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Therapeutic importance of Hyoscyamus species grown in Iraq (Hyoscyamus albus, Hyoscyamus niger and Hyoscyamus reticulates)-A review
Abstract
Hyoscyamus is one of the most important and largest genera of the family Solanaceae comprising about 84 genera and more than 3000 species. All Hyoscyamus species are rich sources of tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The phytochemical analysis showed that Hyoscyamus species contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. They exerted many pharmacological effects included anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, insecticidal, antiasthmatic, antiallergic, antidiarrhoeal, antisecretory, Ca 2+ channel-blocking, hypotensive, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antihyperuricemic, Anti-Parkinsonian, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, in addition to anticholinergic effects of tropane alkaloids. The current review discussed the chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological effects of Hyoscyamus species grown in Iraq.
... English name: White henbane Local name: NA The plant is an annual, erect herb with pentamerous, sessile, and zygomorphic flowers; fruit is a capsule (Fig. 5). It contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids (hygrine, tropine, tropinone, pseudotropine, 3b-acetoxytropane, cuscohygrine, 3a-acetoxytropane, apoatropine, littorine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and 6ß-hydroxyhyoscyamine) (Al-Snafi, 2018;Yahia et al., 2018a). It possesses anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and antispasmodic properties (El Bazaoui et al., 2012;Benhouda et al., 2014;Benhouda et al., 2015). ...
Cancer with a mortality rate bordering on cardiac diseases is a multifaceted health issue that medical science is facing today. Despite various therapies available, its management is still a burning issue due to the side effects of most of the drugs used in its treatment. Plant products have always been favorable in health care management due to their effectiveness, ease of availability, and safety. The present review makes an effort to summarize the research advancements in the anti-cancer domain of Solanaceae family. Research carried out during the last ten years (2011À2020) has been briefed after reading about 320 articles published in different data sources like Google scholar, Wiley online library, Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, and Pub Med. Altogether 213 article data have been cited, and comprehensive information of 18 utmost potential anti-cancerous plants of the family has complied. About 63 anti-cancerous compounds have been isolated from these eighteen plants. A total of 32 plant-specific anti-cancerous compounds have been tabulated along with their chemical structure and study design. The mechanism of action of specific compounds that might provoke the researcher's watchfulness for further detailed studies is also proposed. This review will come up with the perception of the role of Solanaceae family in cancer research and point out the lacuna in the ongoing knowledge and will contribute to hereafter research.
... 17 Results of previous studies showed that 50-70% of polyunsaturated cis-linoleic acid (C18:2), 15-30% of monounsaturated oleic acid (C18:1) and 2-7% of saturated palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0) were found as major compounds in the seed oils of Hyoscyamus and Datura species. 8,9,11,15,18 65% of monounsaturated fatty acids were reported by Koria and Nithya 12 in the seed oil of D. stramonium grown in India. Contrary to other studies, polyunsaturated fatty acids (18%) were lower than monounsaturated fatty acids. ...
Objectives:
Datura stramonium L., D. stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr., Hyoscyamus reticulatus L., H. niger L., and Atropa caucasica Kreyer naturally found in Azerbaijan and their seeds possess 17-35% of oils. This study aims to evaluate and determine fatty acids of these plants special to Azerbaijan climate and geography. The presented study is the first to research into fatty acids of A. caucasica, which is an endemic species of Caucasus.
Materials and methods:
Fatty acid seed oils were derivatized to methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector, compared with a standard mixture of 37 fatty acid methyl esters.
Results:
Linoleic (55-79%), oleic (11-26%), palmitic (4-12%), and stearic (2-3%) acids compose 97% of total fatty acids. Other minor compounds, including two trans-fatty acids, were determined in the samples. Significantly high concentration of a medicinally important polyunsaturated fatty acid, e.g. linoleic acid, was observed in all samples.
Conclusion:
The results of this study showed that these oils are particularly valuable sources of linoleic and oleic acids, which have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases and are important compounds for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries in the manufacture of liposomes, nano- and microemulsions, soaps, etc.
... Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane or Khurasaniajwain, Solanaceae) is an annual, biennial or perennial herb distributed in Asia, Africa and Europe [73]. All plant parts comprise alkaloids which are toxic, viz. ...
Indian Himalayan region (IHR) supports a wide diversity of plants and most of them are known for their medicinal value. Humankind has been using medicinal plants since the inception of civilization. Various types of bioactive compounds are found in plants, which are directly and indirectly beneficial for plants as well as humans. These bioactive compounds are highly useful and being used as a strong source of medicines, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, fragrances, and flavoring agents. Apart from this, several plant species contain some toxic compounds that affect the health of many forms of life as well as cause their death. These plants are known as poisonous plants, because of their toxicity to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is necessary to know in what quantity they should be taken so that it does not have a negative impact on health. Recent studies on poisonous plants have raised awareness among people who are at risk of plant toxicity in different parts of the world. The main aim of this review article is to explore the current knowledge about the poisonous plants of the Indian Himalayas along with the importance of these poisonous plants to treat different ailments. The findings of the present review will be helpful to different pharmaceutical industries, the scientific community and researchers around the world.
... English name: White henbane Local name: NA The plant is an annual, erect herb with pentamerous, sessile, and zygomorphic flowers; fruit is a capsule (Fig. 5). It contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids (hygrine, tropine, tropinone, pseudotropine, 3b-acetoxytropane, cuscohygrine, 3a-acetoxytropane, apoatropine, littorine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and 6ß-hydroxyhyoscyamine) (Al-Snafi, 2018;Yahia et al., 2018a). It possesses anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and antispasmodic properties (El Bazaoui et al., 2012;Benhouda et al., 2014;Benhouda et al., 2015). ...
Cancer with a mortality rate bordering on cardiac diseases is a multifaceted health issue that medical science is facing today. Despite various therapies available, its management is still a burning issue due to the side effects of most of the drugs used in its treatment. Plant products have always been favorable in health care management due to their effectiveness, ease of availability, and safety. The present review makes an effort to summarize the research advancements in the anti-cancer domain of Solanaceae family. Research carried out
during the last ten years (2011�2020) has been briefed after reading about 320 articles published in different data sources like Google scholar, Wiley online library, Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, and Pub Med. Altogether 213 article data have been cited, and comprehensive information of 18 utmost potential anti-cancerous plants of the family has complied. About 63 anti-cancerous compounds have been isolated from these eighteen plants. A total of 32 plant-specific anti-cancerous compounds have been tabulated along with their chemical structure and study design. The mechanism of action of specific compounds that might provoke the researcher’s watchfulness for further detailed studies is also proposed. This review will come up with the perception of the role of Solanaceae family in cancer research and point out the lacuna in the ongoing knowledge and will contribute to hereafter research.
... Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane or Khurasaniajwain, Solanaceae) is an annual, biennial or perennial herb distributed in Asia, Africa and Europe [73]. All plant parts comprise alkaloids which are toxic, viz. ...
Indian Himalayan region (IHR) supports a wide diversity of plants and most of them are known for their medicinal value. Humankind has been using medicinal plants since the inception of civilization. Various types of bioactive compounds are found in plants, which are directly and indirectly beneficial for plants as well as humans. These bioactive compounds are highly useful and being used as a strong source of medicines, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, fragrances, and flavoring agents. Apart from this, several plant species contain some toxic compounds that affect the health of many forms of life as well as cause their death. These plants are known as poisonous plants, because of their toxicity to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is necessary to know in what quantity they should be taken so that it does not have a negative impact on health. Recent studies on poisonous plants have raised awareness among people who are at risk of plant toxicity in different parts of the world. The main aim of this review article is to explore the current knowledge about the poisonous plants of the Indian Himalayas along with the importance of these poisonous plants to treat different ailments. The findings of the present review will be helpful to different pharmaceutical industries, the scientific community and researchers around the world.
... In isolated rabbit aorta, Hn.Cr (0.01-1.0 mg/ml) relaxed the phenylephrine (PE, 1 microM) and K + (80 mM)-induced contractions and suppressed PE (1 microM) control peaks obtained in Ca 2+ -free medium similar to that caused by verapamil. The vasodilator effect of Hn.Cr was endothelium-independent as it was not opposed by N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in endothelium-intact rat aortic preparations and also occurred at a similar concentration in endothelium-denuded tissues (116)(117) . ...
Plants are a valuable source of a wide range of secondary metabolites, which are used as pharmaceuticals preparations. The previous studied showed that many medicinal plants possessed hypotensive effects and affected vascular activity either by direct effect on vascular smooth muscles or indirectly by affecting endothelium vasoactive substances. The current review was designed to highlight the medicinal plants with hypotensive and vascular effects as promising future therapies because of efficacy and safety.
... The oral administration of crude powder of Hyoscyamus nigerwater suspension against isoproterenol for 30 days, protected rats from the cardiac damage induced by lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant enzymes. It protected from cardiac necrosis as evidenced by the inhibitory activity of CK-Mb and TGL (107)(108) . ...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) kill 17.9 million people per year, by 2030, it is predicted that more than 22.2 million people will die annually from CVDs. Many medicinal plants possessed cardiac and anti-arrhythmic effects. The current study was designed to highlight the medicinal plants which possess beneficial effect in heart failure, protect heart from the toxicity of wide range of chemicals, and exert anti-arrhythmic activities.
Human populations in various regions across the world exploit the medicinal properties of plants to treat a wide variety of diseases. Areas with both high rates of endemic taxa and persisting traditional uses of the local botanical resources are key sites for the investigation of Traditional Botanical Knowledge (TBK). Commonly, in these areas, information regarding the medicinal properties of native plants has been transmitted orally from generation to generation, however, a rapid decline in this knowledge has been observed, which can be attributed to socio-economic changes in recent years. The Mediterranean basin is one such site, where human history is intimately entwined with nature. The unique geographical situation and unrivaled environmental heterogeneity of the area, have allowed both the development of diverse civilizations as well as providing the basis for the evolution of extraordinary biodiversity. The Mediterranean basin can therefore be considered a global hotspot of endemic vascular plants, and of traditional knowledge of medicinal and aromatic species. This study researches the historical subregion of Marmilla (central-southern Sardinia, Italy), which was chosen because of its specific cultural and demographic characteristics: i.e., prolonged isolation and extreme longevity of the inhabitants of the area. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 145 people from the region, and 137 medicinal plants belonging to 62 families were identified, of which around 57,3% were taxa exclusive to the Mediterranean Basin. Findings showed that the most used parts of the plant were the leaves (49%), while as far as preparations are concerned, decoction (50%) was the most used to prepare medicinal formulations, making this the highest number of medico-botanical taxa reported in a study carried out in Sardinia using a similar methodology. In addition, this study contributes towards preventing the loss of TBK by documenting the medicinal traditions, passed down orally for centuries, in the words of the participants, shedding new light on the traditional knowledge of the inhabitants of the island. The findings lay the foundations for future applied studies in the fields of phytotherapy and phytochemical investigation.
Hyoscyamus muticus L. is a traditional medicine used as antispasmodic and sedative. Herein, we aimed to determine the phytochemical constituents and for the first time its anti-cancer activities. The phytochemical constituents of the different extracts were evaluated by calorimetric methods. The anti-cancer activities of the extracts were tested against leukemia, breast, renal, and prostate cancers cell lines. 4, 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, flow cytometric analysis, knockdown of ASK1, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated to clarify the mechanism of action. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of wide range of phytoconstituents. Hyoscyamus muticus methanolic extracts (HMME) showed the highest anti-cancer activities against leukemia, breast, renal, and prostate cancers as compared to ethanol and aqueous extracts. Specifically, HMME exerted cytotoxic effect against the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines with IC50 values of 8.75 and 7.25 μg/mL, respectively. Mechanistically, DAPI staining and flow cytometric analysis revealed that HMME induces apoptosis via the death receptor, FAS, but not the mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, ASK1 and p38 were rapidly activated in response to HMME, and knockdown of ASK1 by a small interference of RNA specific to Ask1 attenuated p38 and caspase-3 activation and suppressed apoptosis, implying that HMME-induced apoptosis relies on the ASK1-p38-caspase-3 pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that cellular ROS generation was a critical mediator in HMME-induced apoptosis because the ROS-scavenger N-acetyl cysteine significantly decreased the phosphorylation of ASK1 and HMME-induced apoptosis. Our results confirmed HMME cytotoxic effects in TNBCs via ROS-dependent activation of the Fas/FasL-ASK1-p38 axis.
Objective
Oman is a diverse habitat for various rare medicinal plants. Hyoscyamus gallagheri (H. gallagheri), locally known as Zgaf, is one of those rare plants. It is traditionally used for different ailments. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, antiulcer and antidiabetic potential of the leaves extracts of H. gallagheri.
Methods
Five extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) were prepared and investigated for: their antibacterial potential against isolated gram (+ and -) bacteria, total antioxidant activity against DPPH (2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and enzymatic inhibition of α-glucosidase and urease enzymes. Based on their biological potential, the chloroform and butanol extracts were fractionated by column chromatography using different polarities and proportions of organic solvents. This yielded a total of 9 chloroform and butanol fractions; their antibacterial and antioxidant potentials were investigated using the same methods.
Results
The results showed that all extracts exhibited excellent antibacterial potential against all tested bacterial strains as well as antioxidant potential, at different concentrations. The butanol extract showed the highest antibacterial, antioxidant and enzymatic activities, while the hexane and water extracts showed the least. The chloroform extract did not show any potential against urease and α-glucosidase enzymes. The butanol extract showed weak inhibitory action against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 585.76 ± 47.5 μg/ml) but the action against the urease enzyme was very good with an (IC50 = 90.3 ± 1.259 μg/ml).
Conclusions
Based on the obtained results, the active extract of H. gallagheri could be a valuable source of antioxidants, antibacterial, and urease inhibitory compounds.
Background and Objective: Recent studies have shown that anticholinergic alkaloids compounds have strong analgesic effects. Due to presence of anticho-linergic alkaloids in Hyoscyamus niger and its mentioned effects in Iranian traditional medicine, its analgesic effects were assessed. At first, acute and chronic pain thresholds in male NMRI rats with formalin test was evaluated, then oral and injection forms of alcoholic extract of Hyoscyamus niger seeds were assessed. Materials and Methods: Male NMRI rats weighted 300-350 g were randomly selected. Alcoholic extracts of Hyoscyamus niger seeds with 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of body weight were injected intraperitoneally (10 rats per group). Also, Hyoscyamus niger seeds was prescribed orally with a proportion of 1 to 14 in their standard food to another group of rats (n=8) within 2 weeks. After all, acute and chronic pain were evaluated in control group rats (n=8) and aforementioned rats with formalin test. Moreover its analgesic effects were compared with sodium salicylate. Results: Statistical analyses show that injection of Hyoscyamus niger seeds alcoholic extract with the mentioned dosage reduces the acute and chronic pain induced by formalin test significantly (P<0.001). Also, orally prescribed Hyoscyamus niger seeds significantly increased chronic pain threshold. Conclusion: The results of this investigation revealed that injection of Hyoscyamus niger seeds extract with the above dosages have a significant analgesic effect on acute and chronic pain thresholds. Additionally, orally prescribed only affects chronic pain in formalin test, which indicates different mechanisms of parenteral and oral on acute pain.
Aimed at increasing understanding of materia medica, a retrospective case-series analysis
of the homoeopathic medicine Hyoscyamus niger was performed on fifteen children’s cases
over a six year period. This included: age/sex distribution; presenting symptoms; medicine
relationships; efficacy and causations. Results suggest a traumatic event before, during or
after the birth as a causative factor of patients needing this medicine.
There were substantial evidences that many medicinal plants decreased the risk of cardiovascular diseases. With the high prevalence of herbal medicine use worldwide, the information regarding the therapeutic use or safety of herbal remedies usually obtained from books and pamphlets, most of which base their information on traditional reputation rather than relying on existing scientific research. This review will cover the plants with vascular, hypotensive, cardiac, cardioprotective, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, hemostatic, fibrinolytic and anticoagulant effects.
Many Arabian medicinal plants possessed anticancer activitys by many mechanisms as tested by
different anticancer tests. These plants included: Adonis aestivalis, Ailanthus altissima, Alhagi maurorum,
Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Allium schoenoprasum, Althaea officinalis, Althaea rosea, Ammannia baccifera,
Anagyris foetida, Anchusa italica, Antirrhinum majus, Apium graveolens, Arctium Lappa, Aristolochia
maurorum, Artemisia campestris, Arundo donax, Asclepias curassavica, Asparagus officinalis, Astragalus
hamosus, Bauhinia variegata, Bellis perennis, Betula alba, Bidens tripartita, Brassica rapa, Bryonia dioica,
Bryophyllum calycinum, Caccinia crassifolia, Caesalpinia crista, Calendula officinalis, Calotropis procera,
Canna indica, Capparis spinosa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum annuum , Capsicum frutescens, Carthamus tinctorius, Casuarina equisetifolia, Celosia cristata, Chenopodium album, Chrozophora tinctoria, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium intybus, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrus species, Clerodendron inerme, Clitoria ternatea,
Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulus scammonia, Corchorus aestuans, Corchorus capsularis, Coriandrum
sativum, Coronilla scorpioides, Coronilla varia, Cotoneaster racemiflora, Crocus sativus, Cuminum cyminum,
Cupressus sempervirens, Cuscuta planiflora, Cydonia oblonga, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotuntdus,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Datura metel , Daucus carota, Delphinium brunonianum, Desmostachya bipinnata,
Dianthus caryophyllus, Digitalis lanata , Digitalis purpurea, Dodonaea viscosa, Lablab purpureus, Echinochloa
crus-galli, Equisetum arvense, Erigeron canadensis, Erodium cicutarium, Eryngium creticum, Eucalyptus
species, Eupatorium cannabinum, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia macroclada, Fagopyrum esculentum, Ficus carica , Ficus cunia and Ficus religiosa. The current paper will discuss the anticancer effects of some medicinal plants as a first part of this review.
Antioxidants are substances that remove, prevent or delay oxidative damage to a target molecule.
Therefore, an antioxidant may act to control the level of free radicals to counteract oxidative damage. The
effects of medicinal plants in prevention and treatment of many diseases have been widely attributed to their
antioxidants activities. This review was designed to highlight the antioxidant effects and free radical scavenging activity of medicinal plants as a third part of our previous reviews.
Background
Malaria is an infectious disease by fever and chills, anemia and splenomegaly genus Plasmodium parasite is the agent it. One of the easiest and least expensive methods to prevent this disease is removing the vector that usually by been done insecticides and chemical pesticides, but nowadays due to the damaging effects of by toxic chemicals is currently trying to organic toxic and plant compounds used to combat the pests. So in this study used from the Hyoscyamus niger L. and Nerium oleander L. to destroy the larvae of this vectors and positive results were compared these two plants together.
Methods
In this experimental study, H. niger and N. oleander collected and dried to extraction by methanol usingthe Rotary Evaporator. Mosquito larvae collected from stagnant water pits and ponds around the Birjand, Iran and order to apply the relevant identity tests and isolation of Anopheles spp mosquito larvae. Survival measurement were used to estimate LC50 values using Probit analysis in Excel 2010 and SPSS (ver 20) software.
Results
Both Hyoscyamus niger and Nerium oleander had positive effects on destroying the Anopheles spp larvae and between obtained results, the most effective extract for destroying the mosquitoes Anopheles spp larvae, was the flower extract of henbane (LC50 = 0/26 ppm) and the weakest one, was the leaves extract of oleander (LC50 = 4/85 ppm).
Conclusions
According to the results, the flower extract of henbane is recommended as a toxic, organic and natural compounds to fight Anopheles spp mosquito larvae, which it is stronger and more effective compared to the other parts of these two plants.
Eucalyptus species grown in Iraq were included Eucalyptus bicolor (Syn: Eucalyptus largiflorens), Eucalyptus griffithsii, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Syn: Eucalyptus rostrata) Eucalyptus incrassate, Eucalyptus torquata and Eucalyptus microtheca (Syn: Eucalyptus coolabahs). Eucalypts contained volatile oils which occurred in many parts of the plant, depending on the species, but in the leaves that oils were most plentiful. The main constituent of the volatile oil derived from fresh leaves of Eucalyptus species was 1,8-cineole. The reported content of 1,8-cineole varies for 54-95%. The most common constituents co-occurring with 1,8-cineole were limonene, α-terpineol, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, globulol and α , β and ϒ-eudesmol, and aromatic constituents. The pharmacological studies revealed that Eucalypts possessed gastrointestinal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, repellent, oral and dental, dermatological, nasal and many other effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological and therapeutic activities of Eucalyptus species grown in Iraq.
Phytochemical analysis of Dianthus caryophyllus showed that it contained triterpenes, alkaloids, coumaruns, cyanogenic glycoside, cyanidin, pelargonidin, the yellow isosalipurposide, essential oil, volatile oil and many other chemical contents. Pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, repellent, antioxidant, reno-protective, anesthetic and analgesic effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Dianthus caryophyllus.
Chemical analysis showed that Ficus religiosa contained tannins, phenols, saponins, sugars, alkaloids, methionine, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins, separated amino acids, essential and volatile oils and steroids. Previous pharmacological studies revealed that Ficus religiosa possessed antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-Parkinson's, anticonvulsant, anti-amnesic, anticholinergic, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, anti-ulcer, wound healing, antioxidant, anti-asthmatic, reproductive, hepato-, nephro-and dermato-protective effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ficus religiosa.
Phytochemical analysis of the seeds of Hyocyamus niger L. (Solonaceae) resulted in the isolation of six steroidal glycosides, two furostanol (1, 2) and four spirostanol saponins (3, 4, 5, 6), which were found in this plant for the first time. The structures of these compounds were determined by detailed analysis of their spectral data, including two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and MS spectroscopy. The antifungal activity of a crude steroidal glycoside extract, fractions of spirostanoles and individual glicosides was investigated in vitro against a panel of human pathogenic fungi, yeasts as well as dermatophytes and filamentous species.