy: a business-centric circular economy, a systemic circular economy, and a regenerative circular economy. Our findings demonstrate that different stakeholder groups at the local, regional, and national levels acknowledge the importance of the circular economy for the promotion of sustainability. Stakeholder views vary in terms of how broadly sustainability is understood and to what extent a circular economy is connected to the promotion of economic, ecological, and social sustainability. The findings call for a dialogue among stakeholders on how the circular economy can promote sustainable development.
... Existing classes leave notable gaps in classification and categorization which do not offer enough guidance to operationalize the concept of adaptation costs. Psychological and psychosocial adaptation costs are underestimated (Luís et al., 2018). Researchers battle with conceptual, knowledge and data gaps makes it difficult to comprehensively contemplate non-economic costs (Serdeczny et al., 2018). ...
Understanding adaptation costs among smallholder farmers is essential in developing more targeted policy frameworks. This study was carried out to develop a typology of adaptation costs for a smallholder maize farming system. An exploratory sequential mixed methods research design was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with smallholder maize farmers were conducted to gather qualitative data on adaptation costs. Qualitative data on adaptation costs was transformed into quantitative binary data and subjected to Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering using the Squared Euclidean Distance and Between-Groups Linkage methods. This led to the development of a typology of adaptation costs with twenty-one homogenous clusters and six distinct categories out of the 119 climate adaptation costs established. The typology developed encompasses the intangible, indirect, non-economic and non-market costs. It simplifies the complexity associated with adaptation costs in general, can be useful as a management tool and could be essential in facilitating adaptation cost inventories. It is recommended that national governments should develop capacity building programmes aimed at raising awareness of adaptation costs among smallholder farmers. Training and mentorship programs aimed at enhancing proper implementation of adaptation measures among smallholder farmers are also pertinent to reduce mis-implementation and maladaptive practices that increase the cost of adaptation among smallholder farmers.
... Some of the professionals also questioned to what extend the public opinion, that may not be informed, should be incorporated into forest management. However, it is increasingly recognized that for successful climate change adaptation, stakeholder involvement that increases mutual learning and acceptance is needed for holistic multifunctional climate change adaptation (Döll and Romero-Lankao 2017; Luís et al. 2018;Terzi et al. 2019). ...
Enhancing the resilience of the forests has become increasingly more important as climate changes and disturbances become more severe and frequent. Disturbances such as drought, bark beetle and fires are causing excessive tree mortality across Europe. Resilience is seen as an answer to improve the capacity of forests to persist despite disturbances and adapt to climate change. New policies demand measures to increase forest resilience to ensure the provision of crucial ecosystem services to facilitate the transition from fossil-based to bio-based economy. However, resilience is a debated concept with multiple definitions in science. The variety of definitions has led to a lack of common metrics for measurement. The unclarity in how to define and measure resilience makes it difficult for forest owners and managers to implement the concept in their forest management. There is a dire need to make resilience more operationalised to help the forests to better cope with climate change and the increased disturbances.
In this research, we addressed the knowledge gap in how to operationalise resilience in forest management by providing for a frame for navigating the different definitions and giving examples on how they can be measured. To do this, we first reviewed how resilience is used in forest sciences in terms of definition and measurements. In the literature, three main resilience concepts dominate: engineering resilience (“recovery of a previous state”), ecological resilience (“remaining within the prevailing system domain through maintaining important ecosystem processes and functions”) and social-ecological resilience (“the capacity to reorganize and adapt through multi-scale interactions between social and ecological components of the system). We examined how similar the three concepts were by analysing the types of research settings these three definitions were used, how they were assessed, and what indicators were used. Next, we developed a Principle, Criteria, and Indicator -framework to help forest managers to identify how forest management objectives and trade-offs influence resilience and how the trade-offs could be balanced to achieve more resilient forest. In addition, we analysed the use of high-resolution dendrometers as a tool for monitoring tree stress and resilience to drought. Finally, we explored how the science-practice interphase in forest management could be improved to facilitate the transferring of the scientific knowledge on how to improve resilience to disturbances into practical forest management.
We found that the three common concepts of resilience are not contrasting but instead they are complimentary to one another and form a nested hierarchy where engineering resilience is nested inside ecological resilience, which in turn is nested inside the social-ecological resilience. Their use depends on the complexity of the researched system with engineering resilience used for simple systems and ecological and social-ecological resilience for more complex ones. Therefore, instead of debating on the correct definition to use, forest managers should carefully determine of which part of the forest or forest value chain they are managing, to what they need to increase the resilience to, and who are likely to be influenced by their decisions. We were furthermore able to show with the developed framework that the forest management goals influence the trade-offs in forest management and the level of resilience of forest and the surrounding society, indicating that the steps to achieve resilient forest differ depending on the management goal. In addition, the results showed that high-resolution dendrometers have the potential to inform forest managers on the stress and resilience of trees to dry conditions, however more research is still needed before the tool can be used in the practical management level. Lastly, we found that while the science-practice interphase is valued by the forest professionals, there is in some cases weak evidence for the effectiveness of the forest management measures proposed by forest professionals. Moreover, many forest professionals face considerable barriers in implementing resilience into forest management.
To conclude, the research we conducted provided remarkable advances on operationalising resilience into forest management. Our results showed that resilience can be implemented into forest management with a variety of forest management goals and strategies. The future research should focus on developing, together with practitioners, resilience indicators for forests under different management regimes across Europe. Moreover, efforts to study the impacts of different forest management measures on resilience to disturbances should be increased. However, forest-related policies and management practices should already proceed to incorporate measures to enhance resilience of forests to ensure the provisioning of ecosystem services.
... Involving a broad range of stakeholders expands the pool of knowledge, approaches and experiences, which also increases the likelihood of anticipating unintended effects (Luís et al., 2018). In Prague district 6, together with the local authority representatives, CzechGlobe (Global Change Research Institute) used a web-based portal for citizens to map local climate impacts and adaptation options. ...
EEA assessment report presenting the status quo of adaptation to climate change at the local government level, with particular focus on cities. The assessment presents the overview of climate risks to cities, types of adaptation responses, extent of adaptation planning and actions at the loal level in Europe and opportunities to scale up and speed up implementation of adaptation to climate change at the local level.
... Also, caution must be granted to the implications of our results, since a common awareness and perception of the impacts of climate change on ES does not necessarily translate into effective governmental engagement in the prioritization of this matter in action-oriented decision-making (Hummel et al., 2017;Luís et al., 2018). In addition, diversified engagement from citizens and other relevant private and public entities should also be accounted (Runting et al., 2017;Brown et al., 2020). ...
How institutional stakeholders perceive the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES) under distinct contexts determines which planning actions are deemed priority or not. Public officers play a crucial role in social-ecological management and decision-making processes, but there is a paucity of research exploring their perceptions on ES supply and demand under a changing climate. We address this gap through an exploratory study that analyses the views of public officers on the potential impacts of climate-change related drivers on multiple ES in a major administrative region from Portugal (EU NUTS 3). We combined qualitative spatial data from participatory maps and semi-quantitative answers from questionnaire-based surveys with 22 officers from public institutions contributing to territorial planning. Contrary to other similar studies, public officers shared a common view on the importance of ES. This view aligns with scientific projections on how a changing climate is expected to influence ES in the region over the next decade. In agreement with other observations in Mediterranean regions, the most perceivably valued ES concerned tangible socio-economic benefits (e.g., periurban agriculture and wine production). Surprisingly, despite the region’s potential for cultural ES, and considering the impacts that climate change may hold on them, recreation and tourism did not seem to be embedded in the officers’ views. We explore the implications of our findings for territorial planning and social-ecological adaptation, considering that the way stakeholders manage the territory in response to climate change depends on the extent to which they are aware and expect to experience climatic consequences in the future.
... It is important to say that the study of divergences between experts and lay people (e.g., Sjöberg, 1998) created a debate about the appropriateness of using expert evaluations alone for policy decisions, which usually follows the risk assessment paradigm that clearly distinguished between technical risk assessment and risk management (e.g., as originally outlined by the U. S. National Research Council, 1983 ). However, many studies illustrate that the engagement of the public and stakeholders in all phases of decision-making is not only a democratic right but also improves the quality of the processes (e.g., Luís et al., 2018;Luís et al., 2015;Mata et al., 2006). ...
... In fact, if we omit five of these high precision studies, the asymmetry becomes insignificant. For attitudes, the significant effect is caused by two small studies (among stakeholders by Luís et al., 2018) reporting a very low correlation. Additionally, to some extent, larger studies are more likely to have larger effect sizes and smaller studies to have small effect sizes. ...
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a highly influential framework for studying human action. Research applying the TPB often follows the assumption that the framework – originally developed in the U.S. – is universal and can be effectively applied across geographical and cultural boundaries. With the power of meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM), we test the above assumption across Hofstede’s and GLOBE’s individualism-collectivism cultural dimensions. Specifically, we compare 3 variations of the TPB model that are evident in the literature. Our findings focus on the context of environmental behavior, and are based on 255 samples with 130,354 respondents from 50 countries. We show that adding personal norms to the TPB model in addition to subjective norms, the typically included dimension of the norm construct, moderately improves understanding of cross-cultural differences in environmental behavior.
... It is important to say that the study of divergences between experts and lay people (e.g., Sjöberg, 1998) created a debate about the appropriateness of using expert evaluations alone for policy decisions, which usually follows the risk assessment paradigm that clearly distinguished between technical risk assessment and risk management (e.g., as originally outlined by the U. S. National Research Council, 1983 ). However, many studies illustrate that the engagement of the public and stakeholders in all phases of decision-making is not only a democratic right but also improves the quality of the processes (e.g., Luís et al., 2018;Luís et al., 2015;Mata et al., 2006). ...
This study aims to contribute to the risk management of pharmaceuticals in the environment, illustrating risk perceptions of lay people and experts from Southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, and France). The psychometric paradigm was applied to assess risk regarding four hazards: pharmaceuticals in the environment (i.e., broadly framed), pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater, pharmaceuticals in drinking water, and pharmaceuticals in crops. Two factors explained most of the variance of risk assessments: dread and unknown. The dread factor combined immediacy and severity of effects, and the old nature of hazards. Pharmaceuticals in crops and drinking water scored higher in this factor, as did experts and French respondents. The unknown factor differentiated between the assessments of lay people and experts. Lay people assessed the hazards as being more known by those who were exposed but less known by science; and exposure was perceived as more voluntary and the risk as more controllable. Even though pharmaceutical residues are present in much higher concentrations in treated wastewater, risk assessments were overall higher for drinking water and crops. Moreover, data also revealed risk management preferences: whereas lay people preferred technological and awareness-type measures, experts preferred measures to improve the disposal of pharmaceutical waste and health-type measures.
... Successful examples of integrated management, which have contributed to the development of coastal zones, have been demonstrated at a global level [20][21][22]. ICZM seeks sustainability by enhancing meaningful citizen participation and integrating different activities in a rational and coordinated approach [23,24]. This is achieved by developing social and professional capacities through governmental and nongovernmental organizations. ...
Tourism in coastal areas is becoming increasingly important in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as an integrated approach that balances the requirements of different tourist sectors. This paper analyzes ICZM in continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands from the perspective of the 3S tourism, and presents its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The methodology used was based on a literature review of ten aspects of the highest relevance to ICZM, i.e., Policies, Regulations, Responsibilities, Institutions, Strategies and Instruments, Training, Economic Resources, Information, Education for Sustainability, and Citizen Participation. The results highlight four aspects as strengths (Policies, Responsibilities, Institutions and Citizen Participation), while the most notable weaknesses were Regulations and Education for sustainability. Strategies and Instruments, as well as Information, were identified as opportunities to stand out. The main threats were Economic Resources and Training. Ecuador does not have clearly established public policies that would allow for the integrated management of 3S tourism and be considered as productive, valuable alternatives. It is necessary to consolidate and promote 3S tourism as a State policy and as a means to improve the economies in coastal areas. Finally, Ecuador needs to overcome negative changes in the macroeconomic environment and reverse its current deteriorated image.
... Increasing (Jefferson et al., 2015;Luís et al., 2018). As coastal flood and erosion hazard changes in consequence to climate change and rising sea level, coastal adaptation strategies will include both early warning and education schemes as local communities become better prepared to respond to, and live with, changing coastal hazard. ...
Rising sea level is increasing the flood hazard from sea defence overtopping. New coastal schemes therefore need to be cost-effective and future-proofed. WireWall, with its portable, low cost measurement technology, is a system that can collect overtopping velocities and volumes to inform new scheme design and validate flood forecasting systems. Whilst the application of technology is important, it is equally vital that the scientific community actively engage with the public to raise awareness and understanding of coastal defence initiatives. To engage the public in understanding coastal hazard, how it is managed and how new advances in research informs management decisions, a portable demonstration model of the WireWall field rig has been developed. The tool is hands on, eye catching and user-friendly; and showcases new advances in technology to support coastal flood risk management thus educating the coastal community about changing hazard to promote public preparedness. This tool has successfully initiated in situ engagement between the public, coastal practitioners and researchers to develop support for a new scheme being planned at the WireWall study site. The future wellbeing of coastal communities depends on clear communication of new research that is making sense of changing seas. Here a methodology is presented that achieves just that. The communication facilitated through the design approach used to develop this tool, has turned knowledge and technological innovations into accessible information for government, business and the public.
... Second, although values and beliefs are relatively stable across time and context, interventions to, e.g., strengthen farmers' openness to change, altruism, and ecological worldviews could help to stimulate interest in agricultural practices aimed to foster the Bioeconomy. One possibility to cultivate openness to change and pro-environmental values among farmers might be to organise public-private partnerships and workshops in which people with different perspectives discuss sustainability issues and novel agricultural practices (Ngutu and Recke, 2006;Carraresi et al., 2018;Luís et al., 2018). More fundamentally, schools and universities need to offer environmental education programs to influence internal beliefs (Pooley and O'Connor 2016). ...
A transition towards a bio-based economy is accompanied by a growing demand for biomass resources as fossil fuels need to be replaced for the more sustainable production of consumer goods, chemicals and energy. To increase the supply of renewable biomass and avoid a conflict with food production, currently underutilized by-products (i.e. leaves, stems) from horticultural production could be valorised as feedstock. The success of this approach depends on farmers' willingness to adopt novel practices like the collection and treatment of plant leaves. However, literature on factors influencing farmers' decisions to adopt novel practices aimed to foster the Bioeconomy is limited. This paper addresses this gap by exploring drivers of farmers' interest in the valorisation of by-products. To this aim, the Value-Belief-Norm theory was used and expanded by contextual factors, such as the perceived market demand for biomass and future environmental policies. A survey with German fruit and vegetable farmers (N = 96) has been carried out and data have been analysed with a Structural Equation Model. Findings suggest that the Value-Belief-Norm theory is a relevant framework for the agricultural domain to predict farmers' interest in the valorisation of horticultural by-products. Results further indicate that an internal ecological worldview is potentially relevant for farmers' perception of contextual conditions aimed to foster the Bioeconomy. These outcomes could have managerial and policy implications associated with the identification of potential lead users to trigger the diffusion of innovative sustainable practices and generally foster the Bioeconomy.
... Second, although values and beliefs are relatively stable across time and context, interventions to, e.g., strengthen farmers' openness to change, altruism, and ecological worldviews could help to stimulate interest in agricultural practices aimed to foster the Bioeconomy. One possibility to cultivate openness to change and pro-environmental values among farmers might be to organise public-private partnerships and workshops in which people with different perspectives discuss sustainability issues and novel agricultural practices (Ngutu and Recke, 2006;Carraresi et al., 2018;Luís et al., 2018). More fundamentally, schools and universities need to offer environmental education programs to influence internal beliefs (Pooley and O'Connor 2016). ...
In order to increase the availability of biomass, the utilization of agricultural by-products might represent an appropriate solution. This paper aims to investigate farmers’ interest to adopt innovative practices related to the utilization of agricultural by-products. To this end, a structural equation model is derived based on eco-innovation and the value-beliefs-norms theory and empirically tested with 101 German fruit and vegetable farmers. Our model provides evidence for the importance of the following factors: openness to change values, personal norms to strengthen the circular economy, the perceived ability to reduce environmental threats as well as perceived regulatory push in the future.This suggests that policy measures should focus on shaping farmers’ values, beliefs and norms.
As climate change impacts increase, there are growing calls for strengthening relationships between researchers and other stakeholders to advance adaptation efforts. Participation and co‐production are widely held to be key to such relationships, both intended to open substantive engagement in science and research to non‐experts. Gains commonly attributed to participation and co‐production include improved understanding of user needs and contexts, enhanced trust, creating actionable knowledge for adaptation planning and decision‐making, and other new outcomes and practices supporting adaptation progress. At the same time, scrutiny of existing efforts to use participation and co‐production reveals limits and gaps in understanding the conditions and processes required to undertake them in meaningful, appropriate, and effective ways. This review assesses such limitations and gaps across the growing volume of research focused on adapting coastal and island communities within Europe. We systematically reviewed 60 peer‐reviewed papers, drawing on a novel meta‐method review approach to synthesize patterns in participation and co‐production implementations, types of outcomes, and the latter's associations with study research designs. We identify a propensity toward using more simplistic definitions of community, more conventional, extractive research methods in working with study communities, and emphasizing knowledge generation over other outcomes. These issues are all limits on participation and co‐production effectiveness, and we make recommendations to reduce them. We also recommend further recourse to systematic review methods to aid the development of participation and co‐production knowledge for adaptation.
This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
Environmental risk issues pose a threat to human life and well-being. In order to reduce environmental risks, environmental risk response strategies have become increasingly vital. As the group most affected by environmental risks, the public environmental risk coping behaviors affect the effectiveness of environmental risk management. However, the public adoption of such behaviors mainly depends on their willingness. Therefore, the key to effective governance lies in guiding the public to voluntarily adopt appropriate environmental risk coping behaviors. The theory of environmental psychology provides relevant references for this. The internal psychological motivations of the public (including attitudes and subjective norms etc.) affect their choices of environmental risk behavior. The main purpose of this research is to explore the determinants underlying environmental risk coping behaviors using extending the theory of planned behavior by additional constructs (trust, risk perception, interaction satisfaction). The research applies a questionnaire survey method to collect data from the public living in the vicinity of two locations in China—an industrial area and a waste incineration plant in a Chinese city. The result of SEM shows that the public’s trust in governments has a positive influence on the intention to collaborate, while the public’s trust in the government and enterprises is negatively correlated with their intention to engage in confrontational behavior. Also, there is a positive correlation between confrontational intention and confrontational behavior, while the intention to cooperate may not necessarily result in collaborative behavior. Risk perception is not related to trust and the intention to collaborate, but it positively affects the intention to confront. The reason for the public to willingly take collaborative actions is not because they have perceived a high level of risk, and the public’s high trust in the government can enhance their intention to take collaborative actions. It is thus clear that government credibility plays an important guiding role in public risk responsive behavior. The research findings provide policy recommendations for guiding public environmental risk coping behavior.
Recent circular economy research has emphasised that stakeholder engagement and mutual support of stakeholders is needed to implement the idea of a circular economy. While stakeholder engagement is often considered as something positive, a deeper understanding of what constitutes the positive in stakeholder relationships is needed. The purpose of this chapter is to increase our understanding of strength-based stakeholder engagement as an enabler of the sustainability transition to a circular economy. We explore what constitutes positive and constructive stakeholder relationships at the individual, organisational and societal levels of stakeholder engagement. We present an empirical study of specialists representing different stakeholders involved in advancing the circular economy in Finland. Drawing on a strength-based approach, our study contributes to the stakeholder literature by elucidating the positive foundation of stakeholder engagement. Our study shows that identifying and enhancing the strengths in stakeholder engagement reveals opportunities that exist for a circular economy.
The aim of the current study is to consider farmers' perceptions regarding the impacts of climate change on water resources and their intention toward adaptation in southwestern Iran. To this end, this study applied the theory of reasoned action and the norm activation model as well as these two models in combination. A descriptive quantitative research study was designed and conducted using cross-sectional survey methods among 250 farmers in Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran, selected through multistage sampling methods. Research data were collected through a structured questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts; scale reliability of the questionnaire was approved through a pilot study. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the norm activation model, the theory of reasoned action, and a model integrating the two can predict 32, 42, and 47%, respectively, of changes in farmers' intention toward performing climate-change adaptation activities. In the combined model, personal norm, subjective norm, and attitude were able to influence the farmers’ intention to perform adaptive behaviors. Attitude towards adaptation is the most powerful predictor in explaining intention to adaptation. Subjective norm is the most important predictors of moral norms which is the logical confirmation behind the combination of the two models. In addition, the combined model has better predicting powerful that each model separately. The research findings hold valuable implications for policymakers seeking to increase the intention of farmers to implement adaptation activities against a background of harsh climate change and water scarcity in this region of Iran.
The study provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary sustainability accounting research, comprising 1,283 academic articles published in 54 journals (2014-2020). Sustainability disclosure is the most frequently researched topic and a substantial proportion of publications analyse a national setting, examine a European context, investigate listed firms, adopt the quantitative methodology and an empirical archival research method, apply social and political theories, or focus broadly on sustainability. Based on this analysis, we develop a conceptual framework of sustainability accounting influences. We discuss prevalent themes, empirical findings and apparent inconsistencies, reflecting on recent trends and the state of sustainability accounting knowledge, developing an agenda for future research.
The scientific literature is inconclusive with regard to whether public participation leads to more ambitious and transformative local climate governance. We review the scientific literature and, for climate adaptation, interpret whether the level of participation is associated with transformative potential of adaptation. For mitigation, we analyze whether public participation in local climate plans is significantly related to local greenhouse gas reduction targets. We find that public participation has a positive impact on both, the transformative potential of adaptation and the ambition for mitigation. The influence of participation on adaptation is stronger than the influence on mitigation. Based on our review, we highlight four conditions under which public participation can lead to potentially transformative action and greater local climate ambition, that is, recognition of all actors, their clear and meaningful engagement in all decision making stages, full decision-making power of the involved public, and the support of a logic of welfare.
While the tourism sector strongly depends on biodiversity, its activities often contribute to biodiversity loss. Biodiversity is essential for human well-being and it has been increasingly argued that a stronger integration of biodiversity issues by tourism businesses is also the self-interest of the sector. While the stronger integration of biodiversity has been examined from various perspectives, one discipline has been largely overlooked in science and practice: psychology. Any integration of biodiversity by individual businesses requires human behaviour. Thus, the objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of owner-managers in the tourism sector, who al-ready behave in favour of biodiversity. Understanding what causes, facilities or challenges their actions can help to better address and motivate other owner-managers in the future. The North Sea coast of the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein was chosen as a case study area, since the unique ecosystem of the Wadden Sea and the regional tourism sector are closely inter-linked. To understand the owner-managers’ behaviour the extended Theory of Planned Behaviour was used as a guiding framework. The extended psychological model assumes that behaviour is based on four variables, namely attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and moral norms. Five semi-structured interviews with owner-managers of tourist accommodations were conducted to explore the four components of the extended model.
The results demonstrate that environmental beliefs, life quality and economic beliefs are relevant for the owner-managers’ attitudes related to pro-biodiversity behaviour. The study finds evidence that in addition to subjective norms, which are included in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, subjective descriptive norms may be relevant for owner-managers’ pro-biodiversity behaviour. The owner-managers’ guests, employees as well as other businesses and the neighbourhood com-munity were identified as so-called important referent groups. The perceived norms related to each referent group are outlined in the study. The study identified barriers and facilitators of owner-managers’ pro-biodiversity behaviour. Barriers to their behaviour include financial obstacles, a lack of support and the higher efforts necessary. Their behaviour is facilitated by the sustainable business networks, the available range of information as well as the owners’ self-efficacy. Also moral norms were found to be relevant. In addition to a general feeling of moral responsibility they perceived responsibility towards other people as well as nature. Lastly, the study shows that, although owner-managers behave in favour of biodiversity, other topics may be more important to them.
The study provides an important insight of the beliefs which engaged owner-managers in the tourism sector hold towards pro-biodiversity behaviour. Building on the results of the present study, future research should further aim to gain a more comprehensive understanding of pro-biodiversity behaviour including quantitative approaches.
The edited volume “Building resilience to natural hazards in the context of climate change—Knowledge integration, implementation, and learning” follows a specific purpose and agenda. This introductory contribution to the volume explains its purpose and agenda in broad terms and provides an overview over the contributions. Six points characterize the volume. (1) The volume offers conceptual and empirical contributions that focus on climate change adaptation at local and regional level in Germany. Theoretical and methodological arguments remain in the background of investigation. (2) Contributions address issues of dealing with river floods and risks related to heavy rain fall as well as rising temperatures, heat waves and associated droughts in urban areas. Hence, contributions address issues of high priority for climate change adaptation—in Germany, but also in Europe and around the globe. (3) We understand building resilience as a core element of urban resilience. (4) The expression “building resilience” is meant to cover both the social process of increasing resilience in the future and dealing with the consequences of climate change for the building stock as well as related blue, green, and grey infrastructures. (5) Three patterns of goal-driven social processes for building resilience are salient: knowledge integration, implementation at local level, and learning in the context of participation and multi-level governance. (6) Engineers, physical geographers, social scientists, and spatial planners were involved in providing the contributions to the edited volume. Inter- and transdisciplinary approaches result in conceptual arguments and empirical accounts that seek to address both challenges of scholarly quality and practical relevance.
High expectations—both in science and in practice—are associated with participatory approaches especially at local levels for realising adaptation and building resilience to climate change and natural hazards. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evaluation studies that empirically confirm the many expected positive effects of participatory approaches. To clarify and specify these effects we develop a new resilience concept differentiating three dimensions: resilience knowledge (including risk and action knowledge), resilience action (including action and its psychological determinants such as efficacy and responsibility beliefs) and resilience network (including networks within and between actor groups). We apply this concept to the evaluation of eight government-led public participation events on adaptation to climate change, particularly to increasing heavy rain events, in four cities in Germany. Results of the participant questionnaires indicate that the events were effective in increasing participants’ knowledge (particularly knowledge integration), action (rather supporting than triggering action) and networks. But increases were only moderate and could not be achieved for all participants. Hence, effects of participatory approaches on building resilience should not be overestimated. The detected increases particularly in collective efficacy beliefs regarding collective action of governmental actors together with citizens support ideas of co-management of urban resilience. Increases in perceptions of governmental and private responsibilities for taking action have consequences for the discussion on responsibilisation in natural hazards and climate change adaptation research. Results indicate that an open communication about governmental and private responsibilities can help avoiding one-sided responsibilisations and demotivating effects of governmental responsibilisation on private action.
SUN, SEA AND SAND TOURISM ALONG THE CONTINENTAL COAST OF ECUADOR AND THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
Several studies conducted in recent decades show that human needs for food, energy, transportation, recreation and other services in coastal areas are growing rapidly. Coastal areas are fragile ecosystems and, therefore, need to be properly managed to prevent impacts that affect both their natural characteristics and the associated ecosystem services they provide to humans, as well as their tourism potential. Activities related to sun and beach tourism in recent years have increased significantly; however, management is sometimes unsatisfactory and requires new strategies to prevent the degradation of coastal ecosystems and their sustainability. Hence, the main objective of this doctoral thesis was to analyze the current state and management of the “Sun, Sea and Sand (3S)” tourism in Continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands through exploratory techniques and bibliographic reviews that allow to strengthen the sustainability of the 3S tourism and, in general, the sustainable use of the coastal environment. The work was divided into four main research areas: i) analysis of tourism from the perspective of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) were established, ii) classification of the coastal zone from a landscape approach, in order to obtain useful indications within the framework of the ICZM, iii) evaluation of the presence and characterization of beach litter to obtain information useful to manage the problem and, iv) analysis of the potential of 3 S tourism in continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands by analyzing its different components, i.e. the daily hours of sunshine, the color/transparency of the water and the color of the sand. Within the framework of the field studies, 67 beaches in 4 provinces were visited: Esmeraldas, Manabí, Santa Elena and Galapagos. The results indicate a certain level of contamination by beach litter, landscape features sometimes damaged by human activities and, in the vast majority of cases, natural conditions not always optimal for developing the 3S tourism. Thus, the beaches with international visitors and located in protected areas presented better results in scenic beauty and cleanliness, while in the continental zone an important aesthetic degradation of the coast was observed. The Galapagos Islands had the best results, with white sand beaches, transparent and blue water and many sunshine hours; meanwhile, the continental zone presented beaches with dark sand and unattractive water color. Finally, Ecuador has adequate policies for coastal management; however, despite the fact that Ecuador received support in terms of training and international funding for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), the country has not managed to implement elementary aspects of the 3 S tourism. In the past, social issues and processes of economic dynamization have not been adequately developed and they have not received the necessary importance.
The world’s climate is changing with unprecedented rapidity in the present era. In other words, given wide natural changes and human activities during recent century, climate change can be considered as one of the major threats endangering sustainable development in a variety of environmental, human health, food safety, economic, natural resources, and infrastructure aspects. Also, agriculture dependence on climate results in its being considerably influenced by the climate change phenomenon. That is, agriculture sector should also employ appropriate strategies and approaches to adjust to climate changes. Due to the significance of this issue, the main purpose of this chapter is to explain the necessity of climate change adaptation strategies in agricultural sector. In order to achieve this purpose, some specific objectives including "characterizing the meaning and different kinds of adaptation to climate change", "clarifying the relationship between adaptation to climate change and agricultural sustainability", "positioning adaptation theory in agricultural development theories and discourses", "introducing prerequisites and requirements of adaptation to climate change in developed and developing countries", "explaining approaches to climate change vulnerability assessment", and " introducing a comprehensive approach to climate change adaptation in agricultural sector" were defined. The results of this study revealed that the main adaptation approaches to climate changes include hazards-based and vulnerability-based approaches. The former focuses on gradual effects of climate change. That is, according to hazards-based approach, the assessment of agriculture adaptation to climate change is undertaken through predictions made in the field of climate change and designed on the basis of various scenarios while the latter assesses future climate change trend by considering current climate risks. In other words, vulnerability-based approach places high emphasis on social factors determining farmers’ and systems’ ability to combat climate damages. It is worth mentioning that one of the main drawbacks of these approaches is lack of emphasis on adaptation feedbacks. Furthermore, the results emphasized that although there is no one-size-fits-all approach for adaptation to climate changes, but being aware of the experiences of other countries (with similar climatic and geographical conditions) and adaptation strategies employed by them can definitely be useful for communities dealing with climate change negative impacts.
This chapter presents the co-development of the Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) planning process in the Vouga estuary for the mitigation of unintended impacts on biodiversity resulting from the 2019/2020 management plan. This estuary, part of Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon located on the north-west coast of Portugal (40°38′N, 08°45′W), connects the Vouga river catchment area to the Atlantic Ocean. Ria de Aveiro, part of the Natura 2000 network, is characterised by high biodiversity and a wide range of ecosystem services. However, it is also a vulnerable territory that requires a management plan in practice for environmental protection, targeting threatened species and habitats, but also to enable socio-economic welfare. Framed by EBM principles, the stepwise planning approach aimed at identifying the governance boundaries and institutions, the policy objectives, synergies, and gaps relevant to managing biodiversity, and to promote participatory actions with local stakeholders and policy-makers to understand their objectives. These three first steps enabled us to understand the social-ecological system and to co-develop relevant EBM solutions. In the final step, the proposed EBM solutions were evaluated for effectiveness, efficiency, equity and fairness, and then compared to the present condition. The co-developed solutions target science, policy and stakeholders interfaces. Namely, scientific knowledge applied to restore saltmarshes and seagrasses, policy objectives harmonising monitoring across EU Directives and integrate territorial management instruments, and management process involving stakeholders throughout.
Introduction
Decades of widespread knowledge about climate change have not translated into adequate action to address impacts on population health and health equity in Canada. Research has shown that context-based perceptions and interpretations mediate engagement. Exploring climate change engagement involves inquiry into contextual experience.
Methods
This qualitative study has employed narrative methodology to interpret the meaning of climate change among community leaders in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, age 20-40 (n = 10). Climate change narratives were explored both structurally and thematically.
Results
A model was developed to organize results and to describe concepts of fidelity and dissonance within participant narratives. Findings suggested that knowledge of climate change and personal motivation to act did not preclude narrative dissonance, which served as a barrier to a meaningful personal response. Dissonance can result where internal and external barriers mediate mobilization at moments in the plot: (1) moving from knowledge of the challenge to a sense of agency about it; (2) from agency to a sense of responsibility to choose to address it; (3) from responsibility to a sense of capacity to produce desirable outcomes despite contextual challenges; and (4) from capacity to a moral sense of activation in context. Without narrative fidelity, meaningful mobilization can be hindered.
Conclusions
A narrative model is useful for exploring climate change engagement and highlights opportunities for a population health approach to address the conditions that hinder meaningful mobilization. By framing climate change narratives with emotional and moral logic, population health framing could help young leaders overcome internal and external barriers to engagement.
This paper examines whether attitudes toward climate change, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control have significant associations with behavioural intention to adapt to climate change and adopt pro-environmental behaviour. The study distributed questionnaires in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling are used to develop the theoretical framework. The key findings of this study indicate that attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control have positive influence on behavioural intention to adapt/mitigate climate change. The result also found mediating effects of behavioural intention between attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control and pro-environmental behaviour. It is anticipated that the findings of this research should lead to the introduction of widespread awareness programmes that highlight the adverse impacts of climate change, and emphasise the individual initiatives that can be adopted to meet the challenges of climate change. The outcomes of this study could help policy makers design better programmes to influence attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and pro-environmental behaviour, thus preventing further degradation of the natural environment.
The opportunities available for rural households in the Himalayan region to cope with changing climate should involve acting in shorter timescales with development agenda of the region. The present article is an attempt to propose pathways of using available climate information to solve local problems caused by climate change. Existing information systems and databases can be organized to understand the solutions of climate change which can be appropriately implemented in highland areas. The study suggests systematically capitalizing the existing indigenous wisdom, current climate variability databases and growing information technology to help highland people cope under the local climatic constraints.
Research suggests public policy influences social norms, but little is known about how this process takes place. This study contributes toward diminishing this gap, by illustrating how a national smoking ban strengthened social norms related to no smoking in public places among college students (N = 204). Social norms were conceptualized using an integrative framework of social influence that intersected the nature of social norms (descriptive and injunctive) with sources of influence (sociocultural, subjective, and in-group) and were collected cross-sectionally in time. Social norms regarding being quiet in a library were simultaneously collected to control for variations between subjects. The research design was 2 (content of norms: no smoking in public places vs. being silent in a library) × 3 (time: 1 month before vs. 6 months after vs. 1 year after the ban). As expected, only social norms toward no smoking in public places changed throughout time. Descriptive and injunctive norms with sociocultural and subjective agents increased, especially after 6 months had gone by. Smoking status effects were analyzed but, unexpectedly, no interaction with time was found. Results imply that the ban triggered specific types of social norms and, therefore, public policy might benefit from further understanding these effects. (PsycINFO Database Record
This article explores the space for public participation during the consenting process for a nationally significant wind energy
or carbon capture and storage infrastructure project. Legal obligations to provide opportunities for public involvement in
these processes can be found in national, EU and international law. However, an examination of strategic planning policy suggests
that in practice, very little will be up for discussion at this stage. This is consistent with a certain mistrust of the public
in high-level policy discourse on the technological change thought necessary for climate change mitigation. Legally entrenched
rights to participate, coupled with limited opportunities to influence, create the danger that participation becomes a simple
bureaucratic hurdle, frustrating for all concerned.
As the magnitude, complexity, and urgency of many sustainability problems increase, there is a growing need for universities to contribute more effectively to problem solving. Drawing upon prior research on social-ecological systems, knowledge-action connections, and organizational innovation, we developed an integrated conceptual framework for strengthening the capacity of universities to help society understand and respond to a wide range of sustainability challenges. Based on experiences gained in creating the Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions (Mitchell Center), we tested this framework by evaluating the experiences of interdisciplinary research teams involved in place-based, solutions-oriented research projects at the scale of a single region (i.e., the state of Maine, USA). We employed a multiple-case-study approach examining the experiences of three interdisciplinary research teams working on tidal energy development, adaptation to climate change, and forest vulnerability to an invasive insect. Drawing upon documents, observations, interviews, and other data sources, three common patterns emerged across these cases that were associated with more effective problem-solving strategies. First, an emphasis on local places and short-term dynamics in social-ecological systems research provides more frequent opportunities for learning while doing. Second, iterative stakeholder engagement and inclusive forms of knowledge co-production can generate substantial returns on investment, especially when researchers are dedicated to a shared process of problem identification and they avoid framing solutions too narrowly. Although these practices are time consuming, they can be accelerated by leveraging existing stakeholder relationships. Third, efforts to mobilize interdisciplinary expertise and link knowledge with action are facilitated by an organizational culture that emphasizes mutual respect, adaptability, and solutions. Participation of faculty associated with interdisciplinary academic programs, solutions-oriented fields, and units with partnership-oriented missions hastens collaboration within teams and between teams and stakeholders. The Mitchell Center also created a risk-tolerant culture that encouraged organizational learning. Solutions-focused programs at other universities can potentially benefit from the lessons we learned.
Involving a wide-range of stakeholders at different moments in the planning of urban adaptation to climate change can help to overcome different barriers to adaptation, such as a lack of common perception, or control over options. This Article argues for an approach that involves a wide range of actors throughout the planning process in order to confront the challenges of urban adaptation to climate change. It builds on the results of a three-year participatory action research project to identify the catalysts with which local administrations can overcome the lack of data, the low level of engagement around the climate issue, and the cause-and-effect linkages of climate change impacts on the urban environment. Significant factors include territorial rootedness, leveraging actors’ experience, interaction between actors, as well as the valuing of local actors as experts of territorial management rather than as novices with regard to climate change adaptation. In addition to contributing towards the engagement of a large number of stakeholders around adaptation issues, a planning process that involves representatives from various sectors and during several stages contributes to a greater understanding of these issues and their linkages. It follows that such a process will bring changes to urban practices by better articulating local concerns about climatic issues.
Ensuring active participation of stakeholders in scientific projects faces many challenges. These range from adequately selecting stakeholders, overcoming stakeholder fatigue, and dealing with the limited time available for stakeholder engagement, to interacting with, and integrating, the research itself. At the same time, stakeholder participation is seen as a key component in developing research results that are conclusive to political and societal decision-making, and conducive to practical application. This article puts forward the Stakeholder Integrated Research (STIR) approach, designed to address these challenges by proving a structured method for stakeholder engagement in research. An assessment of the stakeholder engagement process within the CLIMSAVE project, including evaluations by participating stakeholders, is used to illustrate the STIR approach, highlighting its value for improving stakeholder involvement within two case studies of a highly complex climate change adaptation project. In comparison to other approaches, STIR directly addresses major stakeholder engagement challenges and simultaneously covers new ground to provide an encompassing and structured approach for integrating stakeholder engagement in research. Further attention needs to be given to involving stakeholder in project set-up and over the course of multiple years, as well as to improving stakeholder-science data translation.
Climate change is expected to significantly affect forestry in the coming decades. Thus, it is important to raise awareness of climate-related risks – and opportunities – among forest stakeholders, and engage them in adaptation. However, many social barriers have been shown to hinder adaptation, including perceptions of climate change as irrelevant or not urgent, underestimates of adaptive capacity, and lack of trust in climate science.
The study uses the theory of transformative learning to examine the role of learning in engagement with climate change adaptation in overcoming social barriers to adaptation. The analysis is based on follow-up interviews conducted with 24 Swedish forestry stakeholders who had participated in a series of focus group discussions about climate change impacts and adaptation measures.
The authors find that many stakeholders struggled to form an opinion based on what they perceived as uncertain and contested scientific knowledge. The study concludes that engagement with climate change adaptation can be increased if the scientific knowledge addresses the needs, objectives and aspirations of stakeholders and relates to their previous experiences with climate change and extreme weather events
Discussing adaptation has previously been viewed as “taboo”, a distraction that shifts focus away from mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, this view has recently changed as researchers, governments, and the UNFCCC have acknowledged the necessity of both mitigation and adaptation. Yet there has been little research on the public's view of adaptation and whether public consideration of adaptation (local or otherwise) might have positive effects or, as feared, distract people from mitigation. Contrary to these fears, here we experimentally show that consideration of local adaptation to sea-level rise significantly increased people's willingness to perform personal emissions-reducing behaviors, such as using public transport, eating less meat, and flying less. We surveyed residents in the Wellington region of New Zealand, randomly assigning respondents either to answer questions about climate change and mitigation only, or first to answer questions about potential local sea-level rise and adaptation measures that could be taken in their region. Respondents who first considered this local adaptation scored significantly higher on a measure of personal willingness to mitigate, and responses did not change depending on participants’ level of skepticism of anthropogenic climate change. These results reveal the potential for discussion and consideration of local adaptation to engage the public in mitigation actions, possibly by making the problem of climate change less distant and more tangible.
In the international climate regime, integrated vulnerability assessments have become the most prominent method of investigating the potential effects of climate change. Vulnerability assessments typically operate on a local to regional level, where it is most likely to inform subsequent decision making. To cope with the inherent complexity of the climate change problem, the corresponding uncertainties and the aim of producing useful and actionable knowledge various degrees of stakeholder participation have become a critical part of participatory integrated vulnerability assessments. The present study relies upon Fiorino’s (Sci Technol Hum Values 15(2):226–243, 1990) heuristic distinctions between the normative, instrumental and substantive rationales of participation, and it investigates two internationally renowned case studies to demonstrate the consequences of the design and conduct of participatory processes. An analysis of the interplay of the purposes and practices of stakeholder integration points to four fundamental challenges of participatory integrated assessments: knowledge integration, interest convergence, causality and representation. At the end two exit options are discussed, which aim to overcome some obstacles of using the concept of participation in the assessment efforts. This paper therefore goes beyond the typical analyses of ways to better organize and steer the process of stakeholder participation and wants to make a contribution to improve future integrated vulnerability assessments of climate change.
This study employs the theory of reasoned action and protection motivation theory to predict American and Korean students’ intentions to engage in behaviors that can help mitigate climate change. The results indicate that one’s attitudes toward the prevention of climate change, perceived severity of climate change, response efficacy, and self-efficacy regarding climate change prevention were significant predictors of one’s intentions to engage in a series of pro-environmental behaviors. In addition, there were few cross-cultural differences. These results suggest that protection motivation theory, together with the theory of reasoned action, is a useful framework for understanding pro-environmental behaviors.
Stakeholder theory has been a popular heuristic for describing the management environment for years, but it has not attained full theoretical status. Our aim in this article is to contribute to a theory of stakeholder identification and salience based on stakeholders possessing one or more of three relationship attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency. By combining these attributes, we generate a typology of stakeholders, propositions concerning their salience to managers of the firm, and research and management implications.
Prior research has shown a tendency for environmental problems to be rated as more severe at the global level than at the local level. The present paper reports re-analyses of a large cross-cultural dataset (Study 1, k = 22, N = 3,277) and new cross-cultural data (Study 2, k = 8, N = 1,131) examining the prevalence of this spatial bias in the rated severity of environmental problems along with analyses of individual and country-level predictors of this bias. Results from multilevel modeling analyses showed that spatial bias was greater for happier and younger individuals and for those from less populated communities. We interpret these results as evidence for self-serving and “place-serving” biases in which the bias tempers the severity of environmental problems in one’s local area. Considering the large cross-cultural evidence, we argue that spatial bias is a plausible candidate of a psychological universal identified by research in environmental psychology.
The climate change and natural hazard communities have developed the notion of vulnerability and associated methods for its
assessment in parallel, with only limited interaction. What are the underlying reasons for this diversity; is there advantage
in greater synergy? If yes, what are the pathways through which greater integration could be fostered? This paper discusses
these issues using vulnerability studies in coastal areas to describe gaps between climate change and natural hazard approaches,
and investigates scope for mutual learning and collaboration in the development of methodologies for vulnerability assessment.
An overview of methods highlights the separation between climate change and natural hazard approaches. The main differences
identified, beyond formal divergences in terminology, are linked to: process (stress vs shock), scale (temporal, functional
and spatial), assessment approach (statistical vs prospective) and levels of uncertainty. We argue that the underlying source
of divergence is the initial difference of purpose, one being identification of climate change adaptation pathways, the other
being disaster risk reduction. In this context, the notion of vulnerability and its expression through assessment studies
is the focal point connecting both domains. Indeed, the ongoing and active development of vulnerability concepts and methods
have already produced some tools to help overcome common issues, such as acting in a context of high uncertainties, taking
into account the dynamics and spatial scale of a social-ecological system, or gathering viewpoints from different sciences
to combine human and impact-based approaches. Based on this assessment, this paper proposes concrete perspectives and possibilities
to benefit from existing commonalities in the construction and application of assessment tools.
KeywordsVulnerability-Coastal zone-Climate change-Natural hazard-Adaptation-Disaster risk reduction
The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies.
We examine whether managers' values, attitudes, and perceptions influence the greening of organizations. To that purpose, we specify and test a model of corporate environmental responsiveness (CER), drawing upon a modified version of the theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm theory. Based on survey data from 142 Greek companies, we find that top managers' personal values influence responses indirectly, through shaping their environmental attitudes, while direct relationship is not significant. Subjective norms, expressing stakeholder expectations, do affect CER, with their effect being stronger than that of attitudes. Managers' perceived ability to handle environmental issues also appears to influence responses. Results have theoretical implications, indicating the significant role of managers' values, attitudes and perceptions in a firm's environmental response. Practical implications are discussed in relation to selection of managers and training.
Number of citations and the h-index are popular metrics for indexing scientific impact. These, and other existing metrics, are strongly related to scientists' seniority. This article introduces complementary indicators that are unrelated to the number of years since PhD. To illustrate cumulative and career-stage approaches for assessing the scientific impact across a discipline, citations for 611 scientists from 97 U.S. and Canadian social psychology programs are amassed and analyzed. Results provide benchmarks for evaluating impact across the career span in psychology and other disciplines with similar citation patterns. Career-stage indicators provide a very different perspective on individual and program impact than cumulative impact, and may predict emerging scientists and programs. Comparing social groups, Whites and men had higher impact than non-Whites and women, respectively. However, average differences in career stage accounted for most of the difference for both groups.
Imprecise definition of key terms in the "public participation" domain have hindered the conduct of good research and militated against the development and implementation of effective participation practices. In this article, we define key concepts in the domain: public communication, public consultation, and public participation. These concepts are differentiated according to the nature and flow of information between exercise sponsors and participants. According to such an information flow perspective, an exercise's effectiveness may be ascertained by the efficiency with which full, relevant information is elicited from all appropriate sources, transferred to (and processed by) all appropriate recipients, and combined(when required) to give an aggregate/consensual response. Key variables that may theoretically affect effectiveness-and on which engagement mechanisms differ-are identified and used to develop a typology of mechanisms. The resultant typology reveals four communication, six consultation, and four participation mechanism classes. Limitations to the typology are discussed, and future research needs identified
Using a model of risk information seeking and processing developed by Griffin, Dunwoody, and Neuwirth (1999), this study looks at predictors of the processing strategies that people apply to health risk information. Specifically, this article focuses on one relationship within the model--the relationship between perceived amount of information needed to deal with a risk and heuristic-systematic processing. Perceived amount of information needed refers to the gap between one's understanding of a risk and the level of understanding that one needs in order to make a decision about that risk. Building on the work of Chaiken (cf. 1980), the Griffin et al. model predicts--and finds--that the larger the gap, the more likely one will process information systematically. The study employs a novel measure of information processing in a survey setting by sending actual information to participants and then asking them how they attended to it; the researchers evaluate this strategy. Finally, the researchers discuss how these findings might help agencies and practitioners create more effective risk messages.
The study area, Baixo Vouga Lagunar (BVL, Portugal), is located in Ria de Aveiro confluence with Vouga river and it includes several fresh and transition watercourses under tidal influence. This research aimed for unravel the water management issue in BVL, considering the possible climate change (CC) effects and the desirable adaptation measures. An analysis was conducted considering the knowledge on the current and the potential pressures over the water resources, in the context of CC. A study on stakeholders’ perception over the CC impacts was also performed, through 18 interviews. The analysis of the interviews acknowledges that CC are not the main concern in BVL and that the impacts were considerable lower than the one attributed to other factors, namely by the changes in the lagoon geomorphology. The study showed that the current BVL issues (saline intrusion, flooding, among others) were considered priority and then the necessity for including them in public policies development, regardless if they are directly or indirectly due to the CC.
Increasing the awareness of climate change causes is often considered the key to public support of mitigation and adaptation policies. However, higher awareness might not always relate to higher risk perceptions. Previous research suggests that a process of risk normalization might occur, wherein individuals more exposed and aware of hazards minimize their risk perception to psychologically cope with hazards. This study elaborates on and expands this research, by conducting multilevel analyses on more recent data from the International Social Survey Programme from 33 countries (N=46,221). Results show that in countries with higher carbon dioxide emissions, where people are more exposed to the activities and technologies related to climate change, individuals tend to have lower societal risk perceptions of climate change due to their higher awareness of climate change causes. New insight is provided, as results confirm this effect of risk normalization after controlling for the country socioeconomic context and individual-level covariates (gender, age, education, political orientation, place of living). Of most relevance, results further illustrate that this effect is moderated by the environmental concern of individuals.
The adoption of sustainable land management strategies and practices that respond to current climate and human pressures requires both assessment tools that can lead to better informed decision-making and effective knowledge-exchange mechanisms that facilitate new learning and behavior change. We propose a learning-centered participatory approach that links land management assessment and knowledge exchange and integrates science-based data and stakeholder perspectives on both biophysical and socio-economic attributes. We outline a structured procedure for a transparent assessment of land management alternatives, tailored to dryland management, that is based on (1) principles of constructivism and social learning, (2) the participation of stakeholders throughout the whole assessment process, from design to implementation, and (3) the combination of site-specific indicators, identified by local stakeholders as relevant to their particular objectives and context conditions, and science-based indicators that represent ecosystem services of drylands worldwide. The proposed procedure follows a pattern of eliciting, challenging, and self-reviewing stakeholder perspectives that aims to facilitate learning. The difference between the initial baseline perspectives and the final self-reviewed stakeholder perspectives is used as a proxy of learning. We illustrate the potential of this methodology by its application to the assessment of land uses in a Mediterranean fire-prone area in East Spain. The approach may be applied to a variety of socio-ecological systems and decision-making and governance scales.
Climate change is a threat to human societies and natural ecosystems, yet public opinion research finds that public awareness and concern vary greatly. Here, using an unprecedented survey of 119 countries, we determine the relative influence of socio-demographic characteristics, geography, perceived well-being, and beliefs on public climate change awareness and risk perceptions at national scales. Worldwide, educational attainment is the single strongest predictor of climate change awareness. Understanding the anthropogenic cause of climate change is the strongest predictor of climate change risk perceptions, particularly in Latin America and Europe, whereas perception of local temperature change is the strongest predictor in many African and Asian countries. However, other key factors associated with public awareness and risk perceptions highlight the need to develop tailored climate communication strategies for individual nations. The results suggest that improving basic education, climate literacy, and public understanding of the local dimensions of climate change are vital to public engagement and support for climate action.
This article gives insights into an inter- and transdisciplinary research approach designed to enhance the planning of climate change adaptation responses at urban-regional level. What makes interdisciplinary approaches to adaptation action unique is its ability to unravel the complexity of climate change and the interwoven processes it entails. It is the planning aspect here that makes stakeholder involvement crucial. Hence in contemporary climate change research the science-policy interface takes centre stage, generating response capacity and exchanging 'usable' information with decision-makers within the framework of a transdisciplinary approach. Climate action plans and climate adaptation strategies, for example, have the potential to unite sectors and levels of decision-making around an integrated planning approach. This article discusses the challenges and constraints of the inter- and transdisciplinary research approach developed for a Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile (MRS).
This paper focuses on the difficulties of risk management, specially when the results from risk perception (the views of the risk by the general public) do not overlap the results of risk assessment (the results of technical expert analysis). Two strategies are identified to overcome
these differences: information and partnership, the former being clearly promoted by the EU values. However, the implementation of this strategy depends on a image of the public as a partner in these complex societal negotiations. Three images of the public are identified as particularly negative
to this debate: the image of a emotional public, the idea of a selfish public and the idea of a biased public. In different ways all of them convey the idea that the members of the general public should not be taken seriously, undermining the success of a participatory decision process.
Public participation is commonly advocated in policy responses to climate change. Here we discuss prospects for inclusive approaches to adaptation, drawing particularly on studies of long-term coastal management in the UK and elsewhere. We affirm that public participation is an important normative goal in formulating response to climate change risks, but argue that its practice must learn from existing critiques of participatory processes in other contexts. Involving a wide range of stakeholders in decision-making presents fundamental challenges for climate policy, many of which are embedded in relations of power. In the case of anticipatory responses to climate change, these challenges are magnified because of the long-term and uncertain nature of the problem. Without due consideration of these issues, a tension between principles of public participation and anticipatory adaptation is likely to emerge and may result in an overly managed form of inclusion that is unlikely to satisfy either participatory or instrumental goals. Alternative, more narrowly instrumental, approaches to participation are more likely to succeed in this context, as long as the scope and limitations of public involvement are made explicit from the outset.
This book describes the reasoned action approach, an integrative framework for the prediction and change of human social behavior. it provides an up-to-date review of relevant research, discusses critical issues related to the reasoned action framework, and provides methodological and conceptual tools for the prediction and explanation of social behavior and for designing behavior change interventions.
Inadequate information has been repeatedly identified as a barrier to climate change adaptation planning and implementation. However less is known about how information functions as a barrier, and to what degree it prevents adaptation compared to other perceived barriers. In addition, the role of institutional context in mediating the demand for information in the context of adaptation has been less well studied. This paper helps to clarify the role that information plays in adaptation planning for two sectors of public employees working at similar scales, in similar locations, with similar challenges. We conducted surveys and semi-structured interviews to investigate the demand for information in support of adaptation implementation and planning from US federal public lands managers and municipal officials in the US interior West. We found that federal managers and municipal officials both consulted information frequently for decision making, and while both groups indicated that lack of information at relevant scales was a barrier to adaptation planning, this was seen as a much stronger barrier for federal managers than for communities. Uncertainty of information was raised as an issue, but results were mixed on whether or not this acted as a strong barrier. While peer-reviewed publications were seen as the "best available science," and correlated with adaptation planning, they were not accessed directly as frequently as other sources of information, including colleagues, the internet and reports. The strong connection between communities and adjacent federal lands may provide an opportunity for networking that could facilitate the flow of information relevant for adaptation.
This paper presents a systems model to address the need for a stakeholder analysis tool in the environmental planning and management literature. It captures the dynamic and complex nature of environmental conflicts. This is developed using the system dynamics methodology and is applied to a New Zealand case, the Transmission Gully motorway project. Experiments conducted using the model showed that although the proposed Transmission Gully motorway is capable of easing traffic congestion in the short term, it will not reduce traffic congestion in the long term. Policy and scenario experiments conducted using the model revealed that policies aimed at reducing traffic congestion could also reduce the conflict between stakeholders; however, they showed some counter-intuitive behaviour in the system which highlighted the complexity of the problem situation.
It is widely recognized that communications that activate social norms can be effective in producing societally beneficial conduct. Not so well recognized are the circumstances under which normative information can backfire to produce the opposite of what a communicator intends. There is an understandable, but misguided, tendency to try to mobilize action against a problem by depicting it as regrettably frequent. Information campaigns emphasize that alcohol and drug use is intolerably high, that adolescent suicide rates are alarming, and—most relevant to this article—that rampant polluters are spoiling the environment. Although these claims may be both true and well intentioned, the campaigns' creators have missed something critically important: Within the statement “Many people are doing this undesirable thing” lurks the powerful and undercutting normative message “Many people are doing this.” Only by aligning descriptive norms (what people typically do) with injunctive norms (what people typically approve or disapprove) can one optimize the power of normative appeals. Communicators who fail to recognize the distinction between these two types of norms imperil their persuasive efforts.
This study used meta-analysis: (a) to quantify the relationship between descriptive norms and intentions, and (b) to determine
the increment in variance attributable to descriptive norms after variables from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen,
1991) had been controlled. Literature searches revealed twenty-one hypotheses based on a total sample of N = 8097 that could be included in the review. Overall, there was a medium to strong sample-weighted average correlation between
descriptive norms and intentions (r
+= .44). Regression analysis showed that descriptive norms increased the variance explained in intention by 5 percent after
attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control had been taken into account. Moderator analyses indicated that
younger samples and health risk behaviours were both associated with stronger correlations between descriptive norms and intentions.
Implications of the findings for the conceptualization of social influences in the TPB are discussed.
Italy is a country highly vulnerable to floods and landslides. The present study aims to investigate disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk in a group of people living in an alpine valley in the north of Italy. Four hundred seven adult residents in nine communities exposed to hydrogeological risk were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire. Participants were asked about the adoption of a set of protective behaviors that can prevent negative consequences of floods. Perception of flood risk was assessed by means of a one-dimensional scale that was developed and validated by the authors. Items included in this scale asked participants to estimate likelihood of occurrence of different flood consequences and to express feelings of worry associated to them. Socio-demographic and experiential information on respondents were also collected. Overall, results showed that most of respondents were fairly well prepared to deal with a future flood disaster. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that disaster preparedness was positively associated with risk perception. In accordance with literature, there was not a significant relation between likelihood judgments and adoption of protective behaviors, while feelings of worry were associated with disaster preparedness. Authors interpret their results in relation to the socio-environmental characteristics of the studied communities. Theoretical, empirical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.
The research reported here aims to understand how people react to statements expressing risk uncertainty information in the context of a commonly experienced potential hazard, food related risks. Public perception of seriousness of risk for themselves, and for other people was examined for different types of uncertainty, for each of five different food hazards. The results indicated that participants responded to the different types of uncertainty in a uniform way, suggesting that perception of risk associated with uncertainty is not affected by the 'type' of uncertainty. The results further indicated that the seriousness of risk, in the presence of statements of uncertainty, was perceived to be greater for pesticides and genetic modification compared to BSE, high fat diets and Salmonella . It was argued that this could be due to the perceptions of low personal control, and high societal responsibility to protect people and societal control over exposure to the potential risks of pesticides and genetic modification. Under circumstances where people feel they have little personal control over their exposure to a particular hazard, and those social institutions that are perceived to be in control of protecting the public indicate that there is uncertainty associated with risk estimates, the hazard may appear to be 'out of control', which is associated with a perception of serious risk.
Public participation and climate change adaptation: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT IN LOCAL ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 36
- R Few
- K Brown
- E L Tompkins
Few, R., Brown, K., Tompkins, E.L., 2007. Public participation and climate change adaptation:
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT IN LOCAL ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC, 2014. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.
How is participation seen in decision making? Development of an attitude scale
- M Santos
- M L Lima
Santos, M., Lima, M.L., 2014. How is participation seen in decision making? Development of an
attitude scale., in: 37th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology.
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Climate change: the cost of inaction and the cost of adaptation
- P Watkiss
- F Bosello
- B Buchner
- M Catenacci
- A Goria
- O Kuik
- E Karakaya
Watkiss, P., Bosello, F., Buchner, B., Catenacci, M., Goria, A., Kuik, O., Karakaya, E., 2007.
Climate change: the cost of inaction and the cost of adaptation, EEA Technical Report.
Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.2800/14754