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Hongusto, innovación social en torno a los hongos silvestres y cultivados en Aysén
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El proyecto Hongusto es un proyecto de innovación social en torno a los hongos comestibles en Aysén que comenzó, como iniciativa académica, en 2016 a cargo de la Dra. Laura Sánchez-Jardón. Como tal, busca desarrollar una actividad productiva que conduzca a un y beneficio social y económico a la vez. Estos sorprendentes organismos, debido a su particular estructura, tan diferente a la de las plantas y animales, y por la variedad de formas de vida que presentan, constituyen una fuente de contenidos didácticos para la enseñanza de la Biología. Su biodiversidad es increíblemente alta, pero además bastante desconocida, ¡no solo en esta Región sino en el mundo! La investigación científica tiene una gran tarea por delante en la Patagonia Aysenina, no solo para la ciencia. Entendemos que es imperativo el diseño de planes de estudios en todas las edades, adaptados a la biodiversidad regional: ¡los jóvenes deben tener acceso a este conocimiento!
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... Among EEMF, Ramaria spp. named "changle" or "chandi" in Southern Chile and Argentina (Coña apud Moesbach 1930;Sanchez-Jardón et al. 2017) are most commonly offered at local markets during the season. Species, often sold in mixed collections, have been named as R. flava (Schaeff.) ...
Soil is one of the main reservoirs of biodiversity on earth due to its physical, chemical, and microclimatic heterogeneity; in particular, it harbors a great diversity of microbial communities. Changes in land uses for crop production, mainly those that involve intense agricultural management, threaten soil diversity, compromising global ecosystem functioning and services. In this chapter, we give an up-to-date overview of the effect of two no-till agricultural practices (crop rotation (CR) versus soybean monocropping (MC)) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities by gathering our data of five geographical locations of East-Central Argentina. The diversity was described considering AMF classification and functioning based on the morphological traits and ontogeny of spores. In addition, we analyzed our data considering three taxonomic categories: morphospecies, families, and orders. Fifty-nine AMF morphospecies were identified throughout the five geographical locations, and CR soils showed the highest AMF richness and spore density and the lowest evenness. Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus sp.4 morphospecies and Glomerales were significant indicators for CR. For MC, Acaulosporaceae and Diversisporales were significant indicators. Soil variables influenced the relative abundance of AMF depending on the family and order. Percentage of organic carbon and nitrogen was positively associated with CR and negatively with MC. Overall, no-till agricultural practices showed differences in their soil AMF communities and chemical properties, and management systems that include practices based on CR promote greater richness of AMF morphospecies.KeywordsGlomeromycotina Agroecosystems Taxonomic groups Morphospecies Land uses
... Among EEMF, Ramaria spp. named "changle" or "chandi" in Southern Chile and Argentina (Coña apud Moesbach 1930;Sanchez-Jardón et al. 2017) are most commonly offered at local markets during the season. Species, often sold in mixed collections, have been named as R. flava (Schaeff.) ...
Edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom-forming fungi (EEMF) are heterogeneously distributed in South America, with major occurrence of native and introduced species in temperate forest areas. This chapter focuses on EEMF from the Andean-Patagonian region, as well in natural ecosystems as in timber monocultures, including also recent progress in truffle culture. We gathered information about species diversity, cultural and economic importance, nutritional value, experience with cultivation, sustainable management, and conservation.
... Among EEMF, Ramaria spp. named "changle" or "chandi" in Southern Chile and Argentina (Coña apud Moesbach 1930;Sanchez-Jardón et al. 2017) are most commonly offered at local markets during the season. Species, often sold in mixed collections, have been named as R. flava (Schaeff.) ...
Dipterocarpaceae is an important family of trees in Paleotropics that form ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis. In 1995, a Neotropical species, Pseudomonotes tropenbosii, was found in the Amazonian region in Colombia. Due to the EcM association of multiple species of dipterocarp trees in Asia and Africa, we hypothesized that P. tropenbosii might have EcM symbionts as well. In this study, 90 species of EcM fungi of P. tropenbosii were documented from aboveground/sporocarps (79 spp.) and belowground/root-tip samples (2 spp.). The EcM fungal community was dominated by the genera Clavulina (13 species), Russula (9 species), and Craterellus, Coltricia, and Cortinarius (6 species each). Differences in the diversity and richness of species across sites were found, independent of the abundance of P. tropenbosii and the proximity of the sites, suggesting that environmental differences among sites are important in structuring the EcM fungal communities. About half of the ECM fungal species of P. tropenbosii coexisted with species of Fabaceae and Pakaraimae dipterocarpacea (Cistaceae) occurring in geographically remote neotropical lowland rainforests. Noteworthy is the diversity of Clavulina found that is represented by 12 species of which 9 were described from Fabaceae-dominant forests in Guyana, unraveling a broad host diversity and widespread distribution of these EcM fungi. The EcM status of P. tropenbosii suggests that a Gondwana ancestor of the Dipterocarpaceae already presented the mutualistic relationship with EcM fungal taxa; however boreotropical migration or transatlantic dispersal has been also proposed, but this remains debated. More research is needed to fully understand the distribution patterns of EcM fungi in this tropical region and their role in nutrient cycling, including carbon sequestration, and its importance for plant distribution.
... En cambio, los nuevos habitantes rurales realizan la actividad de recolección para autoconsumo o recreación, no tan orientada al beneficio económico. En cualquier caso, actividades productivas asociadas a los hongos comestibles (recolección, procesamiento) tiene alta connotación familiar, por lo cual se cree puede tener, a medio y largo plazo, una fuerte implicación cultural (Sánchez et al, 2017). ...
Esta investigación busca reconocer el oficio de recolección de hongos silvestres comestibles (HSC) en localidades de Aysén. Se determinó personas, lugares, características de la recolección, formas de consumo y caracterización de la cadena de producción.
Chile es un importante exportador de HSC y en Aysén hay un número significativo de recolectores. Además, la práctica de recolección está ligada a dinámicas familiares, constituyendo un oficio que se hereda.
El diseño metodológico es cualitativo, basado en el método etnobotánico. Involucró la aplicación de entrevistas en profundidad a 17 recolectores en distintos territorios rurales.
Se encontró que este oficio constituye una actividad permanente realizada desde grupos familiares, hasta con tres generaciones partícipes, destacando que un 76% son mujeres y constituyen el eslabón de partida.
Parte de la recolección es para consumo familiar y otra parte es para comercialización mediante un intermediario que continúa la cadena para exportar, siendo el intercambio económico de carácter informal, asociándose a una precariedad laboral que compromete las prácticas culturales de las poblaciones rurales y la sostenibilidad del oficio.
Synchronous losses of biological, linguistic, and cultural diversity are contributing to processes of biocultural homogenization , a persistent downgrading in how people perceive biodiversity, environmental, and cultural conditions, and what they consider as normal. Some have linked biocultural homogenization with neoliberal practices that emphasize standardization and efficiencies in order to enhance capital accumulation. In Chile, which is highly centralized, urban, and centered around neoliberal development, biocultural homogenization is especially concerning, as it may lower support for conservation. Thus, when thinking about conservation-based development in Patagonia, locally driven initiatives that foster biocultural reawakening, democratize science, and catalyze sustainable development, might help address biocultural homogenization and build conservation support. This mixed-methods, intrinsic case study explored three initiatives underway in the Aysén and Magallanes regions of Chile that address some of these outcomes: (1) Subantarctic Natural Laboratories; (2) 3-Hs Biocultural Ethic and FEP Cycle Approach; and (3) Scientific Tourism Collaborative Learning Networks. We sought to better understand their methods and implementations and explore how their integration might strengthen conservation-based development in Patagonia, through ethical travel experiences rooted in the bioculture of local communities. Results suggest promise for a combined approach; thus, additional research and consideration are merited.
Arqueología histórica en Rey Don Felipe (Puerto del Hambre).
Rey Don Felipe fue la ciudad más austral de todo el orbe en el siglo XVI, proyectada por la Corona española a fines de 1580 con el objetivo de controlar el estrecho de Magallanes. Felipe II, rey de España en aquel entonces, libraba una guerra con los Países Bajos e Inglaterra, dos potencias navales que acechaban continuamente sus colonias. El estrecho estaba en la mira de ambas.
Libro completo:
https://banco.santander.cl/nuestro-banco/santander-y-la-cultura/coleccion/archivos/estrecho-de-magallanes
Este manual pretende ser una guía para todos aquellos que estén interesados en la Micología, entregándoles información básica para adentrarse en el mundo de los hongos. En este texto, se dan a conocer las generalidades y clasificación del Reino Fungi, además se muestran fotografías de algunos hongos presentes en Chile.
Guía de campo que entrega información e imágenes que pueden ser de utilidad para aquellos colectores y aficionados, para apoyar el reconocimiento preliminar de las callampas prsentes dentro de los bosques anttivos y exóticos de Chile
Hongos de Chile: Atlas Micológico en su segunda edición, presenta descripciones e ilustraciones a color de 263 carpóforos (ascomicetes y basidiomicetes) recolectados en Chile durante varios años por el autor. Su primera edición se publicó el año 2001 y se agotó muy pronto, esto porque hasta entonces no existía ningún otro libro con descripciones y fotografías a color de hongos chilenos, siendo éste el primer libro sobre los hongos de Chile.
Se determinó después de dos años, el efecto de un incendio natural sobre la población viable y grupos funcionales de hongos del suelo presentes en un bosque de Araucaria asociado a Nothofagus, localizado en elParque Nacional Tolhuaca. Las poblaciones fúngicas viables fueron aisladas desde el suelo de tres parcelas (PC, P1 y P2) y de dos profundidades (0-20 y 20-40 cm) por el método de las diluciones seriadas y sembrados en agar extracto de malta. La estimación de las poblaciones de los grupos funcionales amonificantes, ureolíticos, amilolíticos y celulolíticos se hizo por el método del número más probable. Se compararon los recuentos y las poblaciones de los grupos funcionales entre las parcelas a través de análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Estadísticamente, no se determinaron diferencias significativas porefecto del fuego sobre los recuentos de las poblaciones fúngicas viables y los grupos funcionales fúngicos presentes. Ambos grupos, no difieren entre áreas quemadas y no quemadas en bosques de Araucaria-Nothofagus. Por lo cual, estos hongos no serían adecuados bioindicadores de la recuperación de este ecosistema.
Diets have been believed to be an important factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and colorectal cancer (CRC). In recent years, many studies have shown an intimate relationship between mucosal immunity, metabolism and diets, which has led to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and CRC development. Although the precise effects of diets on oncogenesis have not been compl-etely elucidated, microbiota changes and inflammation are believed to be important factors that influence the development of CRC. Moreover, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alteration of adipokine levels have been observed in patients with colorectal adenoma and/or CRC, and these all have been considered as the important mechanisms that link diets to the development of metabolic syndrome and CRC. Importantly, a high-fat, low-fiber diet is associated with dysbiosis, and as the gut signature becomes more important in metabolic syndrome and CRC, an increased understanding of diets on bacterial activity in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and CRC will lead to new preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Wild edible mushrooms (WEM) have high economic and culi-nary value, due to their nutritional and medical properties. They are regarded as functional foods, as well as of the nutritional properties that they have, it has been shown to have beneficial health effects and may be used in the prevention or treatment of diseases. It's therapeutic action is attributed to the bioactive compounds that they have in their fruiting bodies. Although, globally, it has only been studied for 6% of the fungal diversity There is a wide range of WEM which can be consumed safely and that can be exploited for the development food products, therefore it is necessary to promote future researches with WEM to reveal more Information about their health benefits, because currently available information is still scanty. In this paper the importance of studying the WEM were described, the physical and chemical characteristics and the bioactive compounds of the mostpopular genus of mushroom in the food area were also described in order to know their nutritional and therapeutic benefits, eliminate false beliefs around them and encourage consumption.
En este libro de 200 páginas, se encuentran descritas 80 especies de hongos presentes en praderas, potreros, bosques y calles de Chile. Además de deslumbrantes fotografías de sus cuerpos fructíferos tomados por Carolina Magnasco, cada especie se describe en detalle. Junto a su clasificación taxonómica, cada hongo es acompañada de una novedosa simbología para ubicar y conocer más de sus características.
En su interior se encuentra un prólogo del Dr. Rodolfo Gajardo M. (Q.E.P.D.), una entretenida introducción, un glosario de términos utilizados, descripciones ilustradas de la nomenclatura, instrucciones para recolectar cuerpos fructíferos en terreno, así como instrucciones para tomar una esporada. También posee una regla para asistir en la medición de los ejemplares encontrados.
Obesity is reaching global epidemic proportions as a result of factors such as high-calorie diets and lack of physical exercise. Obesity is now considered to be a medical condition, which not only contributes to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but also negatively affects longevity and quality of life. To combat this epidemic, anti-obesogenic approaches are required that are safe, widely available and inexpensive. Several plants and mushrooms that are consumed in traditional Chinese medicine or as nutraceuticals contain antioxidants, fibre and other phytochemicals, and have anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects through the modulation of diverse cellular and physiological pathways. These effects include appetite reduction, modulation of lipid absorption and metabolism, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, thermogenesis and changes in the gut microbiota. In this Review, we describe the molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of these plants and mushrooms, and propose that combining these food items with existing anti-obesogenic approaches might help to reduce obesity and its complications.
Mushrooms are popular folk medicines that have attracted considerable attention because of their efficient antitumor activities. This review covers existing research achievements on the mechanisms of isolated mushroom polysaccharides, particularly (1→3)-β-D-glucans. Our review also describes the function in modulating the immune system and potential tumor-inhibitory effects of polysaccharides. The antitumor mechanisms of mushroom polysaccharides are mediated by stimulated T cells or other immune cells. These polysaccharides are able to trigger various cellular responses, such as the expression of cytokines and nitric oxide. Most whose polysaccharides could bind other conjugate molecules like polypeptides and proteins, which conjugation always possess strong antitumor activities. The purpose of this review is to summarize available information, and to reflect the present situation of polysaccharide research filed with a view for future direction.
A revised six-kingdom system of life is presented, down to the level of infraphylum. As in my 1983 system Bacteria are treated as a single kingdom, and eukaryotes are divided into only five kingdoms: Protozoa, Animalia, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista. Intermediate high level categories (superkingdom, subkingdom, branch, infrakingdom, superphylum, subphylum and infraphylum) are extensively used to avoid splitting organisms into an excessive number of kingdoms and phyla (60 only being recognized). The two 'zoological' kingdoms, Protozoa and Animalia, are subject to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the kingdom Bacteria to the International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature, and the three 'botanical' kingdoms (Plantae, Fungi, Chromista) to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Circumscriptions of the kingdoms Bacteria and Plantae remain unchanged since Cavalier-Smith (1981). The kingdom Fungi is expanded by adding Microsporidia, because of protein sequence evidence that these amitochondrial intracellular parasites are related to conventional Fungi, not Protozoa. Fungi are subdivided into four phyla and 20 classes; fungal classification at the rank of subclass and above is comprehensively revised. The kingdoms Protozoa and Animalia are modified in the light of molecular phylogenetic evidence that Myxozoa are actually Animalia, not Protozoa, and that mesozoans are related to bilaterian animals. Animalia are divided into four subkingdoms: Radiata (phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora), Myxozoa, Mesozoa and Bilateria (bilateral animals: all other phyla). Several new higher level groupings are made in the animal kingdom including three new phyla: Acanthognatha (rotifers, acanthocephalans, gastrotrichs, gnathostomulids), Brachiozoa (brachiopods and phoronids) and Lobopoda (onychophorans and tardigrades), so only 23 animal phyla are recognized. Archezoa, here restricted to the phyla Metamonada and Trichozoa, are treated as a subkingdom within Protozoa, as in my 1983 six-kingdom system, not as a separate kingdom. The recently revised phylum Rhizopoda is modified further by adding more flagellates and removing some 'rhizopods' and is therefore renamed Cercozoa. The number of protozoan phyla is reduced by grouping Mycetozoa and Archamoebae (both now infraphyla) as a new subphylum Conosa within the phylum Amoebozoa alongside the subphylum Lobosa, which now includes both the traditional aerobic lobosean amoebae and Multicilia. Haplosporidia and the (formerly microsporidian) metchnikovellids are now both placed within the phylum Sporozoa. These changes make a total of only 13 currently recognized protozoan phyla, which are grouped into two subkingdoms: Archezoa and Neozoa; the latter is modified in circumscription by adding the Discicristata, a new infrakingdom comprising the phyla Percolozoa and Euglenozoa). These changes are discussed in relation to the principles of megasystematics, here defined as systematics that concentrates on the higher levels of classes, phyla, and kingdoms. These principles also make it desirable to rank Archaebacteria as an infrakingdom of the kingdom Bacteria, not as a separate kingdom. Archaebacteria are grouped with the infrakingdom Posibacteria to form a new subkingdom, Unibacteria, comprising all bacteria bounded by a single membrane. The bacterial subkingdom Negibacteria, with separate cytoplasmic and outer membranes, is subdivided into two infrakingdoms: Lipobacteria, which lack lipopolysaccharide and have only phospholipids in the outer membrane, and Glycobacteria, with lipopolysaccharides in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane and phospholipids in its inner leaflet. This primary grouping of the 10 bacterial phyla into subkingdoms is based on the number of cell-envelope membranes, whilst their subdivision into infrakingdoms emphasises their membrane chemistry; definition of the negibacterial phyla, five at least partly photosynthetic, relies chiefly on photosynthetic mechanism and cell-envelope structure and chemistry corroborated by ribosomal RNA phylogeny. The kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista are slightly changed in circumscription by transferring subphylum Opalinata (classes Opalinea, Proteromonadea, Blastocystea cl. nov.) from Protozoa into infrakingdom Heterokonta of the kingdom Chromista. Opalinata are grouped with the subphylum Pseudofungi and the zooflagellate Developayella elegans (in a new subphylum Bigyromonada) to form a new botanical phylum (Bigyra) of heterotrophs with a double ciliary transitional helix, making it necessary to abandon the phylum name Opalozoa, which formerly included Opalinata. The loss of ciliary retronemes in Opalinata is attributed to their evolution of gut commensalism. The nature of the ancestral chromist is discussed in the light of recent phylogenetic evidence.
Russula pectinatoides (Basidiomycota, Russulaceae), considered a holarctic species, is reported for the first time from Chile. It adds to the list of adventitious Russula and Lactarius species which form mycorrhizal associations with introduced ornamental and forest trees. A detailed description and an updated key for allochtonous agaricoid Russulaceae in Chile are provided.