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ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЭФИРНЫХ МАСЕЛ В МЕДИЦИНЕ, АРОМАТЕРАПИИ, ВЕТЕРИНАРИИ И РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВЕ (ОБЗОР)
Abstract
The article gives an overview of the research of essential oils (basically essential oils of the family Lamiaceae) and the possibilities of their use in medicine, aromatherapy, veterinary and plant growing. The components of essential oils with a high antimicrobial, antibacterial effect are determined: thymol, carvacrol (most active components of oils), eugenol, linalool, geraniol, menthol, neral, geranial, citronellal, thujone, fenchone, carvone, pinocampone, camphor, menton, anethole, estragol. These phenolic compounds are contained in significant quantities in the essential oils of such representatives of the family Lamiaceae, as oregano, summer savory, winter savory or mountain savory, wild bergamot or bee balm, common thyme or garden thyme. The mechanism of action of essential oils and their components on microorganisms is not fully
understood. It is assumed that they reduce the permeability of cytoplasmic membranes of microorganisms, reducing activity of their aerobic respiration, counteract their survival, preventing them from adapting to an aggressive agent. The problem of replacing chemical antibiotics with phytobiotics, to which essential oils and their individual components are assigned, is becoming more and more urgent. Studies had shown that components of essential oils have some antioxidant, antimycotic, geroprotective, antiviral, and antituberculous properties. The above, far from complete, review of research on essential oils indicates a high demand for them in various areas of human activity. It is obvious that the properties of essential oils as well as their physiological aspect have not yet been fully studied, and the range of their use in various spheres of human activity can be substantially expanded.
Keywords: essential oil, phytobiotics, antimicrobial, antibacterial activity.
... После холодового стресса индукцию морфогенеза наблюдали только у линий, отобранных из морфогенных каллусов. При этом у выделенных устойчивых линий частота морфогенеза снижалась в 3-5 раз, а развитие почек и побегов было заторможено по сравнению с контролем, что часто отмечали при клеточной селекции других видов растений [1,2]. Из отобранных устойчивых к низкой температуре каллусных линий лаванды получены растения-регенеранты, которые будут в дальнейшем изучены в полевых условиях. ...
... Из-за богатого насыщения биологически активными компонентами, используют как само растение, так и эфирное масло. Эфирное масло лаванды узколистной (основные компоненты -линалилацетат и линалоол) обладает противовоспалительным, антифунгальным, седативным, антиконвульсивным, обезболивающим, антисептическим, антиоксидантным действием [1]. ...
... DOI 10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-91 УДК 633.63:581.143. 6 Землянухина Ольга Александровна 1 , Васильченко Елена Николаевна 2 Сравнительное изучение физиолго-биохимических свойств гаплоидных линий Beta vulgaris L. 1 ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный университет имени императора Петра I» 2 ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сахарной свеклы и сахара имени А. Л. Мазлумова» e-mail: oz54@mail.ru В настоящее время создание новых гибридов сахарной свеклы является одним из основных направлений селекции. ...
The method of DNA extraction from lavender plants has some difficulties. Moreover, molecular genetic studies often use not only fresh materials but also microplants from an in vitro culture or frozen material. For all these types of samples, the DNA isolation technique was developed, which is based on the CTAB buffer, but without the use of liquid nitrogen, mercaptoethanol and sodium acetate, which, in turn, simplifies and reduces the cost of the method.
... Essential oil is used for the fragrance of soap, the production of toilet water. Up to 28% of fatty oil was found in the seeds [6,12]. ...
Common origanum is one of the most famous spices, it is popular all over the world. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the yield of raw plant materials and the content of essential oils in common origanum plants. Field research was carried out in 2019-2020 at the experimental field of the Northern Trans Urals Research Institute - a branch of the Tyumen Research Center SB RAS (Moskovsky settlement of the Tyumen district). The soil of the experimental site belongs to the subtype of dark gray forest, heavy loamy according to the granulometric composition. From the studied 350 common origanum samples, 16 samples were isolated. All samples were evaluated according to the following criteria: the yield of raw plant materials and the amount of essential oil. The Khutoryanka variety is accepted as the standard. For two years of research, three samples were distinguished from the studied samples of common origanum in terms of the yield of raw plant materials compared to the standard: 12-2-2; 13-2-1; 15-2-1, the yield of these numbers was from 3.6 to 3.9 t/ha, this is (13.3, 10.0, 6.6 %) higher than the standard. From the studied samples of common origanum, two samples were distinguished by the content of essential oils in dry plant materials - 14-2-3 and 21-1-1. The harvest per hectare of these samples was, respectively, 750 and 928 ml in 2019, and in 2020, 1026 and 1120 ml/ha.
... Поиск, характеристика и применение природных антиоксидантов остаются в центре внимания многочисленных исследовательских групп по всему миру. Природные антиоксиданты являются сегодня одной из самых популярных тем в области продовольствия и сельского хозяйства [39,40]. По одной из теорий полагают, что антиоксидантные свойства растений выработаны в ходе эволюции -на основе фотосинтетической деятельности. ...
The article reviews the role of antioxidants and their use as additives in feed for various types of farm animals and poultry. Incoming antioxidants activate protection. This protection is based on preventing the leakage of free electrons in mitochondria by cleaning intermediate radicals with vitamins, glutathiones, uric acid, bilirubin, ubiquinone, etc. Damaged molecules are restored and removed and the synthesis of new molecules is activated. Feed additives of natural origin are characterized by a high content of antioxidants. The use of these additives can improve the efficiency of animal and poultry farming. Facts about the presence of natural antioxidants in plants are outlined in the review. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids forming the basis of natural antioxidants play a vital role in preventing diseases associated with both oxidative stress, which produces free radicals, and as inhibitors of pathogenic microflora. Organoleptic changes affecting the period of storing occur during the oxidation of livestock products during storage. The presence of antioxidants limits the degree of oxidation of livestock products. Synthetic antioxidants are forbidden in many countries although they are effective in inhibiting oxidation in food. A natural alternative to traditional synthetic antioxidants for the purpose of using them as preservatives for livestock products is becoming more preferable, since until now the harm for the consumer from the action of natural antioxidants in comparison with synthetic ones has not been proved: natural antioxidants effectively slow down lipid oxidation.
The constant growth of antibiotic resistance of bacteria creates the need for the development of antimicrobial drugs from extracts of medicinal plants. For the first time, the article presents the results of antimicrobial activity of extracts of Melissa officinallis L. (drug melissa) obtained by various methods, including ultrasonic extraction. The antimicrobial activity of the samples was studied in relation to strains of gram-positive bacteria Staphylocococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram-negative strains Escherichia coli and yeast fungus Candida albicans. It was found that samples of aqueous extracts of drug melissa obtained by infusion and extraction by ultrasound have a pronounced antimicrobial effect on Staphylococus aureus, ultrasonic extracts of 30 % — and 90 % — alcohol extracts and water extract are active on Staphylocococus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and all samples showed weak activity The obtained data can be used for development of new phytopreparations with expressed antimicrobial activity.
Recently, special concern has been shown to common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), essential oil of which has a valuable ingredients and is of interest for different uses. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of polyfunctional microbial preparations on the enzymatic activity of T. vulgaris, which is grown under conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. In field experiments on southern Chernozem, we studied the influence of “Biopolycid” and “Cyanobacterium consortium” preparations on the activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in leaves of T. vulgaris. The microbial preparations were spread onto the top layer of the soil once at the stem-extension stage. In this case, their use promoted efficient plant-microbial interaction, i.e. induction of antioxidant enzyme activity, increasing stress resistance of plants. Thus, in the foothills of the Crimea, according to the results of the first year of research, it was proved that top-soil dressing with polyfunctional microbial preparations “Biopolycid” and “Cyanobacterium consortium” increased the enzymatic activity of T. vulgaris plants
The aim of the work was to study the isoenzyme spectra of several lines of haploid regenerants of sugar beet in comparison with the parent forms in order to identify the most interesting ones for further selection. The donor material was the MS-form (malesterile form), haploid lines derived from it, as well as the fertile donor and its haploid lines.It was shown that the spectra of two enzymes − isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme are polymorphic, and the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is monomorphic and cannot be used in further selection.
Studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the use of various doses of pharmaceutical substances based on the extract of a medicinal plant thyme on the quality indicators of broiler meat. The work was done in a broiler farm. Formed control and 5 experimental groups of day-old broiler chickens with 37 heads in each group. Chickens of the control group were fed the basic ration, broilers of the experimental groups additionally received a pharmaceutical substance obtained from the medicinal plant thyme in various doses: the 1–2 mg / kg, 2–4, the 3–6, 4–8, 5–10 mg / kg body weight daily. At the end of poultry rearing, the slaughter qualities of carcasses, the development of internal organs and the chemical composition of the pectoral muscle are determined. At the end of the study, the positive effect of thyme extract on the indicators of anatomical cutting of broiler chickens was established. In the 3th, 4th and 5th experimental groups, significant differences were found compared with the control group. Thyme extract did not have a negative impact on the development of the internal organs of broiler chickens. There are no significant differences in chemical composition and the amount of essential amino acids in the pectoral muscles of broilers.
The aim of the research was to detect the dependence of content and component composition of Melissa officinalis L.
essential oil from climatic peculiarities of the region of cultivation and to specify the optimum conditions for growing highquality raw materials. We presented the results of the comparative assessment of essential oil component composition (three main
elements) obtained from air-dried raw materials of two cultivars Krymchanka and Lada. These Melissa officinalis L. cultivars
were grown in three regions that sharply differed in weather conditions. To make the comparison accurate, we determined the
component composition of essential oil in the Laboratory of Biochemistry at FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”
using gas chromatograph Kristall 5000.2. The most favorable climatic conditions for essential oil accumulation were in the Foothill zone of the Crimea (moderate rainfalls combined with high air temperatures). Cultivar Krymchanka exceeded cultivar Lada by the amount of essential oil in raw materials. Excess sometimes reached 170%. Dependence of the main components such as citral, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D from the ratio of temperature and precipitation was revealed. After obtaining research results, we could suggest that by controlling the conditions of cultivation of M. officinalis, it is possible to adjust the ratio of the components of essential oil.
The paper highlights the research conducted in order to assess the effect of different doses of thyme extract on the productive properties and livability of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted at a broiler poultry farm with a closed production cycle; the experiment assumed the control group and 5 experimental groups where each group contained 37 broilers at floor housing. The broilers of the 1st experimental group were fed with the extract of medicinal plant thyme dosed 2 mg/kg; broilers of the 2nd group received thyme extract dosed 4 mg/kg; 3rd group of broilers – 6 mg/kg, 4th group -8 mg/kg, and the dosage of the thyme extract was 10 mg/kg for broilers in the 5th experimental group. The authors controlled the live weight of broilers in each group by means of individual weighing every 7 days. Using this data the researchers calculated average daily body weight gain, absolute and relative gain; feed consumption was daily calculated. Feed consumption became the basis for calculating feed costs per a kilo of live weight gain. The authors recorded the number of daily fallen chickens. The data on poultry loss was the basis for calculating poultry livability. In order to assess production efficiency, the European productivity index was calculated. The research results indicate the efficiency of thyme extract application in different doses when feeding the broiler. Application of thyme extract in feeding meat poultry allowed to increase productive properties of broilers from experimental groups from 2.3 to 4.7%, reduce feed costs per a kilo by 1.1-8.1%, increase poultry livability on 2.7-8.1% and increase the European productivity index in the experimental groups on 0.2 21.3%.
Цельисследований- создание системы селекции и промышленного семеноводства иссопа лекарственного в условиях Белгородской области Центрально-Черноземного региона. Опыты по изучению семенной продуктивности иссопа проводили в 2015-2017 гг. на двух участках с различными почвенными разностями: 1 - чернозем остаточно-карбонатный среднеэродированный на элювии мела; 2 -чернозем выщелоченный слабоэродированный на лессовидном суглинке. Использование метода индивидуально-семейного отбора позволило на основе местного генетического материала получить новый сорт иссопа лекарственного Волоконовский, а также ряд сортообразцов, имеющих ряд морфологических отличий от стандарта - сорта Лекарь. Сорт Волоконовский и перспективные новые сортообразцы ПОИ-28 и ПОИ-36 достоверно превысили стандарт по урожайности зеленной массы в среднем за 2014-2016 гг. на 29,6-44,4 %, по урожайности семян - на 22,5-27,7 %. Новые селекционные номера ПОИ-28 и ПОИ-36 планируется передать в Госсортоиспытание. Урожайность семян сорта Волоконовский при промышленном семеноводстве составила от 91 до 360 кг/га в зависимости от условий и способов возделывания. Установлена сильная положительная корреляция между посещаемостью посевов пчелами и семенной продуктивностью (r = 0,893 ± 0,103), а также между рНKCl и урожаем семян (r = 0,820 ± 0,092).Оценка опытных данных методом дисперсионного анализа позволила установить, что при формировании результативного показателя «урожай семян» доля влияния фактора А (почвенная разность) в общей дисперсии составила 42,6 %, фактора В (подкашивание) - 34,6 %. Доля влияния погодных условий на формирование урожая семян была незначительной - в пределах 16,2 %, случайных ошибок - минимальной - 6,6 %. Иссоп лекарственный способен обеспечивать стабильную семенную продуктивность на различных почвенных разностях с различной степенью плодородия, что делает Центрально-Черноземный регион перспективным для его промышленного семеноводства.
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