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Chemical Composition of Xylopia aethiopica fruits

Authors:
Chinedu Imo at Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.
Chinedu Imo
  • Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.
Ojochenemi E. Yakubu at Federal University Wukari
Ojochenemi E. Yakubu
Nkeiruka Glory Imo at Federal University Wukari, Nigeria.
Nkeiruka Glory Imo
  • Federal University Wukari, Nigeria.
Ifeoma Sandra Iyen at Federal University Wukari
Ifeoma Sandra Iyen
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Aim: Chemical composition of Xylopia aethiopica fruits was evaluated in this study. Materials and Methods: Xylopia aethiopica fruits were purchased as commonly sold at the new market in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. The fruits were sorted for healthy parts, air-dried, and pulverized using manual blender. The AOAC method and AAS were used for proximate and mineral analysis, respectively, while phytochemical composition of the fruits was determined using GC-MS. Results: The result revealed the presence of different phytochemicals which could possess several physiological and biological actions. The proximate analysis result showed Xylopia aethiopica fruit contain 38.72 ± 0.61% fiber, 26.08 ± 1.41% carbohydrates, 18.47 ± 0.05% protein, 6.73 ± 0.01% lipid, 6.02 ± 0.84% moisture, and 4.00 ± 0.02% ash. Result of mineral analysis showed the abundance (ppm) of the selected mineral elements in Xylopia aethiopica fruit to be 12.773 ± 0.0010 calcium, 6.270 ± 0.1500 potassium, 5.297 ± 0.0005 magnesium, 4.030 ± 0.1200 sodium, 2.408 ± 0.0007 irons, 1.090 ± 0.2700 phosphorus , 0.422 ± 0.0002 zinc, 0.319 ± 0.0001 manganese, 0.226 ± 0.0004 chromium, and 0.075 ± 0.0006 copper. Conclusion: The results revealed that Xylopia aethiopica fruits are not rich in the basic nutritional macromolecules, but contain appreciable amounts that could complement other food materials used in nutrition. The appreciable mineral content supports the use of Xylopia aethiopica fruits in pharmacology and nutrition which may aid the catalysis of many enzymes, as well as maintenance of homeostasis and immune function.
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... Different phytochemicals were identified using both standard and sophisticated methods, however the phytochemicals reported in this work are those that were identified from primary research papers based on full sets of spectra data and have also been shown to exhibit biological activities in their pure forms (Table 1). Phytochemical constituents of X. aethiopica A.Rich. reported using standard method included main compounds such as: phenols, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides [2,19,20]. Following the development of novel approaches in the identification of plant chemicals, more phytochemical constituents of X. aethiopica A.Rich. have been identified [17]. ...
... Studies by Imo et al. [19] and Taylor et al. [20] identified oleic acid from the fruit extract of X. aethiopica A.Rich. which they showed possess antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Utegenova et al. [21] in their study showed that the putative compounds eremophilene and transverbenol found in X. aethiopica A.Rich. had a high inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with a low IC-50 of 19.1 µg/ ml while 50 µg/ml of spectinomycin (control) inhibited bacteria growth completely. ...
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... Five to eight kidney-like seeds, each measuring around five millimetres in length, are contained in each pod. After drying, the ripe fruit's colour (green) normally turns brownishblack [14,15]. The plant's bioactive components, vital nutrients and antimicrobial attributes [16][17][18] made it increasingly common among several indigenous Africans for the management of various disease conditions and meal preparation. ...
Bio-modulation of specific biochemical markers linked with oxidative stability in frozen beef
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2025
Cold storage has been implicated in the alteration of several biochemical parameters and other cellular components in meat, despite its beneficial attributes. Thus, this research seeks to mitigate the breakdown process in meat, during cold storage (-18 °C) using plant extracts for 28 days. Fresh beef samples were aseptically collected, evaluated, and treated using 5, 10, and 15% Xylopia aethiopica, Rhaphiostylis beninensis, Piper guineense, and butylated hydroxytoluene, respectively, alongside the control setup for this experiment. The endogenous enzyme activities, haem iron content and lipolytic parameters were estimated at the beginning and end of the experiment. The results showed that the beef samples immersed in the spice formulations had increased activities in their endogenous antioxidant enzymes i.e., Peroxidase (11.21 × 10– 4 units/mg tissue), Catalase (8.89 × 10– 4 units/mg tissue), Superoxide Dismutase (13.60 × 10– 4 units/mg tissue) at 5, 5, and 10% X. aethiopica, respectively, compared to the control (Peroxidase = 2.57 × 10– 4 units/mg tissue, Catalase = 2.86 × 10– 4 units/mg tissue, and Superoxide Dismutase = 4.04 × 10– 4 units/mg tissue). It also improved the level of haem iron content (3.02 mg/kg at 5% combined spice formulation), while decreasing the rate of lipolysis (free fatty acid = 0.06 g Oleic acid/100 g fat at 5% P. guineense and acid value = 0.08 at 10% P. guineense). Therefore, the outcome of this investigation further affirms that the spices are promising replacements for synthetic chemical antioxidants for sustaining the oxidative quality of frozen beef. Keywords Antioxidant spices, Endogenous enzymes, Haem iron, Cold storage, Lipolysis, Preservation
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... Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) is commonly used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) either alone or in combination with other plants (Mohammed et al. 2016). S. aromaticum (cloves) and X. aethiopica (Negro paper) are popular medicinal plants used in managing a myriad of ailments and have been reported to possess important phytochemicals that contribute significantly to protection against degenerative diseases (Imo et al. 2018;Kaur and Kaushal 2019;Chinaka et al. 2023). However, paucity of data regarding the application of the combination of S. aromaticum and X. aethiopica in animal studies, either in vivo or in vitro, prevailed. ...
Combined extract of Syzygium aromaticum and Xylopia aethiopica prevents renal damage and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2024
  • Comp Clin Pathol
Diabetic nephropathy affects 20–40% of diabetes patients and has been reported to be the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in diabetes patients. The study aimed to investigate the potential of a combined extract of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) and Xylopia aethiopica (Negro paper) to prevent renal damage and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five (25) male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5). Diabetes was induced with 150 mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally in groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. Group 1, the normal control; 2 diabetic untreated; 3 received 250 mg/kg of metformin; 4 and 5 received 200 and 400 mg/kg of combined extract, respectively. Treatment was for a period of 21 days, after which rats were euthanized under anesthesia to obtain blood for biochemical analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed numerous phytocompounds. Urea and creatinine levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the diabetic untreated group compared with test groups. Similarly, malondialdehyde followed the same pattern. Significant (p < 0.005) decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in group 2 as against groups 3, 4, and 5 was observed. Administration of the combined extracts reversed these effects. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group 2 relative to test groups. Dose-dependent reduction of these parameters was recorded in groups fed with 200 and 400 mg/kg of the combined extract and 250 mg/kg of metformin. High-density lipoprotein-chol increased in groups 3, 4, and 5 compared with the untreated diabetic group 2. Severe and multifocal areas of renal tubular necrosis with marked infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes of the kidney were observed in diabetic untreated rats in comparison with treatment groups. The findings suggest that the combined extract possesses reno-protective potential, radical scavenging ability, and can ameliorate dyslipidemia.
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... Studies also documented that K. anthotheca possesses antimalarial [7], anti-protozoal [14], anticancer [15] and neuroprotective [16] activities. However, reports on the antiulcerogenic and anti-bacterial efficacy of plants are rather rare or speculative. ...
GC-MS Profiling and Pathogenic Effect of Khaya Anthotheca Methanolic Leaves Extract on Some Selected Fungi
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2024
This research evaluated GC-MS profile, and pathogenic effect of methanolic leaves extracts of Khaya anthotheca on Some Selected fungi. Khaya anthotheca a member of Meliaceae family is traditionally used for treating several ailments. The leaves were harvested in Sukundi road Wukari and air dried for four weeks, the leaves were pulverized into powder using manual blender and stored in an air tight container. Extraction was done with absolute methanol; the extract was filtered using mesh and the filtrate was concentrated at 68oC. Only two grams of the filtrate were used for the GC-MS study. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. The GC-MS result revealed 50 constituents. Result of Methanolic extracts of leaves of Khaya anthotheca only showed significant activity against Aspergillus niger at dose100 µg/mL, Candida tropicalis and Fusarium oxysporium at dose 500 µg/mL. This study supports the use of Khaya anthotheca by indigenous herbalists by providing scientific proof of the plant's ability to treat pothegenic diseases. To establish the effectiveness of this plant in the management of fungal effections, more clinical trials at the clinical levels are needed.
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... Te fruit which is a popular spice in Senegal is widely used in the preparation of a local cofee called "Café Touba" [9]. It is widely used in traditional medicine in the treatment of cough, dysentery, edema, rheumatism stomachache, dizziness, amenorrhea, lumbago, and neuralgia [10][11][12][13]. Some studies have also demonstrated the efcacy of X. aethiopica oil as anticancer [14][15][16], antioxidant [7,12,[17][18][19][20], antimicrobial [13,19,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], anti-infammatory [18,22,31], anticholinesterase [7], antimalarial [13], antitrypanosomal [13], antidepressant [32], and insecticidal [33]. ...
Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil from Dried Seeds of Xylopia aethiopica
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from dried seeds of Xylopia aethiopica. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The essential oil yield was 1.35%. Forty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oil with 1,8-cineole (16.3%), β-pinene (14.8%), trans-pinocarveol (9.1%), myrtenol (8.3%), α-pinene (5.9%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.6%) as major components. The antimicrobial activity of this essential oil was studied using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods on four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one fungus (Candida albicans). The essential oil exhibited excellent activity against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans and moderate activity against E. coli. Among all strains tested, C. albicans showed the best sensitivity with a MIC of 50 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity was examined using a DPPH-free radical scavenging assay. The essential oil of X. aethiopica showed low antioxidant activity (IC50 = 784.604 ± 0.320 mg/mL) compared to that of ascorbic acid and the reference compound (IC50 = 0.163 ± 0.003 mg/mL). The results indicate that consumption of X. aethiopica seeds can reduce the virulence of food-borne pathogens and their resistance to antibiotics.
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... Te fruit which is a popular spice in Senegal is widely used in the preparation of a local cofee called "Café Touba" [9]. It is widely used in traditional medicine in the treatment of cough, dysentery, edema, rheumatism stomachache, dizziness, amenorrhea, lumbago, and neuralgia [10][11][12][13]. Some studies have also demonstrated the efcacy of X. aethiopica oil as anticancer [14][15][16], antioxidant [7,12,[17][18][19][20], antimicrobial [13,19,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], anti-infammatory [18,22,31], anticholinesterase [7], antimalarial [13], antitrypanosomal [13], antidepressant [32], and insecticidal [33]. ...
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... It is widely distributed in the rain forests along the coastal regions of Africa [8]. Fruits of X. aethiopica (Figure 1) bear seeds that are used as spice for making soups because of their characteristic aroma and extracts of the fruit have been reported to be used in traditional treatment of several ailments and diseases, including bronchitis, diabetes, dysentery and cough [9,10]. The extract of the fruit is also used by lactating women to encourage the flow of breast milk. ...
Contraceptive Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. Fruit in Female Sprague Dawley Rats
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Globally, herbal contraceptives remain a viable option for women in rural settlements with unmet contraceptive needs. Pharmacological reports of the male contraceptive potential of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. fruit exist in literature, but there is a paucity of information on its female contraceptive potential. This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extract of X. aethiopica fruit (AEXAF) as a reversible contraceptive remedy in female Sprague Dawley rats against a combined oral contraceptive drug containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (COC-EEL). AEXAF was obtained by boiling air-dried pulverized fruit samples in water for 15 minutes. Phytochemical screening of AEXAF was carried out. Mature female rats (30) were assigned into six groups, five per group, with ±20 g weight difference within each group. Group A received water; Groups B, C, D and E received 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/B.W. doses of AEXAF, respectively; Group F received 3.6 µg/kg/B.W. dose of COC-EEL. COC-EEL and AEXAF were administered orally, once daily, for 21 days. After 14 days of treatment, mature male rats were introduced to the females, two males per group, for 7 days. Litter size was recorded after delivery. Rats that did not produce pups were immediately re-introduced to male rats for 7 days and sacrificed after another 7 days; the number of fetuses in their uteri was determined. The data obtained was analyzed using Unpaired-t test. Phytochemical screening of AEXAF revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. High contraceptive efficacy (80%) with 100% reversibility was observed at 50 and 300 mg/kg/B.W. doses of AEXAF; whereas COC-EEL showed 60% efficacy and 100% reversibility. The 100 and 200 mg/kg/B.W. doses of AEXAF did not protect against conception. X. aethiopica possesses contraceptive potential worthy of further scientific consideration.
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... 24 Glycidyl Palmitate (GP) in the current plant extract was found to be associated with anti-cancerous activity as demonstrated by a study carried out earlier. 25 However, a contrarian study was also carried out to reserve at using activated bleaching earth during the manufacturing of edible oils. 26 Apoptosis inhibitory role of GP has been represented by few studies carried out earlier on indigenous medicinal plants. ...
Centella asiatica and Oldenlandia corymbosa as a rich source of bioactive compounds
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
Centella asiatica and Oldenlandia corymbosa are in traditional medicinal use for thousands of years. Centella asiatica is mainly used for wound healing and treating different skin condition whereas Oldenlandia corymbosa is used for the removing toxins as well as activating blood circulation etc. The present study was designed to identify different active compound present in both the plants and to look for their biological activity. GC-MS analysis was performed to identify different active compounds and their activity was identified using the previous literature.
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Characterization of spice ingredients and raw soumbala for the formulation of a highly nutritious seasoning
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2024
The formulation of food products is a very important part of achieving food safety and food security through the provision of healthy and nutritious food products. Success requires proper characterization of the basic components. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional parameters of some spices and soumbala for formulating a soumbala-based seasoning rich in bioactive compounds. Six spices (onion, parsley, anise, chili, black pepper, and guinea pepper) and soumbala were used for the study. Physicochemical and biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard methods. Results showed that the acidity ranged from 1.22%-4.26% for guinea pepper and Parsley respectively. The pH of onion was most acidic (5.73). Soumbala was slightly basic (7.21). The dry matter content ranged from 86.44%-94.34% for guinea pepper and green aniseed, respectively. Soumbala was richer in protein (35.27%) and green anise had the lowest content (10.54%). Soumbala is richer in lipids, more energetic, while onion was richer in carbohydrates. Considering these high macromolecular contents and their richness in micronutrients and bioactive compounds, formulating with an appropriate blend of these ingredients would provide a nutritious and functional food for the wellbeing of consumers.
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Antibacterial Screening of Two Indigenous Nigerian Spices; Piper guineense and Xylopia aethiopica
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2017
Leaf and fruit extracts of Piper guineense and Xylopia aethiopica were respectively evaluated for their antibacterial activities against two (2) organisms; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity was measured by agar well diffusion method using 8 mm diameter cork borer. All the extracts except hot aqueous extract of P. guineense leaves showed antibacterial activity against the test bacterial isolates. Cold aqueous extract of X. aethiopica did not exhibit antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, also hot aqueous extract of X. aethiopica did not exhibit antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The ethanolic extracts of P. guineense showed inhibitory activity against the two test bacterial isolates with zone diameter of inhibition that ranged between 12.5 mm to 28.0 mm, while X. aethiopica showed activity with zone diameter of inhibition that ranged between 11.5 mm to 20.0 mm. The cold aqueous extracts of P. guineense showed antibacterial activity against both test bacterial isolates with zone diameter of inhibition that ranged between 12.0 mm to 25.0 mm, while X. aethiopica showed activity only against S. aureus with zone diameter of inhibition ranged between 9.5 mm to 19.0 mm. The hot aqueous extracts of P. guineense showed no antibacterial activity against the test organisms, while that of X. aethiopica showed activity only against S. aureus with zone of inhibition ranged between 9.0 mm to 25.0 mm. Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics were used as positive controls, while the extracting solvents were used as negative controls. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and tannins and the absence of alkaloids in both spices studied. The MIC result revealed variability in the inhibitory concentration of each extract for both organisms tested. All active extracts of Piper guineense where found to possess an MIC of 3.12 mg/ml, while the MIC range for all the active extracts of Xylopia aethiopica ranged between 3.12 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml. Based on this finding, these extracts show promise and form a primary platform for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies for use as alternative medicine. Keywords : Antibacterial; phytochemical; inhibitory; agar well; pharmacological.
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Phytochemical screening of Xylopia aethiopica with emphasis on its medicinally active principles
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2016
  • J MED PLANTS RES
This work aimed at investigating the functional types and compositions of bioactive compounds in Xylopia aethiopica. Plant parts (petiole, leaf, seed, stem bark, and roots) were collected from Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Extracts were qualitatively screened following standard protocols. Phytochemicals were screened and tested. This was followed by quantitative analysis of selected bioactive compounds using double extraction gravimetric method. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS software. From the result, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, anthraquinones, steroids, flavonoids, and glycosides were present in the parts investigated. The stem bark contained very high amount of saponin (8.33%), alkaloid (5.67%) and flavonoid (5.24%). The seed had moderate amount of the quantified compounds. The high positive correlation between flavonoid and alkaloid (+0.999) was the most significant value (p=0.022) obtained though the quantified chemicals were all positively correlated. Therefore, based on quantity, the bark is the most important part of medicinal importance followed by the seed. Based on functional types of phytochemicals, the petiole is the most important part which contains 7 out of 9 active principles screened, followed by the bark and the leaf. Therefore, the tree could serve as a source of making different types of cheap multifunctional drugs.
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EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF SUN-DRIED AND OVEN-DRIED RIPE PULPS OF Cucurbita pepo L. CULTIVARS AND Citrullus lanatus THUNB
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2016
This study investigated the fundamental scientific basis for the use of three common cucurbits (two cultivars of Cucurbita pepo (smooth-rind and coarse-rind varieties) and Citrullus lanatus) by screening and quantifying the percentage of selected phytochemical constituents in thesun-dried and oven-dried fruit pulps. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of all bioactive constituents in both dried forms of the three fruit samples, but tannins were not detected. Quantitative estimation (%) of the sun-dried pulps [alkaloids (3.84±0.23; 2.83±0.71; 1.97±0.05);saponins (1.24±0.09; 1.58±0.21; 0.6±0.07); and flavonoids (13.60±0.57; 12.78±0.53; 16.75±1.06)] of smooth C. pepo, coarse C. pepo and C. lanatus, respectively, showed a significant (p<0.05) reductive trend upon thermal application [alkaloids (1.69±0.02; 1.47±0.05; 1.15±0.07); saponins (0.84±0.05; 0.98±0. 07; 0.37±0.09) and flavonoids (9.25±1.06; 8.48±1.24; 11.98±0.53)], but differences were not significant for saponins (p> 0.05). The findings confirm that the three cucurbits are very good sources ofthermolabile phytochemicals, with inherent nutritional, medicinal and chemoprotective prospects, thus, propping pumpkin as a cheaper, and even more beneficial alternative to be massively grown in Nigeria’s Southern tropical forests.
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Fractionation and determination of total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of aqueous, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of Vitex doniana leaves
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2014
  • AFR J BIOTECHNOL
As a result of normal metabolic processes, the human body produces reactive oxygen species capable of oxidizing biomolecules that can damage DNA, cells and also contribute to the development of chronic diseases. The process can be attenuated or perhaps reversed by herbs and diets containing components that can scavenge reactive oxygen species. In this study, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) of aqueous, ethanol, n-Hexane extract as well as ethanol extract fractions of Vitex doniana leaves were determined. Ethanol extract showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (69.01±1.13) followed by aqueous extract (66.14±1.12) and n-hexane extract (50.05±2.11). The total flavonoids content is in the order; aqueous (304±4.14) > ethanol (276 ±4.69) > n-Hexane (88±3.45). Hence, the total phenolic content is in a similar order as that of total antioxidant capacity. Chloroform : ethyl acetate fraction has the highest antioxidant capacity (165mg/ml). methanol : H 2 O fraction (76mg/ml) and 100% methanol (76mg/ml). Similarly, the total flavonoids content is in the order of fractions; 1>6>4>13>12>2 and others. Total phenolics were in the order of fractions; 1>5>4>12>7>2. There was a strong relationship (R 2 = 0.77) between total antioxidant activity and total flavonoid contents and (R 2 = 0.6517) for total phenolic content of the fractions. The present study demonstrated that V. doniana leaves extracts contain high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds so that these compounds are efficient free radical scavengers.
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In vitro antioxidant activities of total flavonoids extracts from leaves and stems of Adenia lobata (Jacq.) engl. (Passifloraceae)
Article
  • Jan 2011
Oxidant stress is implied in numerous illnesses as a triggering factor or partner to their complications. The present work aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids extracts from A. lobata and to identify the molecules that are supposed to be responsible for this activity. The crude extracts, obtained by maceration in 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol, have been extracted successively by hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The crude (S1, S2), ethyl acetate (SIII1, SIII2) and n-butanol (SIV1, SIV2) extracts underwent a phytochemical screening in order to test the radical scavenging activity against 1, 1' - diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography permitted the study to put in evidence the flavonoids content of the different extracts. Contents in phenolic compounds were relatively high in the stems (3604 ± 511, 11 μg GAE/g) in relation to the leaves of A. lobata (3240 ± 711, 05 μg GAE/g). EC50 of 6, 422.5, 430 and 357.5 μg/ml were graphically determined for vitamin C, SIII1, SIII2, SIV1 and SIV2 respectively; fractions S1, S2 and SIV2 showed an EC50 greater than 500 μg/ml.
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