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The Population of Bessarabia Face-to-Face with Bicephalous Orthodoxy and Soviet Atheism Propaganda
Abstract
This article tries to analyze two major problems for the moral-spiritual life of the native population
from the Prut-Dniester interfluve. First, we know that, in the 19th century, and in the respective
geographic area, the resistance of the Romanian population played an important role in
what we can call Russian Imperial Orthodoxy, which the authorities attempted to use as an
instrument for the complete incorporation of the respective population into the Russian Empire.
The second part of the article refers to the Soviet confessional policy carried out on this territory,
or indeed to a particular aspect of this policy, the one related to designing the which were to
fully substitute the religiousness of native population.
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Although Hungary had close relations with the Byzantine Empire, the fact that King Stephen I (St. Stephen) (1000-1038) and his country adopted western Christianity made the penetration of Byzantine (Roman) law into Hungary impossible. Roman law had a direct influence in Hungary only during the age of the Glossators. The impact of Roman law was much less marked in the royal statutes and decrees, the ius scriptum. King Matthias made an attempt to codify Hungarian law by issuing Act VI of 1486 (Decretum Maius). The law-book of Chief Justice Stephanus Werboczy (c. 1458-1541) systematising feudal customs in Latin, the language of administration of the kingdom of Hungary, was entitled Tripartitum opus iuris consuetudinarii inclyti regni Hungariae. It was never promulgated, so never formally became a source of law but nevertheless it became authoritative. Containing feudal private law, and usually applying Roman law only formally, it became 'the Bible of the nobility' for the following three centuries. The first attempt to codify private law in Hungary was made in the last decade of the eighteenth century. The Diet of l790-1791 set up a legal committee to prepare the necessary reforms. The idea of a comprehensive Hungarian civil code gained ground from 1895 onwards. One of its most consistent advocates was Gusztáv Szászy-Schwarz, who wished Roman law to form the basis of a codification of civil law in Hungary. The Draft Civil Code of 1928, considered by the courts as ratio scripta (until the Civil Code of 1959 came into operation) reflected the strong impact of the Swiss Zivilgesetzbuch of 1907 and Obligationenrecht of 1881.
In this article, the main groups of primary sources for studying the history of the Soviet family in the twentieth century are observed. The data sets of population censuses are traditionally used for this purpose, yet available mainly in an aggregated form. Therefore, other types of primary nominative sources have special meaning. In addition to a description of the vital registration documents, attention is paid to the research potential of the partial censuses, with the 1922 Communist Party census being considered as one of them.
The principal producing unit in feudal society was the peasant family. The question as to what was the group of kinfolk that carried out agricultural production is of immense importance to the history of the country's productive forces and the history of the peasantry. Methodologically it is significant in defining the type of family that prevailed under the socioeconomic conditions of feudal society, and factually it is associated with all aspects of the life of the village. Numerous phenomena of village life and the norms of customary law that regulated it cannot be completely explained without a concrete picture of the typology of the peasant family. Nor can an entire set of questions associated in one or another way with rural productive activity and feudal dues.