No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Plastic waste management in Jakarta, Indonesia: evaluation of material flow and recycling scheme
Abstract
In Jakarta, Indonesia, municipalities collect plastic mixed with other waste, scavengers recover plastic waste by picking through waste, and some citizens recover plastic at community-based waste management centers called waste banks. The fact that each stakeholder operates separately means that the actual amount of plastic recycled in Jakarta is not well-known. This research evaluated the amount of plastic recovered at the source, identified the amount of plastic waste recycled using a material flow analysis (MFA), and proposed alternative solutions to improve plastic waste management in Jakarta. Through interviews, the amount of plastic waste recovered was determined; each scavenger recovers 239 kg/month and each waste bank recovers 260 kg/month. Through the MFA, the rate of plastic recycled was identified as 24%, leaving 76% of plastic waste in landfills or in the environment. There are several actions that can be taken to promote higher recycling rates in Jakarta: conducting separation at source; integrating scavenger activity with waste bank and municipality collection; providing a material recovery facility at final disposal sites using sorting technology to recover plastics; and using alternative technology such as chemical recycling or thermal treatment to treat plastic waste that is not readily recycled through mechanical recycling.
... In the district of Bekasi, mountains of trash are piling up and being overloaded, as Jakarta is using the landfill Bantar Gebang in Bekasi. The landfill's capacity is around 6.000 tons per day, however, the waste generated in Jakarta amounts to over 7.000 tons per day (Putri et al., 2018(Putri et al., : 2141. These aggravating challenges call for "more flexible, adaptive forms of governance" (Newig & Kvarda, 2012: 29). ...
... Solid waste management in Indonesia includes both the formal and informal sectors and is being handled through a collection-transportation-disposal system (Putri et al., 2018(Putri et al., : 2141. Municipal agencies and formal businesses are included in the formal sector, whereas activities in the informal sector are handled by small businesses, groups, and individuals (Aprilia et al., 2012: 71). ...
... The third actor group, waste banks, provides a structure, where people can sell their collected and sorted solid waste (such as paper, plastic, metal) for a certain amount of money (Rahmasary et al., 2021). In Jakarta waste banks are being promoted, as they are considered "to become a feasible option to improve the recycling rate and waste management in the city" (Putri et al., 2018(Putri et al., : 2140. ...
Global solid waste generation is steeply increasing. Currently, high-income countries are responsible for the utmost per capita waste generation, but as economies of the Global South are growing rapidly, their waste is expected to triple by 2050. Simultaneously, countries such as Indonesia did not manage to align their socio-economic development with a sustainable solid waste management (SWM) and therefore contribute significantly to waste debris. Community participation is recognized by governments and civil society actors as an inclusive and transformative tool to manage exacerbating environmental issues. Urban regions intensify the challenges of solid waste generation, as is the case in Jakarta. Therefore, sustainable waste management is subject to an increasing number of civil society organizations. The study analyzed how participative processes within SWM efforts in Jakarta are executed, to investigate potentials and obstacles that evolve during the implementation. Another aim was to explore the heterogenous perspectives of participation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with civil society actors, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social enterprises, and waste banks to get insights into participatory procedures in Jakarta. The results reveal that the waste problems in Jakarta are complex, interrelated, and multi-layered. While participatory procedures have been acknowledged by the organizations to be highly relevant for waste management, such approaches should be adapted depending on the local circumstances and actors. Some of the obstacles and limitations include deficiency of infrastructure for SWM, lack of government engagement, and general awareness. Therefore, participatory formats should be combined, e.g., with suitable structures and balanced engagement of all relevant actors. Among others, further empirical research is needed to get a better understanding of the effectiveness of participation for efforts addressing environmental pollution. Such research can reveal (hidden) potentials of participative formats for sustainable waste management in urban or metropolitan areas in the Global South.
... Indonesia is subject to some of the abovementioned challenges, and the informal recycling sector plays an important role [4]. In a recent study by Putri et al. [17] on plastic waste recycling, the informal recycling sector collected approximately 33.8% of plastic waste generated in Jakarta, compared to 0.39% collected by the waste bank system, and 54.3% of plastic waste goes to nal disposal sites. These studies show the reliance on the nal disposal site for waste management in Indonesia; meanwhile, the informal recycling sector still plays a major role in recycling in Indonesia. ...
... These studies show the reliance on the nal disposal site for waste management in Indonesia; meanwhile, the informal recycling sector still plays a major role in recycling in Indonesia. Although they exist, alternative approaches to recycling, such as Waste Banks, still account for a small portion of waste management due to reliance to consumer participation [17]. ...
... Compared to the traditional informal sector, Waste Banks rely on the clients' participation [17]. Therefore, Waste Banks usually only accept and collect waste from member households. ...
As regulations have developed, the waste management sector in Indonesia has increasingly expected producer involvement in waste reduction activity through the enactment of new regulations. In addition, recent development of the waste management sector now involves community-based approaches such as Waste Banks. This study aims to determine the relationship between extended producer responsibility implementation and the waste bank concept. A questionnaire survey was designed and applied to Waste Bank members of two Waste Banks in Bandung municipality, Indonesia. Several factors were identified that can be considered by producers to promote their contribution in dealing with the packaging waste issue, such as producer consideration and contribution, knowledge level, collection, and awareness of the importance of packaging waste issue. The result also shows that involving feedback from Waste Banks can provide some insights to expand and develop producer contribution in reducing the impact of packaging waste. Producers can improve collection and recyclability of their product packaging while increasing public knowledge on their activity at the post-consumer stage.
... MFA for plastics is mostly used on the national scale (Bai et al., 2018;Bureecam et al., 2018;Joosten et al., 2000). Some MFA for plastics on the urban scale also exist, but in general it is less common and just a handful of examples can be found, like Putri et al. (2018) and Singkran (2018). ...
... Kawecki et al. (2018) researched the plastic flows on the continental level for the European Union. Only little research tried to assess plastic flows on the regional level: e.g., city of Jakarta (Putri et al., 2018) and city of Bangkok (Singkran, 2018). ...
... For the European level Kawecki et al. (2018) assumes the system is in a steady state mode and does not assess stocks. On the regional level Putri et al. (2018) do assume zero accumulation of plastic waste and Singkran (2018) assesses stocks only as a single indicator (consumption). ...
Global plastic production increased from 200 million metric tons in 2002, to 359 million metric tons in 2019. It is estimated that plastics in the marine environment weigh more than 150 million metric tons and by 2050 could even outweigh the mass of fish in the ocean. Over half of the world population (55%) nowadays lives in urban areas and consumes large amounts of materials and turns them into waste, including plastics. Thus, it necessary to understand the plastic mass balance of a city. The goal of this thesis is to assess plastic flows and stocks for an urban area, using the well-established method of Material Flow Analysis (MFA). By using MFA, material flows through society can be assessed in a systematic way. This research answers the following research question: “How can the plastic mass balance of an urban area be modelled using Material Flow Analysis?” This is done by developing a generic framework, which includes eight consumption sectors, three distinguishable littering processes and two subsystems (surface water system and soil). A bottom-up approach is applied and the municipality of Leiden in the Netherlands is used as a case study. The surface water system is analysed as a subsystem, which stores plastics but also transports them through physical forces, like water flow outside of the system. Crowd-sourced data is analysed and its usage for urban MFA assessed. The analysis shows that the biggest plastic flows are packaging flows (4 146 t), plastics in building waste (1 342 t) and plastics in End-of-life transportation systems (570 t). The highest plastic stocks are in buildings (86 080 t), transportation (14 020 t) and electronics devices (10 326 t). It is concluded that the crowd-sourced data set Litterati includes for 2019 for the case of Leiden to little data points in order to represent the plastic litter quantity in the system accurately. This thesis adds to MFA theory by investigating the surface water system and its connection to the environment through physical forces like water flow and wind.
... Some studies showed that most developing countries relied on extrinsic strategies as the determinant factors to encourage participation and improve their behaviour toward waste management. For instance, the extrinsic approaches are policy enforcement (Heidari et al., 2018;Ma et al., 2018;Putri et al., 2018), incentives as an economic motivation, and infrastructure improvement (Sari and Umanto, 2014;Putri et al., 2018). However, external factors play fewer roles in changing waste management behaviour (Eneji et al., 2019). ...
... Some studies showed that most developing countries relied on extrinsic strategies as the determinant factors to encourage participation and improve their behaviour toward waste management. For instance, the extrinsic approaches are policy enforcement (Heidari et al., 2018;Ma et al., 2018;Putri et al., 2018), incentives as an economic motivation, and infrastructure improvement (Sari and Umanto, 2014;Putri et al., 2018). However, external factors play fewer roles in changing waste management behaviour (Eneji et al., 2019). ...
... Meng et al. (2019) explained that because the regulation implemented in Suzhou, China was limited to the incentive system and instruction without mandatory encouragement. Moreover, Meng et al. (2019) indicated that voluntary motivation was less recommended due to low power to enforce participation, which was agreed by other studies Putri et al., 2018;Wichaiutcha and Chavalparit, 2019;Wang et al., 2020a). On the other hand, Issock et al. (2020) argued that the insignificancy effect of regulation toward residents' waste management behaviour in South Africa because the residents did not know yet about the regulation. ...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resident participation in waste management is essential to overcome waste problems effectively. In many developing countries, the local government has been struggling to encourage resident involvement in the waste management process, but the participation rate is still low. Thus, it requires a system that can encourage residents to participate effectively and sustainably. Therefore, this study aimed to determine what determinant factors, either extrinsic or intrinsic, significantly improve resident participation by changing behaviour toward waste management.
METHODS: This study tried to get insights from previous studies about key determinant factors affecting resident behaviour toward waste management to improve participation, significantly using a literature review method.
FINDINGS: Educational setting for residents is crucial to improve waste management participation by cultivating key intrinsic factors with support from extrinsic factors that lead to changing behaviour. This study identified eight types of key contents shared in the educational setting to ensure its improvement. Key intrinsic factors should be cultivated, including six kinds of knowledge and five emotional domain factors. The six critical types of knowledge include technical experience, waste management performance knowledge, perception of benefits, environmental awareness, understanding of individual and social responsibility, and understanding the social norms and regulations. The five intrinsic factors in the emotional domain include environmental efficacy, motivation, personal moral norms, PBC, and Attitude toward waste management. All the critical determinant factors, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors, should support each other to improve residents’ behaviour, leading to sustainable participation.
CONCLUSION: Relevance of educational content to the residents is crucial to ensure educational intervention effectiveness. With full support from the antecedent factors, waste management behaviour can be nurtured sustainably, significantly increasing the participation rate. Combining extrinsic and intrinsic factors is recommended to ensure the effectiveness of the improvement of resident participation.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_47890.html
... According to Putri et al. (2018), plastic waste were recycled at the Final Disposal Site (TPA) through scavengers and waste banks. Scavengers collect plastic waste of 239 kg/month, and the waste bank can collect up to 260 kg/month. ...
... The amount of waste managed by scavengers and waste banks has no significant difference. Scavengers recycle approximately 24-29% of plastic waste from the total plastic waste generated whereas, about 71-76% of the remainder are disposed to landfills (Putri et al., 2018). ...
ABSTRAKKegiatan daur ulang sampah di Kota Semarang dapat dilakukan dengan cukup baik berkat campur tangan dari sektor informal. Sayangnya, kegiatan pengelolaan sampah formal tidak mempertimbangkan nilai pemulihan sampah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aliran sampah plastik di sektor informal di Kota Semarang. Peneliti menggunakan wawancara mendalam untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada 46 agen daur ulang, termasuk lima (5) pemulung, 17 pengepul 20 perusahaan skala kecil, tiga (3) perusahaan skala besar, dan 1 perantara (pabrik penggilingan plastik) yang telah diwawancarai. Data dari Badan Lingkungan Hidup Kota Semarang digunakan sebagai data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sampah plastik yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing agen daur ulang diperkirakan 23,98 kg/ hari di tingkat pemulung, 54,74 kg/ hari di tingkat pengepul, 347,48 kg / hari di tingkat perusahaan skala kecil, 1.735,3 kg / hari di tingkat perusahaan skala besar, dan 2.160 kg / hari di tingkat perantara. Produsen bijih plastik daur ulang berlokasi di luar Kota Semarang, sedangkan bank sampah berbasis masyarakat adalah bagian dari pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat yang tidak mencari keuntungan. Oleh karena itu, tidak dibahas secara mendalam di penelitian ini.Kata kunci: sampah plastik, aliran sampah, agen daur ulangABSTRACTWaste recycling activities in Semarang City can be conducted quite well due to the interference of the informal sector. Unfortunately, the formal waste management activities do not consider the utilization of waste recovery value. This study aims to identify the flow of plastic waste in the informal sector in Semarang City. We used in-depth interviews to collect data. There are 46 recycling agents, including five (5) scavengers, 17 scrap dealers, 20 small scale enterprises, three (3) large scale enterprises, and 1 intermediate (plastic grinding mill) that has been interviewed. Data from The Environment Agency of Semarang City obtained as secondary data. The results showed that the amount of plastic waste generated by each recycling agent was estimated at 23.98 kg/day at the scavenger level, 54.74 kg/day at the scrap dealer level, 347.48 kg/day at the small scale enterprise level, 1,735.3 kg / day days at large scale enterprise level, and 2,160 kg/day at the level of plastic waste intermediates. Recycled plastic ore producers are located outside Semarang City, whereas the community-based waste bank is part of community based solid waste management that is not looking for profit. Hence, it is not discussed in depth in this study.Keywords: plastic waste, waste flow, recycling agent
... In Indonesia, PET bottle waste has been classified as municipal solid waste, for which there are no specific regulations and technologies for treatment [23,69,70]. Liang et al. (2021) [71] estimated that the generation of plastic waste in Indonesia was 3.01 Mt in 2018, and it continues to increase year by year; most studies estimated that the generation of plastic waste accounts for 12-24% of municipal solid waste [69,72,73]. Sekito et al. (2019) [69] estimated the collection potential for PET bottle waste to be 59 kg/day in Malang City, Indonesia. ...
... The results show that society, the environment, and resource consumption are the three most important aspects (Figure 3) that policymakers should consider when selecting an acceptable technology for PET bottle waste. In Indonesia, the contribution of society to waste management is low [76], and the role of scavengers is very important to separate and collect the leftover waste in the plastic waste system [72,77]. This situation encourages stakeholders to make society a priority aspect for PET bottle waste. ...
PET bottle waste is easy to recycle because it is easy to separate, abundant, and competitively priced. Technologies for the treatment of PET bottle waste have been evaluated to date by using life cycle assessment (LCA), but this does not take into account all of the aspects that policymakers consider necessary when selecting an acceptable technology. Aspects such as society, economics, policies, and technical applicability need to be considered along with the environment and resource consumption to complement the LCA results for PET bottle waste. These aspects were selected as criteria for the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and stakeholders were invited to make a comparison evaluation of the criteria and sub-criteria. Academics were involved to compare the technology options. The results show that society is the highest priority because it is the main actor that ensures the application of the technology, and that job creation is the most important indicator for the selection of the technology in society criteria. After comparing open landfills, sanitary landfills, incineration with energy recovery, pelletizing, glycolysis, and hydrolysis for the utilization of PET bottle waste, this study suggests pelletizing as the acceptable technology for Indonesia because pelletizing is dominant in all the criteria and sub-criteria which support sustainability in waste management. This is the first time that a single plastic fraction that is easy to collect and recycle has been studied with the AHP. The results show that this type of plastic could also be reused in developing countries through mechanical recycling.
... This study focused on understanding the potential of plastic recycling in the area, factors that can leverage the expansion of the recycling process (particularly post-consumer recycling), and possible measures that can promote such expansion. This research was conducted to complement existing studies focusing mainly on selected cities in Java Island, such as in Pangandaran (Permana et al., 2020), Banyuwangi (Siami et al., 2019), Yogyakarta (Putra et al., 2018), Surabaya (Pandebesie et al., 2019;Wijayanti & Suryani, 2015;Trihadiningrum et al., 2017), and Jakarta (Putri et al., 2018). However, these studies were conducted in a small area of Java Island and did not cover the entire island conditions, particularly those related to post-consumer plastic waste. ...
... a. Quality of post-consumer plastic recyclables (Brouwer et al., 2019): After consumption, plastic wastes are often not segregated, thus increasing impurities and eventually failing to meet the industry standard and increasing the production cost of the PCR (Putri et al., 2018;Trihadiningrum et al., 2017). The existing recycling capacity shows potential (Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia, 2020). ...
... In Peru, the cost structure of plastic waste management can be modified by making several changes in technical aspects, regulations, and work procedures [5]. Previous research related to plastic waste management has also been carried out in several regions in Indonesia, such as Bandung [7] and Jakarta [8]. The informal sectors i.e. scavengers, intermediates, and dealers were very dominant in plastic packaging waste recycling industries in Bandung, in which almost 50 percent of predicted total amount of plastic packaging waste in the city per day recycled by them [7]. ...
... The informal sectors i.e. scavengers, intermediates, and dealers were very dominant in plastic packaging waste recycling industries in Bandung, in which almost 50 percent of predicted total amount of plastic packaging waste in the city per day recycled by them [7]. Slightly different, only 24 percent of plastic waste recycled in Jakarta, so that it needs more attention to its management [8]. Prospects and challenges of recycling plastic waste need to be identified [9] in order to understand how the supply chain management runs in the plastic waste recycling industries [10] [11]. ...
Plastic waste is an important issue in all countries. Reducing or even prohibiting the plastic usage in daily life has been carried out by several countries to help creating a better environment in the future, but recently it has not been able to significantly reduce the volume of plastic waste worldwide. Recycling is one of the solution to reduce the plastic waste. In Boyolali Indonesia, there is a place known as plastic waste village, where the local people utilize plastic waste to become a source of income for their families through the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME). This paper aims to study how local people run their business in recycling the plastic waste. This research is expected to be able to provide an initial overview of community empowerment within the village scope through small and medium scale of plastic waste recycling industries. From this initial research, it is hoped that further investigations can be made related to material flow analysis, calculation of the costs of each process, improvement of standard operational and procedures, logistics management, and community empowerment through community-based organization.
... Waste collected by scavenger is dominated by plastics. In Jakarta landfill, Putri et al. [20] found that plastic waste recovery by each scavenger was 239 kg/month. The amount of waste reduction in Bali Province landfills is quite large due to the large number of landfills and fairly regular conditions compared to landfills in Jakarta. ...
... The amount of waste reduction in Bali Province landfills is quite large due to the large number of landfills and fairly regular conditions compared to landfills in Jakarta. [20] Besides, it can be seen that the largest waste management in the system is accounted for by indirect waste transportation, the waste transported from transfer depo, which is equal to 235,418 tonnes/year or 28.62% ww. Waste collection to the transfer depo was conducted directly by local communities or indirectly by waste collection services from the local government. ...
A study of waste material flow was carried out in Bali Province to define, evaluate, and analyse the existing condition of waste management as a reference for improving solid waste services. In this paper, waste quantity in every chain of waste management was measured. Waste sampling, observation, and interviews were also conducted to build the material flow model. Around 4.2 million residents and 4.9 million tourists yearly generate waste of up to 822,555 tonnes/year, which is dominated by organic waste for around 65% ww (wet weight) and plastic waste for around 15.67% ww. Around 200,718 tonnes/year (24.40% ww) of waste is transported directly to the landfills and 235,418 tonnes/year (28.62% ww) is collected first at the transfer depos, before being transported to the landfill. As much as 39,566 tonnes/year (4.81% ww) of waste enters the 3R-Transfer Depo for recycling and around 47,030 tonnes/year (5.72% ww) enter the waste bank. Furthermore, due to the lack of integrated waste management, around 283,369 tonnes/year (34.45% ww) waste is illegally dumped into the environment. In the end, up to 444,679 tonnes/year (54.06% ww) of waste is processed in ten landfills which serve Bali Province.
... The JRC program is then viewed as one of the initiatives that can serve as a model for a waste management system that is thoroughly integrated (Purnamawati, 2021). This JRC program adapts the waste management system in Osaki, Kagoshima, Japan (Espuny et al., 2022), where the solid waste management system is carried out both from a technical and governance perspective (Putri et al., 2018). The purpose of this study is to analyze the mass balance of waste flow in JRC to give an illustration of how waste is being processed and to calculate the recycle rate of waste. ...
With the amount of waste increasing and landfill space becoming critical, the government has undertaken numerous measures to reduce waste, including creation of Integrated Solid Waste Management system through Jakarta Recycle Centre (JRC) Program. An integrated and sustainable waste management system will depend on both the physical and the governance components, with the physical aspect focusing on technical problems. To evaluate the physical aspect of JRC, the flow of the waste needs to be monitored and evaluated to see the success of waste separation and recycling system. This study employs mass balance analysis using data of waste in JRC facilities from January to December 2022. According to the study's findings, JRC system has a significant recycling rate which is around 46,43%. To improve the recycling rate, communication to residents about waste sorting process need to be enhanced. In order to reduce residue from sorting outcomes, it is also crucial to increase the ability and expertise of personnel in waste sorting.
... Waste banks face a number of challenges, including the fact that they depend significantly on client participation, which can pose issues if they don't have enough clients to meet their waste quotas or if client waste input is inconsistent. (Putri, 2018). Plastic pollution in rural water supplies has received little attention and is frequently neglected. ...
Plastic is life-changing material, the qualities that make it useful have created a global waste challenge due to poor waste management. Only 15% of plastic waste is recycled worldwide and few companies contribute to plastic recycling process due to high energy consumption. Amazia Vision Enterprise Private Limited a Satara-based industry that recycles plastic and produces products in granules.
The study presented investigates the plastic waste recycling process, its potential in utilities to save energy and optimize the cost. A detailed analysis of the process has been carried out to find the scope for conservation of various utilities used at each stage of the operation. Theoretical solutions have been proposed to conserve energy, reduction in waste generated, and thus minimizing cost of operation.
It is intended to optimize the process for better throughput with minimum waste generation after recycling plastic waste.
... Non-landfill waste picker: Non-landfill waste pickers collect high-value recyclables from residential areas and include street pickers, itinerant buyers, etc. In this study, a recovery factor of 67% is applied for the waste picker activity in residential areas, as suggested by NPAP (2019), based on a study by Putri et al (2018). . ...
In 2015, a global study estimating inputs of plastic waste into the oceans ranked Indonesia as the second largest contributor to plastic marine pollution. In 2017, another study ranked four Indonesian rivers in the world’s most polluting top 20. The challenge of plastic waste and marine debris requires a robust national response to curb the significant impacts on Indonesian marine biodiversity, its communities and its economy. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has signaled its leadership on combating plastic waste and marine debris - making strong commitments and setting ambitious targets to reduce plastic pollution and improve waste management. As the GoI implements this agenda, it is imperative we better understand the current state of this challenge. In this study, we provide the first Indonesia-wide assessment integrating local waste data with actual hydrological conditions to tell the story of how local practices contribute to marine plastic pollution.
... Jumlah sampah plastik di Indonesia mencapai 14% dari total jumlah tumpukan harian atau setara dengan 85.000 ton per tahun. Sebanyak 3,2 juta ton sampah plastik dibuang ke laut (Putri, Fujimori, & Takaoka, 2018). ...
... For instance, the proposed sustainable and zero waste models in India with underlying concept of maximum resource recovery in a greener way, (Pankaj, 2015) contributed to the recycling of a fourth of its annual 15 million tonnes plastic wastes generation. Similarly, The reverse logistics model (Sury-ana et al., 2019) in Indonesia enhanced a 24% recycling rate of Jakarta's generated plastic wastes, (Putri et al., 2018). On the other hand, a weak institutional structure and capacity, contributed to the unsuccessful implementation of regulatory framework for the collection and recycling of plastic and other solid wastes in Kenya (Haregu et al., 2017). ...
... Waste banks face a number of challenges, including the fact that they depend significantly on client participation, which can pose issues if they don't have enough clients to meet their waste quotas or if client waste input is inconsistent. (Putri, 2018). Plastic pollution in rural water supplies has received little attention and is frequently neglected. ...
As plastic is non-biodegradable in nature, it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic waste at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil, underground water and pollute the water bodies. Therefore, plastic waste disposal is the major problem for the civic authorities. Plastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need. It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million Tonnes per year globally. In India approximately 8 million Tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which was
expected to raise 12 million tones by 2021. Its broad range of application is in packaging films, wrapping materials, shopping and garbage bags, fluid containers, clothing, toys, household and industrial products, and building materials. It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years. The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of color, additives, stabilizers, flame retardants etc. Further, the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only, because, after every recycling, the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation. It is to mention that no authentic
estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however, considering 70% of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste, thus approximately 5.6 million tons per annum (TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country, which is about 15342 tons per day (TPD).
... Selecting PET as an indication of the level of plastic recycling in Jakarta gives an indication of best-case scenarios, due to the high level of recycling that already exists within a metropolitan area. High recovery rates also exist for PP, HDPE and sometimes LDPE, however, the current waste management infrastructure is less equipped to deal with low grade plastic types (Chaerul et al., 2014;Putri et al., 2018). This means that the outcome of this study would change if other plastics would have been taken into account. ...
... Waste banks face a number of challenges, including the fact that they depend significantly on client participation, which can pose issues if they don't have enough clients to meet their waste quotas or if client waste input is inconsistent. (Putri, 2018). Plastic pollution in rural water supplies has received little attention and is frequently neglected. ...
This study gives the scenario about the plastic management services in rural areas around the world. Annually generation of plastic wastes in different countries and their management practices to combat plastic waste generation has been compiled in this study. Different types of plastic generated by rural areas: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High Density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Poly Propylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS). Common practices to manage the plastic waste are open burning, reusing, open dumping, recycling, landfill. Countries are making efforts to manage the plastic waste generation problem at rural level. Besides managing the problem at rural level it is required to aware the people about the problem so that it can be resolved at individual level. This study concludes that management of plastic at rural level is most important as most population of the world resides in rural areas.
... Japan is very much ahead of Southeast Asia in terms of implementation of EPR. Capacity development training and the establishment of joint institutions between Japan and the region are much needed and would prove to be beneficial (Putri et al. 2018;Thanh et al. 2011;Wichai-utcha and Chavalparit 2019). Regional policy platforms on waste management can be appropriate channels for enhanced implementation of EPR in Asia Pacific. ...
Asia currently faces a serious crisis involving plastic wastes. Efforts to curb plastic waste in the region are mostly hampered by inadequate recycling infrastructure, unsustainable disposal practice, low level of recycling awareness and persistent shipping of large amounts of waste from developed countries to the region. The ban on plastic waste import by China in 2017 worsened the situation by causing unsustainable shipping of waste from high plastic waste-generating countries such as Japan to alternate destinations in Southeast and East Asia. The Japanese government is frantically looking for options to manage plastic waste piling up on the domestic front. Malaysia became one of the leading alternative destinations for plastic waste after the ban by China. This work is aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of plastic recycling policies and legislations between Malaysia and Japan to yield synergistic solutions between the two countries to combat the current predicament. The comparison will signify two typical development patterns in developed countries and developing countries and will be able elucidate future directions for other countries with similar policy and legislative transitions in the region. A set of nine criteria was employed to critically evaluate the policies and legislations of both countries. Barriers faced by both countries in plastic recycling are outlined and recommendations are proposed to overcome those barriers on the domestic front. Two strategies proposed to be jointly developed by both countries are enhancement of extended producer responsibility (EPR) through a regional policy platform and collaboration in establishing joint Ecotowns.
Graphical abstract
... Formal MSW collectors can be the LAs that carry waste collection services themselves, or they can be private waste collection and/or waste management companies to whom LAs outsource these services to, as in Mexico (Botello-Álvarez et al., 2018), Malawi (Kasinja and Tilley, 2018), Serbia (Mrkajić et al., 2018) and Indonesia (Putri et al., 2018). Private waste collection and/or management companies collect a fee from LAs according to the gate fee they pay per tonnage of MSW disposed of on landfills and/or off-loaded to other treatment facilities (i. ...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management that seeks to recover wasted resources and return them to the system as secondary commodities (hence, it promotes circularity in resource recovery systems) is a process instigated by recycling value chains. Recycling value chains are termed as the chain of processes (i.e., value chain activities and performance) and structures (formal/informal networks of stakeholders) created and shaped by the relations of stakeholders operating across the value chain, aimed at connecting production with the management of recyclable waste resources. At present, recycling processes and structures are not well depicted in the global literature, due to the heterogeneity of terms used across countries and disciplines, and the lack of holistic insight into the way recycling chains operate. This critical review aims to disentangle the diverse terminology used to describe recycling value chains globally and provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art of MSW recyclable waste materials management in developed and developing economies emphasising their potential in promoting circularity. The study proposes a typology for describing the management of recyclable waste materials across the globe, and highlights that each of the three types of recycling value chains developed is a highly complex system, deeply constructed on long-term political, organisational, and institutional aspects. Depicting the type of recycling value chain that is most prevalent in different countries around the globe, this review can reveal how different forms of governance affect coordination in recycling networks and, by extent, their recycling performance. Therefore, this study can help researchers and decision-makers understand how recycling value chain systems operate and explore different ways to improve resource recovery from waste that match the needs of each area.
... Indonesia is the secondlargest plastic bin in the oceans after China. Plastic waste landfills in Indonesia are estimated to reach 24,500 tonnes per day, or 8.96 million tonnes per year (Putri, Fujimori & Takaoka, 2018). ...
This paper presented the development of the Dick and Carry model steps 1 to 4 of, namely the identification of educational objectives, educational analysis, analysis and context of the learner, and the formulation of performance objectives. The study was conducted from January to April 2020. The participants in this study were high school students from the coastal region of North Jakarta. The sampling technique used in this study was random sampling. The instruments used to collect the research data are the questionnaire/questionnaire, observation, and interview. The data were analyzed in a qualitative description. The results of this study indicate that the formulation of the learning objectives is that students should receive marine education that is integrated with natural science learning in schools, students should be taught using methods of learning that are contextual within the daily problems in the student's home environment, i.e. problem-based learning / problem-solving models, students should be taught using interactive learning aids such as media based on information technology such as mobile learning, the assessments to be developed include 3 aspects namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Keywords: Marine environment education, Indonesian coastal areas, Problem-solving, Mobile learning, Student assessment.
... Once again, most of the plastic waste in Jakarta is not recycled. Through a material flow analysis, it is found that only 24 percent of plastic waste is recycled, leaving 76 percent of the rest of plastic waste in the landfills or the environment (Putri, Fujimori, & Takaoka, 2018). ...
The versatility, durability, strength, and low-cost characteristics of plastic bags have made plastic bags become consumers' daily companions, making plastic shopping bags one of the primary sources of plastic pollution. As the negative impact of plastics on the environment becomes more and more apparent, many regions around the world have stepped up efforts to restrict the production and use of various types of plastics, including plastic shopping bags. Recently in Jakarta, Indonesia, the ban on the use of plastic bags took effect from July 2020 in accordance with the regulations of the Governor of Jakarta No. 148/2019. This study investigated the extent to which the plastic bag ban has affected consumer demand for plastic bags and the extent to which consumers use their own plastic bags when shopping. The private costs on plastic shopping bags and reusable shopping bags before and after the ban were assessed. The avoidable external costs due to the ban were also calculated. In the process of analyzing consumer use of plastic bags and their own reusable bags, an online survey of the people in Jakarta was conducted. With the implementation of the plastic bag ban, Jakarta has decreased 75% consumption of plastic bags annually. Jakartans' total spending on plastic shopping bags has dropped significantly from 18 billion rupiahs per week to 7 billion rupiahs per week. The calculation also found that the avoided external costs are equivalent to more than 3.5 trillion rupiahs of the costs of waste management and flood control and prevention, CO2 emission from plastic bag production, and revenue loss in the fisheries sector. Although the study found that the plastic bag ban is not perfect, considering the ban's impact, this research encourages the Jakarta regional government to maintain and improve the ban implementation.
... In addition, Waste Atlas provides data with visualizations on MSW generation, collection rate, and recycling rate for 164 countries or regions and 1799 cities by compiling data from various sources (Waste Atlas, 2019). Despite these available data, most of the previous studies involving plastics waste use MSW treatment data as proxies or are based on field surveys (Putri et al., 2018;Bureecam et al., 2018). ...
The production, consumption, and waste of plastics have been rapidly growing worldwide in the last decades. A variety of data are needed to characterize plastics stocks and flows across space, time, and life cycle to derive insights for developing strategies to address various sustainability challenges from plastics and plastics waste. Here we review data sources on plastics stocks and flows to identify data gaps and research needs. We categorize the reviewed data sources by life cycle stages of plastics including material production, semi‐manufacturing, manufacturing, additives, consumption, in‐use stock, end‐of‐life, waste treatment, and trade. We identify four data gaps in these existing data for characterizing plastics stocks and flows, including inconsistent classification, missing data, conflicting data, and inexplicit data for plastics products and waste. These data gaps represent critical research needs including common platform for data sharing, standard methods for data reconciliation and estimation, consistent data collection and reporting, and new approaches for data collection and curation. This review establishes the state‐of‐the‐art of plastics stock and flow data and develops a roadmap for a high‐quality, comprehensive characterization of plastics stocks and flows to develop management strategies to address the sustainability challenges of plastics production, consumption, waste, and pollution.
... Plastic waste was eventually recycled as secondary material or incinerated, consequently, the untreated plastic waste decreased. Some research studies [60] have paid attention to and have been discussed the informal method of recycling, for example, in Jakarta, Indonesia, the rate of recycled plastic was calculated by material flow analysis to be 24% [61]. In many countries, including China, the plastic waste at MSW depends largely on informal recycling methods for processing [62]. ...
... Jakarta, for instance, which is located in proximity to the Sunda Strait, has approximately 10 million inhabitants generating giant masses of plastic waste with unknown recycling rates 243 . In the Indian Ocean, water masses coming from the Sunda Strait become part of the South Equatorial Current, which poses a main current of the southern Indian Ocean gyre circulation 244,245 . ...
The mass of plastic waste in the global oceans is estimated to exceed the mass of fish by 2050. Mismanaged plastic waste, which ends up in the environment, undergoes continuous fragmentation leading to formation of particulate plastics that, at some concentration levels, can have a plethora of adverse effects on biota. Moreover, micro- and nanoplastics may sorb and release toxic co-pollutants, such as PCBs, PAHs and lead. However, many scientific questions regarding risk assessment are still unanswered due to analytical challenges related with micro- and nanoplastic analysis, as well as their role in transporting co-pollutants. Thus, the overall aim of this work was to better understand the role of micro- and nanoplastics in aquatic systems by development and application of new innovative analytical
methods which aimed to 1) study micro- and nanoplastic occurrence in aquatic environments in terms of number concentrations, sizes, morphology and polymer types and 2) elucidate the interactions between microplastic particles and trace metals. Complementary sampling approaches, such as centrifugal separators, i.e. a continuous flow centrifuge and a hydrocyclone, as well as fractionated filtration (“Geesthacht Inert Microplastic Fractionator”, built in the frame of the PhD work) were successfully tested for the sampling of aquatic particulate plastics. Different microwave-assisted protocols, both for microplastic quantification and for metal analysis in plastics, were validated and applied to samples from two case study areas. Along with leading techniques in the microplastic field such as FPA-based FTIR and Raman imaging, a new quantum cascade laser-based IR imaging system (first ever systematic application) facilitated detection of high numbers of microplastics in samples from the German Elbe estuary and the Indian Ocean, respectively. By using ICP MS/MS as a key technique, this work demonstrated fast sorption kinetics of 55 metals and metalloids to small microplastics and subsequent release under physiological conditions. Validation and publication of the first efficient and membrane-free nanoplastic sampling approach benefited from the use of metaldoped nanoplastics as model particles. Taken together, future studies can make substantial gains in understanding the composition and extent of environmental particulate plastic contamination by employing the methods developed in this work.
... Jakarta, for instance, which is located in proximity to the Sunda Strait, has approximately 10 million inhabitants generating giant masses of plastic waste with unknown recycling rates 243 . In the Indian Ocean, water masses coming from the Sunda Strait become part of the South Equatorial Current, which poses a main current of the southern Indian Ocean gyre circulation 244,245 . ...
... Nevertheless, the rate of PSW recycling in the studied city was desirable, as some reports indicate that only 25% of the PSW in world are recycled and the rest are landfilled, which can be due to the low variety of resin used in plastic manufacture and the rate of separation (Bajracharya et al. 2016). Also, In Jakarta, 24% of PSW was recycled and 62% of the rest of PSW that mixed with MSW was landfilled and 14% was recycled (Putri et al. 2018). In Qatar, 240,000 tons of plastics were consumed in 2015 and only 30,000 tons of PSW was recycled, that accounts for 12.5% of total plastic consumption (Hahladakis and Aljabri 2019). ...
Millions of tons of plastic are consumed annually in the world due to its significant characteristics such as durability, flexibility, and low weight. High consumption has made plastic one of the most important municipal solid waste compounds, the quantity of which has increased in recent decades. Plastic solid wastes are known as a threat to the environment, and its efficient management in various aspects such as cost–benefit requires decision-making tools. This study was assessing the cost–benefit of plastic solid waste management by development of an economic model, and definition of different scenarios to change plastic solid waste management status. The results showed that 8971 tons of plastic solid waste were generated annually in the studied city. The plastic solid wastes were finally transferred to either recycling or landfilling site through 5 identified routes. 83 percent of the total recycled plastic solid waste was due to post-separation routes, and only 7.7 percent of the total plastic solid waste was recycled from the source separation route. The economic comparison of scenarios showed that with the aggregation of post-separation routes, the net revenue of plastic solid waste management increases by 334,000 euro per year while increasing the public participation and the ratio of source separation route raises net revenue by 875,000 euro per year, which was the best economic condition among the scenarios. Using life cycle cost method and it’s respected developed economic model truly satisfied the conditions of both, the current plastic solid waste management and the alternative scenarios, and hence can be adopted as a tool for decision-making.
... Analisis ini sejalan dengan pemikiran Akira Sakano, pendiri Zero Waste Academy di Kota Kamikatsu Jepang yang menjadi kota bebas sampah pertama di Jepang. (Putri et al. 2018;Emmerik et al. 2019). Hingga saat ini, Jakarta masih mengandalkan metode landfilling khususnya di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) sampah Bantargebang sebagai solusi utama pembuangan sampah, di mana praktik tersebut semakin tidak ramah lingkungan dan menambah dimensi risiko (Machmud 2017;Mulyadin et al. 2018). ...
... Analisis ini sejalan dengan pemikiran Akira Sakano, pendiri Zero Waste Academy di Kota Kamikatsu Jepang yang menjadi kota bebas sampah pertama di Jepang. (Putri et al. 2018;Emmerik et al. 2019). Hingga saat ini, Jakarta masih mengandalkan metode landfilling khususnya di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) sampah Bantargebang sebagai solusi utama pembuangan sampah, di mana praktik tersebut semakin tidak ramah lingkungan dan menambah dimensi risiko (Machmud 2017;Mulyadin et al. 2018). ...
Full ebook is available at website Kemenlu RI:
https://kemlu.go.id/osaka/id/pages/buku/995/etc-menu
| Tulisan berikut menjelaskan konsep pengolahan limbah cair domestik yang digabungkan dengan proses produksi biogas dari hasil residu pengolahan limbah dengan memanfaatkan tahap anaerobik digestion. Terinspirasi dari sistem yang telah diterapkan di kota Kobe - Jepang, gagasan berikut diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi bagi pemerintah Indonesia selama proses penyusunan rencana pembangunan calon ibukota baru Indonesia di Penajam Paser Utara, Kalimantan Timur. Mempertimbangkan pentingnya peran sebuah ibukota bagi sebuah negara, pemerintah wajib merancang calon ibukota baru secara matang dari segala aspek, termasuk dari aspek lingkungan dan kebutuhan energi.
... The local paper mills and other industrial enterprises gathered in the suburbs was the main reason for the phenomenon. Meanwhile, cities have more advanced waste treatment facilities and stricter environmental protection policies, limiting the release of MPs (Putri et al., 2018). Therefore, although industrialization is directly related to the source of MPs, places with a high degree of urbanization may have a lower contamination. ...
The source, distribution, migration, and fate of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems have received much attention. However, the relevant reports in wetland ecosystems, the boundary area between water and land, are still rare. Where are the sources and sinks of MPs in the wetland? The latest researches have shown that the sources of MPs in wetlands include sewage discharge, surface runoff, and plastic wastes from aquaculture. Fibers and fragments are the most common shapes, and PE, PP, PS can be detected in water or sediment matrices, and biota of wetlands. The distribution is affected by hydrodynamic conditions, sediment properties, and vegetation coverage. Factors affecting the vertical migration of MPs include their own physical and chemical properties, the combination of substances that accelerate deposition (mineral adsorption and biological flocculation), and resuspension. Minerals tend to adsorb negatively charged MPs while algae aggregates have a preference for positively charged MPs. The wetlands vegetation can trap MPs and affect their migration. In water matrices, MPs are ingested by organisms and integrated into sediments, which makes them seem undetectable in the wetland ecosystem. Photodegradation and microbial degradation can further reduce the MPs in size. Although recent research has increased, we are still searching for a methodological harmonization of the detection practices and exploring the migration rules and fate patterns of MPs. Our work is the first comprehensive review of the source, distribution, migration, and fate of MPs in wetland ecosystems. It reveals the uniqueness of wetland habitat in the research of MPs and indicates the potential of wetlands acting as sources or sinks for MPs.
... For countries where no existing data were available, the average proportion of plastic in MSW was used. Some studies (Sasaki et al., 2018) have pay attention to the informal recycling system, for example, the rate of plastic recycled in Jakarta, Indonesia was determined to be 24%, through material flow analysis (Putri et al., 2018). In most countries, including China, the plastic waste in MSW is largely dependent on informal recycling for processing. ...
It is well known that Asia generates and receives large quantities of plastic waste. Through a detailed study of plastic waste generation and trade, the management and treatment of plastic waste in Asia were analyzed from the regional perspective. The amounts of plastic waste in municipal solid waste and in industrial solid waste were estimated to be 79 Mt and 42 Mt, respectively, in Asia. The overall treatment and recycling status in Asia are unsatisfactory. Asia imported 74% of the plastic waste in the world in 2016, and China (mainland) imported the most plastic waste until 2017, with 5.8 to 8.3 Mt. In 2017, about half the plastic waste imported by Asia came from other regions, and after subtracting the exported quantity, 98% of the plastic waste was left in Asia for treatment and disposal. The plastic waste imported by Asia declined about 72% in monetary value in 2018. There is still a large gap between the plastic waste quantity imported to Asia and that exported from Asia. China’s ban of plastic waste imports caused import quantities to drop to 52 kt in 2018, simultaneously, exports from the largest exporting countries or regions such as Hong Kong (China), the USA, Japan, and Germany decreased. While Vietnam, Malaysia and some other Asian countries and regions saw significant increases in plastic waste imports from 2016 to 2018. Considering this situation, countries in Asia are starting to strictly limit plastic waste imports from other countries.
... Angouria-Tsorochidou et al. [21] used the material flow analysis method to analyze and map the life cycle stages of Danish electronic products, and performed a preliminary assessment. Putri et al. [22] used the material flow analysis method to analyze the amount of plastic waste recycled in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods commonly used to assess eco-efficiency mainly include ecological footprint analysis, life cycle analysis, the Delphi method, and DEA. ...
Since the 1990s, the notion of a circular economy has been developing globally; countries all over the world have been considering the development of a circular economy as an important means of achieving sustainable development. As the development of an industrial circular economy can help promote the efficient recycling of resources, it is an important starting point for industrial transformation and upgrading, and represents a key factor that will lead to the development of a circular economy in China. China’s varying provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) have successively implemented circular economy practices in the industrial field. The research object of the present study is 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the control of central government (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet were not included owing to lack of data). Through the integration of geographic information systems (GIS) technology and the spatial analysis model, data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, and Tobit regression model, a measure model and index system are constructed, in order to carry out a multi-angle comprehensive study integrating the efficiency evaluation, spatial analysis, and influencing factors analysis of China’s industrial circular economy. It is an important innovation, and an important contribution to the existing research system. The conclusions are as follows: (1) In general, the overall level of China’s industrial circular economy’s efficiency was not high, and there was still a lot of room for improvement. The integrated efficiency of the industrial circular economy in the eastern region was relatively high, followed by that in the western region, and the lowest level in the middle region. (2) The efficiency of China’s industrial circular economy displayed obvious spatial aggregation characteristics at the provincial level, including clear spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. High-value aggregation areas were mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas, and low-value aggregation areas were concentrated and contiguously distributed in the middle and western inland areas. (3) The four elements of economic level, openness to the outside, government regulation, and industrialization aggregation each impose a significant positive impact on the efficiency of China’s industrial circular economy, which can promote its efficiency. The level of industrialization exerts a significant negative impact on the efficiency of the industrial circular economy, which hampers its improvement. The impact of technological innovation on the efficiency of the industrial circular economy is not statistically significant.
... However, as a developing nation, Indonesia faces its own unique challenges when it comes to plastic waste management. While many common domestic factors are still to blame, the country's 91,363km coastline (Sui et al., 2020) means that it is exposed to plastic waste that is generated in other parts of the South East Asian region (Putri et al., 2018). Indonesia therefore needs to work with neighboring governments to ensure that there is a transnational approach to its management and a coordinated effort to tackle the problem by not only restricting the use of plastics, but by also adopting more effective means of managing plastic disposal. ...
The management of marine waste is an increasingly complex issue facing the world today. Our study provides an interesting take on the issue of marine waste by examining how Indonesian indigenous communities can deal with plastic marine pollution. While there is an obvious need for mitigating plastic use, for effective legislative policies regulating plastic waste management, and to do more to develop sustainable waste management practices;; there are also opportunities for indigenous communities to take an innovative approach by using plastic waste in a manner that drives economic development from both non-market and neoliberal theoretical ideologies. As part of this assessment, alongside Indonesian examples we include examples of plastic re-use by indigenous communities of the Philippines and Australia. Moreover, our study highlights some of the areas in which this is being done in the fields of art and infrastructure development.
... For instance, the proposed sustainable and zero waste models in India with underlying concept of maximum resource recovery in a greener way, (Pankaj, 2015) contributed to the recycling of a fourth of its annual 15 million tonnes plastic wastes generation. Similarly, The reverse logistics model (Sury-ana et al., 2019) in Indonesia enhanced a 24% recycling rate of Jakarta's generated plastic wastes, (Putri et al., 2018). On the other hand, a weak institutional structure and capacity, contributed to the unsuccessful implementation of regulatory framework for the collection and recycling of plastic and other solid wastes in Kenya (Haregu et al., 2017). ...
The collection of plastic wastes (p-wastes) in Ghana has received attention in recent years. However, there are persistent disposal of the p-wastes into the environment with associated costs to life on land, sea and in the air. The collection of domestic and industrial p-wastes, contributes to the national recycling rates whilst the intuitional p-wastes lags behind with minimal backing and contributions. For this reason, the study sought to explore the structures required to improve plastic wastes collection at the workplace to enhance recycling and greener jobs. In the pilot study, workers at the CSIR-IIR were interviewed to determine a premier model for the efficient collection of the institutional plastic wastes. The methodology included random administration and retrieval of questionnaires, coding and tallying of survey responses, and the processing of generated data. The research questions bordered on the most generated solid and plastic wastes, the preferred mode of collection and the expected gains to the institution. Qualitatively, plastic wastes were the most generated solid wastes. Purified water sachets formed the bulk of generated p-wastes. Source sorting was favoured over the mixed mode of collecting the solid wastes, which will contribute to income generation and a linear collection model. Keywords: Institutional plastic wastes, linear model, plastic wastes collection, source sorting of plastic wastes, model for plastic wastes collection.
... al., 2015). In Jakarta, the recycling rate of plastic is 24%, leaving 76% of the remaining unrecycled plastic thrown in landfills or the environment (Putri, Fujimori, & Takaoka, 2018). Plastic is notorious to take as long 1000 years to decompose (Bell & Cave, 2011). ...
... A recent study estimated that Jakarta recovers 34% of all plastic waste through waste pickers and the waste bank but only 24% of the total plastic waste generated is recycled. The rest remains in landfills or leaks into the environment [33]. ...
Post-consumer plastic waste production exceeded 27 million tonnes in the EU countries by 2016. Although the rates of plastic waste recovery have improved in the last years (31.1 % recycling; 41.6 % energy source), 27.3 % of post-consumer plastics are still landfilled. This means that more than 7 million tonnes of plastics are yearly dumped into our ecosystem and, therefore, upper recycling rates are required to achieve the EU goal of “zero plastic to landfills” by 2025.
Nowadays, the existent technology for recycling is mainly focused on post-industrial rather than on post-consumer plastic waste (PC). Up to now, most of PC from Europe has been shifted to China and, therefore, little attention has been paid to the issue of malodours in this kind of recyclates. However, since China’s plastic ban in December 2017, the interest in recycling post-consumer plastic waste is continuously growing and, thus, the interest in solving the issue of odors from PC. In consequence, upgrading the performance in current recycling technology is needed so that contaminants and disagreeable odors are eliminated. This would enhance the material quality and will bring a myriad of new market opportunities.
In the department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Alicante, we are conducting a research study on mitigation of odors from post-consumer HDPE flakes, intending to come up with a cost-effective solution that may later be implemented in the recycling industry. For now, several treatments based on solvent extraction and hot water and surfactant solution washes have been carried out to evaluate their efficiency in the VOCs abatement.
The analysis of VOCs is performed through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry system (GC/MS), extracting previously the volatiles by HS-SPME, following the next steps. An amount of 10 g of HDPE flakes is introduced in a 100 mL vial and sealed with PTFE/silicone septa. The sample is heated up to 60 ºC placing a carboxen/PDMS fiber in the vial so that it adsorbs the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the material for 1 hour. Then, the analytes adsorbed in the fiber are desorbed in the GC injection port at 300 ºC. The molecules of the analytes are identified by the MS comparing each molecule spectra obtained experimentally with the NIST database.
As a result, in the most successful case, over 85 % of the VOCs content emitted from post-consumer plastic waste was removed.
... A recent study estimated that Jakarta recovers 34% of all plastic waste through waste pickers and the waste bank but only 24% of the total plastic waste generated is recycled. The rest remains in landfills or leaks into the environment [33]. ...
The weaknesses of existing plastic waste management strategies lead to the pollution of the natural environment. Although around 75% of plastic litter come from developing countries, an important 25% is originated in western countries mainly due to the limited efficiency of the collection systems and low recycling rates. Global plastic production has almost doubled over the last decade, and it is predicted that it will continue to grow. This chapter provides an extensive review of current waste management routes and existing recycling and recovery options. Two types of plastic products have been considered: rigid and flexible materials. These materials show different behaviour and usually are treated separately. Plastic waste sources can also be diverse, but they are commonly grouped into post-industrial and post-consumer. In this chapter, the focus has been placed on post-consumer plastics since a higher amount of this type of waste is being generated and its treatment is more challenging.
Continuous efforts are paid to facilitate finding sustainable ecofriendly functional alternative materials for green products form low-cost renewable lignocellulosic materials. In this work, several structural and treatment parameters were considered to investigate their effects on achieving sustainable low-cost biomaterials with desirable mechanical properties for the sustainable green products. Mediterranean corn agro waste lignocellulosic fibers were utilized in preparing bio-composite materials with polypropylene polymers before and after chemical treatments. Low-cost treatment solutions as sodium chloride, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and citric acid (C6H8O7) solution were considered to investigate their effects on the mechanical performance enhancement and deterioration of the produced bio-composites. Various composites were designed with different reinforcement conditions, chemical treatments as well as untreated fibers, and were investigated regarding integrated mechanical performance criteria. Results have revealed that the produced composites were capable of enhancing the tensile strength to reach about 87 MPa with the untreated paper corn fibers comparable to the 38 MPa of the matrix alone. The effects of acids as well as sodium chloride treatments demonstrate that the modulus of elasticity of the composites decreased with increasing fiber contents. It was demonstrated that the modulus of elasticity was 5.87 GPa due to acids at 20wt. % fiber content, while that for the same fiber content due to sodium chloride was 6.88 GPa. The morphological characteristics of the prepared composites were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to support their performance assessment and results gained. It was also noticed that the combination and synergy between the considered various parameters on several mechanical properties of the bio-composites would enhance evaluating such materials from technical stand point, and demonstrate their suitability for future sustainable cleaner production.
The performance of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) under natural weathering needs to be further evaluated, in particular their resistance to coastal weathering in tropical counties. Because the coastal weathering is sensitive to the rising acidity of the sea and changes in the frequency of storms. Thus, the effects of coastal weathering, post-consumer plastic types (plastic bags, straws, and cups), and wood waste (twigs) contents in the range of 40–60 wt% on the durability of WPCs were investigated. The samples were prepared by a twin-screw extruder and a compression molding machine. The results revealed that the increase of wood flour from 40 to 60 wt% into the plastic bag composites insignificantly rose (about 0.12 %) the melting temperature, but significantly decreased (about 23.8%) the melting enthalpy of the un-weathered WPCs. Post-consumer plastic from straws exhibits higher lightness and discoloration than that from a bag and cup, the plastic bag shows the lowest these values. All the mechanical properties of the post-consumer plastics and WPCs significantly (α=0.05) reduced in all cases after coastal weathering for 6 months. Overall, the post-consumer plastics from both the straw and cup presented higher mechanical properties than the virgin high-density polyethylene; however, the WPCs based on the plastic bag showed the lowest loss in modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and shear strength after coastal weathering for 6 months.
Plastic pollution in the ocean primarily originates from the land-derived mismanaged plastic waste that is transported by rivers. This study aimed to estimate the plastic litter generation in the surface water in Jakarta and Indonesia. A field survey was conducted at six riverine sampling points (upstream to downstream) and three holding facilities of the litter in Jakarta during the rainy season. The Jakarta Open Data database was used to estimate the tonnage of plastic litter. By mass, plastic comprised approximately 74 % of the anthropogenic litter in rivers and 87 % in holding facilities. The riverine plastic proportion slightly increased downstream. Approximately 9.9 g/person/day of plastic litter was discharged into Jakarta's surface water during rainy season and recovered by floating booms. To reduce plastic pollution and its severe impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health, further field investigation is necessary to design an effective clean-up system and litter-prevention strategy.
The persistent nature of single use plastics has become a cause for major health and environmental concerns worldwide as a result of commercialization. Africa as a continent generates considerable amounts of single use plastic wastes from the total plastic wastes generated. The prolonged use and mismanagement of existing wastes poses environmental and public health risks. Current practices involve managing single use plastic wastes in combination with other municipal and medical wastes. As many countries in Africa have put into law some legislation on the use of single use plastics, the level of enforcement and implementation is questionable provided that no tangible measures have been put in practice. This is evidenced by the ever-present single use plastics strewn around. Although infrastructural and skill-related challenges are pertinent to the management of single use plastics across the continent, single use plastic waste reduction, community-based indigenous model practices which are cost effective should be encouraged. This waste reduction and recycling practice in the long run make a positive impact on people’s lives by achieving sustainable development goals.
The rise in living standards and the continuous development in the global economy led to the depletion of resources and increased waste generation per capita. This waste might posture a significant threat to human health or the environmental matrices (water, air, soil) when inadequately treated, transported, stored, or managed/disposed of. Therefore, effective waste management in an economically viable and environmentally friendly way has become meaningful. Prominent technology is the need of the day for circular economy and sustainable development to reduce the speed of depletion in resources and produce an alternative means for the future demands in the different sectors of science and technology. In order to meet the potential requirements for energy production or producing secondary raw material, solid waste may be the prime source. The activities of living organisms convert waste products in one form or another in which electronic waste (e-waste) is a modern-day problem that is growing by leaps and bounds. The disposal protocols of the e-waste management need to be given proper attention to avoid its hazardous impacts. The e-waste is obtained from any equipment or devices that run by electricity or batteries like laptops, palmtops, computers, televisions, mobile phones, digital video discs (DVD), and many more. E-waste is one of the rapidly growing causes of world pollution today. Plenty of research is available in the scientific literature, which shows different approaches being set up and followed to manage and dispose of waste products. These strategies to manage waste products designed by the states all over the globe revolves around minimal production, authentic techniques for the management of waste produced, reuse and recycling, etc. The virtual survey of the available literature on waste management shows that it lacks specificity regarding the management of waste products parallel to ecological sustainability. The presented review covers the sources, potential environmental impacts, and highlights the importance of waste management strategies to provide the latest and updated knowledge. The review also put forward the countermeasures that need to be taken on national and International levels addressing the sensitive issue of waste management.
The rise in living standards and the continuous development in the global economy led to the depletion of resources and increased waste generation per capita. This waste might posture a significant threat to human health or the environmental matrices (water, air, soil) when inadequately treated, transported, stored, or managed/disposed of. Therefore, effective waste management in an economically viable and environmentally friendly way has become meaningful. Prominent technology is the need of the day for circular economy and sustainable development to reduce the speed of depletion in resources and produce an alternative means for the future demands in the different sectors of science and technology. In order to meet the potential requirements for energy production or producing secondary raw material, solid waste may be the prime source. The activities of living organisms convert waste products in one form or another in which electronic waste (e-waste) is a modern-day problem that is growing by leaps and bounds. The disposal protocols of the e-waste management need to be given proper attention to avoid its hazardous impacts. The e-waste is obtained from any equipment or devices that run by electricity or batteries like laptops, palmtops, computers, televisions, mobile phones, digital video discs (DVD), and many more. E-waste is one of the rapidly growing causes of world pollution today. Plenty of research is available in the scientific literature, which shows different approaches being set up and followed to manage and dispose of waste products. These strategies to manage waste products designed by the states all over the globe revolves around minimal production, authentic techniques for the management of waste produced, reuse and recycling, etc. The virtual survey of the available literature on waste management shows that it lacks specificity regarding the management of waste products parallel to ecological sustainability. The presented review covers the sources, potential environmental impacts, and highlights the importance of waste management strategies to provide the latest and updated knowledge. The review also put forward the countermeasures that need to be taken on national and International levels addressing the sensitive issue of waste management.
Developing countries like India and Indonesia struggle with proper management of plastic waste, causing rampant plastic pollution that adversely impacts the ecosystem and potentially human health. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) was adopted to compare the environmental impact of end-of-life (EOL) treatment of 1 kg plastic waste in India and Indonesia based on the EOL mix, which includes mechanical recycling, co-processing in cement kilns, incineration, sanitary landfill, open dumping and open burning. Nine environmental impacts were considered, namely climate change, cumulative energy demand, water depletion and marine eco-toxicity, human toxicity, terrestrial acidification, fossil depletion, particulate matter formation and urban land occupation. Waste plastics EOL treatment in India was found to have a lower environmental impact than Indonesia among all nine categories, which was attributed to higher mechanical recycling rates in India. Hotspot analysis revealed that open burning is a major contributor to climate change, while landfills are the major contributor to marine eco-toxicity. A sensitivity analysis found that the percentage of plastic waste collection, percentage of uncollected plastic waste openly burnt, percentage of plastic rejects from recycling and percentage replacement of virgin plastic from recycled plastic granules were key sensitive parameters. The results of a future scenario analysis showed that further investments in mechanical recycling by 2030 can not only reduce mismanaged plastic waste, but also contribute towards the Paris Agreement carbon reduction pledges for both India and Indonesia. The results from this study can be used to support future waste management investment decisions in both countries.
Plastic waste has become a big issue in the world for its large amount of plastic waste in the sea. Most of the plastic waste is plastic packaging which consists of flexible and rigid plastic packaging. This research discusses flexible plastic packaging. Until now, most researches on the loss of plastic materials discuss how to manage plastic waste disposal once it has been used by community: only a few discuss production cycle: while none of them discusses flexible plastic packaging area. This research aims to examine the number of mismanaged materials throughout flexible plastic packaging life cycle using a combination of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Based on the literature review, interviews and observations conducted by the author to all stakeholders in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging, mismanagement of plastic material occurred in each cycle, mostly caused by quality degradation of flexible plastic that could cause plastic waste was not acceptable in the mechanical recycle. The results of this study show that: (1) mismanaged material occurred in all cycles throughout the life cycles of flexible plastic packaging, (2) quality degradation is the main caused of mismanaged material in several cycles, and (3) the mismanaged materials in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging were 98.29%.
This paper aims to describe women’s role with active participation in waste management within their communities. The environmental awareness education of citizens combined with the application of the ‘4Rs’ principle (reduce, reuse, recycle, and replant) is necessary to develop waste banks to resolve the issue of waste. Waste bank management is predicted to be the best solution for the municipal waste management and increases the public’s awareness of recycling household waste as a waste management strategy. An increase in awareness begins at the community level. Women can be as social capital in community with the capacity to move the community through their active role in waste management activities. This study considered citizens in Karang Resik, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia and used the emancipatory participation methods of counselling, educating, and training. The results showed that the presence of a waste bank educated residents to be disciplined in managing their waste and provided extra income from waste collection. Moreover, it strengthened the social cohesion for women within the community. This study shows that local female administrators in family welfare empowerment programmes can be used as role models for other women and can provide a significant impact on waste management.
A mess of plastic
It is not clear what strategies will be most effective in mitigating harm from the global problem of plastic pollution. Borrelle et al. and Lau et al. discuss possible solutions and their impacts. Both groups found that substantial reductions in plastic-waste generation can be made in the coming decades with immediate, concerted, and vigorous action, but even in the best case scenario, huge quantities of plastic will still accumulate in the environment.
Science , this issue p. 1515 , p. 1455
p> Aims: This study aims to investigate the material flow of waste bank activities in Medan Methodology and results: A semi-structured interview survey approach was conducted to collect the data. Applying MFA methodology, the result of this study found that of the total amount of the input material, 87.4% is a recyclable waste, and 12.6% is water. While, the waste bank activities generate 87.2% recyclable items, 12.6% wastewater and 0.2% residues. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The findings are essential to understand the use of resources in order to provide information for improving waste bank activities and waste management. This study found that the activities of waste banks are still traditional, which is lack of technology adoption. In the future, the waste bank should be more efficient and able to manage large amounts of wastes, because the potential for recyclable wastes is still available and abundant.</p
Pengelolaan sampah eksisting yang dilakukan pihak Unand masih menerapkan pola kumpul-angkut- Pengelolaan sampah kering layak jual dengan sistem bank sampah di kampus Universitas Andalas sudah dioperasikan mulai awal tahun 2014 sejalan dengan pendirian Pusat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu (PPST Unand). Sampah kering layak jual yang ditabung oleh nasabah ke Bank Sampah Enviro Andalas berupa sampah plastik, sampah kertas dan karton, serta sampah kaleng dan aluminium dengan jumlah berkisar 100-800 kg/bulan. Hasil evaluasi terhadap persyaratan kontruksi dan sistem manajemen serta pelaksanaan bank sampah berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia no 13 tahun 2012 telah memenuhi kriteria yang berlaku. Dalam operasional bank sampah terjadi peningkatan jumlah nasabah, jumlah sampah yang ditabung dan jumlah penjualan sampah ke bandar daur ulang tiap bulannya. Hal ini terkait dengan semakin seringnya sosialisasi dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keaktifan masyarakat kampus dalam pemilahan sampah, dukungan prasarana dan sarana serta komitmen pimpinan universitas untuk mendukung pengelolaan sampah di sumber dengan konsep 3R. Kata kunci: bank sampah, kampus Unand, PPST Unand, sampah kering layak jual
This paper clarifies household income, living and working conditions of dumpsite waste pickers at Bantar Gebang final disposal site for municipal solid waste generated in Jakarta, and investigates the feasibility of integrating the informal sector into formal waste management in Indonesia. The first author did fieldwork for totally 16 months at the site and quantitative field surveys were conducted twice during the period. All respondents in the first round quantitative survey (n = 1390) were categorized as follows: waste pickers, family workers, wage labors, bosses, family of the bosses, housewives, pupils/students, preschoolers, the unemployed, and others. Based on the results of the second round quantitative survey (n = 69 households), their average household income was estimated to be approximately US 216 dollars per month (n = 59 households), which was virtually equivalent to the minimum wage in Jakarta in 2013. Living conditions of scavengers at the site were horrible, and their working conditions were dangerous due to medical waste and other sharp waste. Polluted groundwater was one of the serious environmental problems at the site. Despite the social, health and environmental problems, they were attracted to the freedom of entering the informal recycling system in Bantar Gebang and withdrawing from the system, in which a lot of opportunities were provided for the people having few marketable skills to obtain cash earnings. The freedom of their choice should be guaranteed as a prerequisite before integrating the informal sector into formal waste management. Furthermore, special attentions are required when incomes of scavengers are the same level as minimum wages and the national economy is rapidly growing, because scavengers cannot easily change their jobs due to few marketable skills. Indonesian national waste laws and regulations should be properly applied to facilitate a socialization process at final disposal sites. Measures need to be taken to prevent children from working as informal recycling actors, especially for waste pickers aged 15 or younger.
This article presents informal recycling contributions made by scavengers in the surrounding area of Bantar Gebang final disposal site for municipal solid waste generated in Jakarta. Preliminary fieldwork was conducted through daily conversations with scavengers to identify recycling actors at the site, and then quantitative field surveys were conducted twice. The first survey (n = 504 households) covered 33% of all households in the area, and the second survey (n = 69 households) was conducted to quantify transactions of recyclables among scavengers. Mathematical equations were formulated with assumptions made to estimate the possible range of recycling rates achieved by dump waste pickers. Slightly over 60% of all respondents were involved in informal recycling and over 80% of heads of households were waste pickers, normally referred to as live-in waste pickers and live-out waste pickers at the site. The largest percentage of their spouses were family workers, followed by waste pickers and housewives. Over 95% of all households of respondents had at least one waste picker or one small boss who has a coequal status of a waste picker. Average weight of recyclables collected by waste pickers at the site was estimated to be approximately 100 kg day(-1) per household on the net weight basis. The recycling rate of solid wastes collected by all scavengers at the site was estimated to be in the range of 2.8-7.5% of all solid wastes transported to the site.
In Indonesia, municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming increasing complex due to variety of reasons like the increasing quantity of MSW, rising public awareness and municipal administration policies in different cities and surrounding regencies. After the landslide accident at Bandung city disposal site, most of related agencies are trying their level best to improve the situation. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyze the present system of MSW addressing variety of aspects such as quantity and composition of MSW being generated, operational management, legal system as well as financial aspect. The systematic assessment has revealed the problem like lack of legal framework, low coverage, improper waste storage, less encouragement for composting, and lack of proper disposal practices. Finally, an action plan is presenting suggestion for immediate and future addressing the issues like the operational management, institutional, financial aspect, public participation & environmental education.
Municipal solid waste management in the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is examined from a point of view of researchers and waste management practitioners. Major impediments to waste management in Jakarta include non-involvement of stakeholders in planning and decision-making, unskilled staff undertaking the duty, the absence of long-term waste management strategies, and weak coordination between authorities and neighbourhood association workers who undertake primary collection. It was revealed that lack of resources is seen as the least important of all impediments. The success of managing solid waste in Jakarta cannot be separated from the presence and the role of a neighbourhood association, which performs waste collection on a daily basis as well as keeping their respective areas clean by employing their own waste service workers. A neighbourhood-based waste management strategy is a promising solution for Jakarta, because it is more applicable and suitable for Jakarta's context compared to community-based waste management. The performance of this approach is examined and the improvement for wider adoption is discussed for a long-term solution.
Solid waste management is associated with the control of waste generation, from its storage to disposal while satisfying the principles of public health and other environmental considerations. However, rapid population growth coupled with the increased rate of unplanned urbanization in Indian cities have led to the tremendous increase in the amounts of solid waste (MSW). Mismanagement of solid waste leads to public health risks, adverse environmental impacts and other socio-economic problems. The problems derived from solid waste have a unique and complicated character; they are not only a potential source of pollution, but they can be used as a secondary source of raw materials. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is considered a serious environmental challenge confronting local authorities and several city administrators have realized that the way they manage their solid wastes does not satisfy the objectives of sustainable development. Therefore, there is a move to shift from traditional solid waste management (SWM) options to more integrated solid waste management approaches. The selection of priorities regarding the solid waste management has direct economic and environmental impacts. This procedure concerns not only the environmental policy but also technological, economic and purchasing policies. However, the lack of adequate resources to implement the necessary changes is posing a serious obstacle. Environmentally sound solid waste management involves
• Segregation of waste at source (separate organic and inorganic - recyclable, reusable fractions);
• Door to door collection of waste with incentive based mechanism to enhance segregation at source: This entails (i) deploying appropriate mobile collection vans (for each locality) with an option to store segregated and unsegregated wastes, (ii) incentive of Rs 1 per kg of segregated organic waste and payment directly to the respective household account through bank transfer – Jan Dhan scheme with Aadhaar linkage, (iii) dis-incentive to unsegregated waste – individuals who refue to segregate needs to pay Rs 5 per kg of unsegregated waste. Revenue generation would encourage many households to switch over to segregation.
• Collection trucks to have GPS (global positioning system) which would help in online tracking and also in reducing malpractices associated with waste management.
• Transparency in the administration though online availability of spatial information system, accessible to all including public.
• Eradicating waste mismanagement lobby - nexus of contractors-consultants-engineers. Successful elimination of the mismanagement lobby would help in solving the waste problem in any city.
• Setting up waste processing yards with decentralised treatment of organic fraction of waste in each locality (stop using parks and recreation spaces for this purpose).
• Encouraging youth to take up innovative waste treatment options (suitable to handle Indian waste- rich in organic fractions)
• Only inert materials shall go to landfill locations.
• Implementation of SWM 2016, GoI and penalising the city administrator in-charge of city waste for dereliction of duties in cases of mixed waste reaching the landfill site or littering of waste’s in city open spaces.
The aim of this study was to measure economic and environmental benefits, and also sustainability of Waste Bank in DKI Jakarta by conducting a field survey. The study found that Waste Bank activities have generated approximately IDR 11,628,433 (USD 1,199) of additional income to their members. The Waste Bank activities have also contributed to the reduction of waste volume by almost 4.55 tons or 15.2 m3 per month that equals to saving IDR 16,750,512/year (USD 1,727) of transportation cost and tipping fee. If the Waste Bank initiative can be scaled up to 5% of total households in Jakarta, the total economic benefits would be about IDR 17.27 billion (USD 1,78 million). As a social business, Waste Banks have also produced environmental benefits by increasing community awareness on 3Rs, thus, improving social cohesion and empowering society. In terms of sustainability, most Waste Banks are both financially and socially sustainable as business entities. While the economic benefits are relatively small, the environmental benefits are significant to the society.Keywords: Economic Benefit, Environmental Benefit, Jakarta Indonesia, Social Business, Waste Bank.
Waste picker is informal worker who have a role in reducing solid waste in the landfill. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of waste pickers and their role in the solid waste reduction in the Randegan Landfill, Mojokerto City, Indonesia. The research method was a survey using a questionnaire to obtain information from the respondents and in-depth interviews to a group of 33 waste pickers. The data obtained in this study were analysed descriptively. The results showed that 69.68% waste picker were male aging 46-50 years old. Thirty six precent of the respondents has been working as waste pickers for more than 6 years and 67% of them enjoy their works. All of respondents stated that their work time was irregularly during the morning, afternoon or evening daily with non definite duration work time per day. Their average education was primary school graduates. The majority of respondents' income is less than IDR 1,000,000, -/month. All respondents stated that they can get economic advantage form new waste entering to landfill. The total recoverable waste consist of 369 kg/day plastic; 620 kg/day paper, 209 kg/day bottle/glass waste; 67 kg/day iron waste. From the total of 1265 kg/day recovered waste, they sell to an agent with total income IDR 755,502/day or IDR 22,665,060/month for all 33 pickers. The average income was IDR 686.820,-/month/picker. All pickers have participated for social-, economic- and health training conducted by local government. However, only 21.21% of them used work safety and health equipment's. In conclusion the participation of waste pickers in solid waste management on the landfill play important role in solid waste reduction by 3.3% of the average daily solid waste entering to the landfill and percentage of the considered to be sold able solid waste types compared with similar solid waste that goes to landfill is 12.22%.
This study investigated factors influencing household recycling behaviour and the possibility of household participation in a community-based recycling bank project. The research examines two communities in Mahasarakham municipality, where there are differences in conditions and waste recycling management. The study demonstrated that demographic attributes and socio-economic factors play a little role in waste separation and recycling behaviour at household level. Meanwhile, environmental knowledge and attitudes contribute to the perceptions of people, their awareness, and participation to the community-based recycling project. Participation process was usually lacking in the project planning procedure and did not contribute enough time and resource to educate participants. Keywords: contextual factors, recycling behaviour, waste bank eISSN 2514-7528 © 2017 The Author. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
Solid recovered fuels constitute a valuable alternative for the management of those non-hazardous waste fractions that cannot be recycled. The main purpose of this research is to assess the suitability of three different wastes from the landfill of the local waste management company (COGERSA), to be used as solid recovered fuels in a cement kiln near their facilities. The wastes analyzed were: End of life vehicles waste, packaging and bulky wastes. The study was carried out in two different periods of the year: November 2013 and April 2014. In order to characterize and classify these wastes as solid recovered fuels, they were separated into homogeneous fractions in order to determine different element components, such as plastics, cellulosic materials, packagings or textile compounds, and the elemental analysis (including chlorine content), heavy metal content and the heating value of each fraction were determined. The lower heating value of the waste fractions on wet basis varies between 10MJkg(-1) and 42MJkg(-1). One of the packaging wastes presents a very high chlorine content (6.3wt.%) due to the presence of polyvinylchloride from pipe fragments, being the other wastes below the established limits. Most of the wastes analyzed meet the heavy metals restrictions, except the fine fraction of the end of life vehicles waste. In addition, none of the wastes exceed the mercury limit content, which is one of the parameters considered for the solid recovered fuels classification. A comparison among the experimental higher heating values and empirical models that predict the heating value from the elemental analysis data was carried out. Finally, from the three wastes measured, the fine fraction of the end of life vehicles waste was discarded for its use as solid recovered fuels due to the lower heating value and its high heavy metals content. From the point of view of the heating value, the end of life vehicles waste was the most suitable residue with a lower heating value of 35.89MJkg(-1), followed by the packaging waste and the bulky waste, respectively. When mixing the wastes studied a global waste was obtained, whose classification as solid recovered fuels was NCV 1 Cl 3 Hg 3. From the empirical models used for calculating higher heating value from elemental content, Scheurer-Kestner was the model that best fit the experimental data corresponding to the wastes collected in November 2013, whereas Chang equation was the most approximate to the experimental heating values for April 2014 fractions. This difference is due to higher chlorine content of the second batch of wastes, since Chang equation is the only one that incorporates the chlorine content.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The average generation of municipal solid waste in Indonesia, contains about 70% garbage, is about 2.5 liters per capita per day. Until the present, the authority of urban municipalities is transporting the solid waste from designated collection disposal to a location for its final dumping. At the national level, only 40% of the waste from the urban population is collected, the rest is burned and disposed off into streams or open land. Most of the local authorities practiced crude open dumping, creating a despondent situation at the landfill sites. The present level of recycling and composting (about 8%) will not be sufficient to slowdown significantly waste generation in the future. The potentials for reuse and recycling have not been fully realized because of a multitude of problems, such as the current solid waste management practices carried out by the cleansing agencies.
Economic growth, changing consumption and production patterns are resulting in rapid increase in the generation of plastic wastes, including plastic packaging waste (PPW). A variety of PPW is identified in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream. In this paper, quantity and composition of PPW at generators (residential and nonresidential sectors) and at the informal sector of waste recycling were measured, and accordingly the flow of PPW within Bandung City, Indonesia was analyzed. Though the generation rate per capita is not so high (25.1 g per day), total PPW generated by 2.3 million inhabitants in Bandung becomes 58.4 tonnes per day (3.76 % of total MSW generated). Due to lack of integrated MSW management, most of PPW is neither collected properly nor disposed of in appropriate manner by the municipality. Collection of valuable wastes including PPW is done predominantly by the informal sector without regard to health and safety. It is predicted that total PPW recycled by various informal waste recycling players like scavengers, junkmen, intermediates, and dealers is 27.5 tonnes per day (64.6 % of total PPW generated). Interviews regarding the existing handling methods and incentives preferred by generators to increase the recycling rate are also presented.
This study investigates factors influencing household recycling behaviour and the possibility of household participation in a community-based recycling bank project. The research examines two communities in Mahasarakham municipality, where there are differences in conditions and waste recycling management. The study demonstrates that demographic attributes and socio-economic factors play a little role in waste separation and recycling behaviour at household level. Meanwhile, environmental knowledge and attitudes contribute to the perceptions of people, their awareness, and participation to the community-based reycling project. Participation process was usually lacking in the project planing procedure and did not contribute enough time and resource to educate participants.
The mechanically sorted dry fraction (MSDF) and Fines (<20mm) arising from the mechanical biological treatment of residual municipal solid waste (RMSW) contains respectively about 11% w/w each of recyclable and recoverable materials. Processing a large sample of MSDF in an existing full-scale mechanical sorting facility equipped with near infrared and 2-3 dimensional selectors led to the extraction of about 6% w/w of recyclables with respect to the RMSW weight. Maximum selection efficiency was achieved for metals, about 98% w/w, whereas it was lower for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), about 2% w/w. After a simulated lab scale soil washing treatment it was possible to extract about 2% w/w of inert exploitable substances recoverable as construction materials, with respect to the amount of RMSW. The passing curve showed that inert materials were mainly sand with a particle size ranging from 0.063 to 2mm. Leaching tests showed quite low heavy metal concentrations with the exception of the particles retained by the 0.5mm sieve. A minimum pollutant concentration was in the leachate from the 10 and 20mm particle size fractions.
This article deals with the waste management of post-consumer plastics in Germany and its potential to save fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions. Since most of the experience available is for packaging the paper first gives an outline of the legislative background and the material flows for this sector. The recycling and recovery processes for plastics waste from all sectors are then assessed in terms of their potential contribution to energy saving and CO2 abatement. Practically all the options studied show better performance regarding these two aspects than waste treatment in an average incinerator (which has been chosen as the reference case). High ecological benefits can be achieved by mechanical recycling if virgin polymers are substituted. The cost effectiveness of reducing energy use and CO2 emissions is determined for a number of technologies. There is large scope to reduce the costs, with an estimated overall saving potential of 50% within one to two decades. The paper then presents scenario projections which are based on the assumption that the total plastics waste in Germany in 1995 is treated in processes which will be available by 2005; considerable savings can be made by moving away from the business-as-usual path to highly efficient waste incinerators (advanced waste-to-energy facilities). Under these conditions the distribution of plastics waste among mechanical recycling and feedstock recycling has a comparatively small impact on the overall results. The maximum savings amount to 74 PJ of energy, i.e. 9% of the chemical sector's energy demand in 1995 and 7.0 Mt CO2, representing 13% of the sector's emissions and 0.8% of Germany's total CO2 emissions. This shows that plastics waste management offers some scope for reducing environmental burdens. The assessment does not support a general recommendation of energy recovery, mainly due to the large difference between the German average and the best available waste-to-energy facilities.(1)
In Indonesia, municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming increasing complex due to variety of reasons like the increasing quantity of MSW, rising public awareness and municipal administration policies in different cities and surrounding regencies. After the landslide accident at Bandung city disposal site, most of related agencies are trying their level best to improve the situation. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyze the present system of MSW addressing variety of aspects such as quantity and composition of MSW being generated, operational management, legal system as well as financial aspect. The systematic assessment has revealed the problem like lack of legal framework, low coverage, improper waste storage, less encouragement for composting, and lack of proper disposal practices. Finally, an action plan is presenting suggestion for immediate and future addressing the issues like the operational management, institutional, financial aspect, public participation & environmental education.
Waste is a subjective notion. Some see waste as a risk to public health and the environment, some see it as a mere aesthetic inconvenience, and others see it as a source of income. In the informal recycling sector, there is no question that waste is perceived as a resource.In Bandung, Indonesia, at least one in every 1000 people works in the informal sector, which includes recycling activities by scavengers or waste pickers in the street, in temporary storage sites, and at dump sites. Scavenging is always associated with risk, unhygienic environments, criminal activities, homelessness, unemployment, poverty, and backwardness. These associations tend to perpetuate discrimination against the informal recycling and, in turn, lead to exclusionary policies regarding the informal recycling in solid waste management (SWM).This paper discusses the role of informal recycling in SWM in Bandung, Indonesia, by using the material flow method. This study estimates at least 303 metric tons of refuse are collected by the informal recycling out of a total of 2295 metric tons of garbage generated each day in the city. This study also uses a questionnaire to investigate how local municipal officers and politicians perceive the role of the informal recycling. This paper further shows that despite the positive aspects that the informal recycling brings to SWM in Bandung, there are also negative consequences. It highlights the dilemma faced by decision makers while trying to include the informal recycling in the SWM toward inclusive society. Improved efficiency in waste collection may lead to unemployment of scavengers and waste pickers who belong to the poor strata of society, whereas issues on inclusive society force municipalities to fight against social exclusion. The normative theory of social exclusion and the concept of capital forms were used to address the dilemmas faced by decision makers in this sector.
Study of waste bank effectivity as an approach in community-based waste management. Undergraduate thesis
- D Permanasari
Waste reduction by scavengers in Basirih landfill Banjarmasin South Kalimantan Indonesia
- R P Mahyudin
- S P Hadi
- RP Mahyudin
Impact inventory of polypropylene (PP) packaging mineral water cups in informal sector recycling activity in Bandung city
- F Nareta
Solid waste management of Jakarta, Indonesia: an environmental systems perspective
- D Trisyanti
The role of informal collectors of recyclable waste and used goods in Indonesia. In: Damanhuri E (ed) Post-consumer waste recycling and optimal production
- E Damanhuri
- T Padmi
The economics of waste. Resources for the future
- R C Porter
- RC Porter
The zero waste solution: untrashing the planet one community at a time
- P Connett
Informal-formal: creating opportunities for the informal waste recycling sector in Asia
- B Chaturvedi
The world’s scavengers: salvaging for sustainable consumption and production
- M Medina
Comparative assessment of five tested sorting technologies
- M Bigum
- L G Jakobsen
Current situation of waste recycling in Indonesia
- E Damanhuri
- T Padmi
Gemah Ripah’, community based waste bank in Badegan Village
- B Suwerda
Management of valuable dry waste with waste bank system at University of Andalas Padang
- Y Ruslinda
Plastics recycling-technology and business in Japan. In: Rebellon LFM (ed) Waste management-an integrated vision
- Y Kodera
Plastics recycling—technology and business in Japan
- Y Kodera
- LFM Rebellon
‘Gemah Ripah’, community based waste bank in Badegan Village, Bantul, D.I. Yogyakarta Province
- B Suwerda
- Yamtana
Integrated solid waste management
- E Damanhuri
- T Padmi
Waste management-an integrated vision