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Familienbeziehungen und psychische Auffälligkeiten im Jugendalter – eine Analyse mit der Jugendlichenfassung des Family Relations Test für Kinder und Jugendliche
Abstract
Objectives:
So far hardly any instruments are available for the German-speaking countries, covering family relations from the perspective of young people reliably. Moreover, the relationship between family relations from the perspective of young people and behavioral problems has been rarely investigated.
Method:
Based on the Family Relations Test, which has been developed originally for children, the Family Relations Test for Children and Adolescents was developed in order to assess the family relations from the perspective of adolescents (94 items, 44 % newly developed). A clinical sample (n = 152) and a field sample (n = 132) was tested with this instrument and additionally behavioural problems of the adolescents were rated by the parents and the adolescents.
Results:
The two-factor solution of the principal component analysis resulted in a clear distinction between two factors describing positive and negative family relations. The internal consistencies (Cronbach's Alpha) of the scales describing positive and negative relations are between .91 and .93. On these total scores young people from the clinic sample describe overall stronger negative relations in their families compared to young people in the field sample. Within the clinic sample moderate correlations between the extent of mental problems of young people rated by themselves and their parents could be found.
Conclusions:
Positive and negative relationships of young people to the individual family members and to all members of the family as a whole can be assessed reliably and factorially valid. As expected, significant correlations between negative family relations and mental problems could be found. The adolescent version of the Family Relations Test for Children and Adolescents proves to be a useful tool, to assess family relationships from the perspective of young people and thus to identify possible factors maintaining mental disorders of young people.
... Die wesentlich intensivere Zusammenarbeit mit dem Herkunftssystem der Kinder und Jugendlichen ist ein Hauptunterschied zwischen kinder-und jugendpsychiatrischem/ -psychotherapeutischem Vorgehen und Erwachsenenpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie. Familiäre Strukturen und Kommunikationsmuster können, müssen aber nicht, auslösende und aufrechterhaltende Bedingungen für psychopathologische Symptome sein (Döpfner et al. 2018;Zimmermann et al. 2016). Diese komplexen Zusammenhänge zeigen sich auch kulturübergreifend (Seiffge-Krenke et al. 2019), weshalb dem Verständnis, der Beobachtung und der Beschreibung von Kommunikationsstrukturen und Familieninteraktionen eine wichtige Bedeutung zukommt. ...
... Der Family Relations Test wurde von Anthony und Bene (1957) bereits in 1950er-Jahren entwickelt und nun völlig neu aufgelegt und normiert (Family Relations Test -Kinder und Jugendliche (FRT-KJ) (dtsch. Döpfner et al. 2018). Der Family Relations Test verfolgt einen interessanten Ansatz, in dem Item-Kärtchen mit positiven oder negativen Gefühlen ("... spielt gerne mit Dir", ". . . ...
... glaubt, dass Du böse bist") erfragt und Familienmitglieder, symbolisiert durch Faltkästchen mit Bildern, zugeordnet werden können, sodass die Zahl der Zuordnungen Aufschluss über Familienbeziehungen geben kann, aber natürlich auch qualitativ interpretiert werden muss. Eher positive und nur wenig negative Aussagen über enge Familienmitglieder gehen mit einer geringeren psychischen Belastung einher (Döpfner et al. 2018). Der Family Relations Test ist durch seine kreative Art der Vorgabe leicht durchzuführen und ist eines der wenigen Verfahren, welches die emotionale Verarbeitung von konkretem Verhalten im Alltag erfasst, was sowohl für psychotherapeutische als auch gutachterliche Fragestellungen in familienrechtlichen Verfahren relevant sein kann. ...
Die Grundlage der Diagnostik des psychosozialen Lebensumfeldes ist die klinische Exploration des Patienten und seiner Bezugspersonen (vor allem Eltern, Erzieher, Lehrer) zu den aktuellen Umfeldbedingungen, die möglicherweise einen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung der psychischen Störung des Patienten haben. Das wichtigste psychosoziale Umfeld ist in der Regel die Familie. Familiendiagnostische Fragbogen-, Test- und Beobachtungsverfahren können eingesetzt werden, um familiäre Bedingungen und Beziehungen aus der Perspektive der einzelnen Familienmitglieder zu erfassen. Einige familiendiagnostische Fragebogen- und Testverfahren liegen als evidenzbasierte, reliable, valide und normierte Instrumente vor, die sich in der klinischen Praxis gut einsetzen lassen und die auch zusammen mit den klinischen Explorationen und den Interaktionsbeobachtungen zunehmend in der Routineversorgung angewendet werden.
The SCORE (Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation) is a 40-item questionnaire for completion by family members 12 years and older to assess outcome in systemic therapy. This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties of two short versions of the SCORE and their responsiveness to therapeutic change. Data were collected at 19 centers from 701 families at baseline and from 433 of these 3-5 months later. Results confirmed the three-factor structure (strengths, difficulties, and communication) of the 15- and 28-item versions of the SCORE. Both instruments had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. They also showed construct and criterion validity, correlating with measures of parent, child, and family adjustment, and discriminating between clinical and nonclinical cases. Total and factor scales of the SCORE-15 and -28 were responsive to change over 3-5 months of therapy. The SCORE-15 and SCORE-28 are brief psychometrically robust family assessment instruments which may be used to evaluate systemic therapy.
This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the Parent and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS). The PAFAS was designed as a brief outcome measure for assessing changes in parenting practices and parental adjustment in the evaluation of both public health and individual or group parenting interventions. The inventory consists of the Parenting scale measuring parenting practices and quality of parent-child relationship and of the Family Adjustment scale measuring parental emotional adjustment and partner and family support in parenting. Two studies were conducted to validate the inventory. A sample of 370 parents participated in Study 1 and a sample of 771 parents participated in Study 2. Children's ages ranged from 2 to 12 years old. In Study 1 confirmatory factor analysis supported an 18-item, four factor model of PAFAS Parenting, and a 12-item, three factor model of PAFAS Family Adjustment. Psychometric evaluation of the PAFAS revealed that the scales had good internal consistency, as well as satisfactory construct and predictive validity. In Study 2 confirmatory factor analysis supported stability of the factor structures of PAFAS Parenting and PAFAS Family Adjustment revealed in Study 1. Potential uses of the measure and implications for future validation studies are discussed.
Stellen Sie sich vor, eine Mutter kommt mit ihrem 8-jährigen Sohn zu einem Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten, berichtet von Problemen im Verhalten und in der Schule und klagt über aggressives, unruhiges und un-konzentriertes Verhalten ihres Sohnes, sie berichtet zudem von Phasen großer Traurigkeit und Apathie. Schließlich fragt sie den Therapeuten: „Welche Hilfen für mein Kind sind wirkungsvoll und welche Methode ist die beste?“
A systematic review of self-report family assessment measures was conducted with reference to their psychometric properties, clinical utility and theoretical underpinnings. Eight instruments were reviewed: The McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD); Circumplex Model Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES); Beavers Systems Model Self-Report Family Inventory (SFI); Family Assessment Measure III (FAM III); Family Environment Scale (FES); Family Relations Scale (FRS); and Systemic Therapy Inventory of Change (STIC); and the Systemic Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation (SCORE). Results indicated that five family assessment measures are suitable for clinical use (FAD, FACES-IV, SFI, FAM III, SCORE), two are not (FES, FRS), and one is a new system currently under-going validation (STIC).
The current study set out to describe family functioning scores of a contemporary community sample, using the Family Assessment Device (FAD), and to compare this to a currently help-seeking sample. The community sample consisted of 151 families who completed the FAD. The help-seeking sample consisted of 46 families who completed the FAD at their first family therapy appointment as part of their standard care at an outpatient family therapy clinic at an urban hospital. Findings suggest that FAD means from the contemporary community sample indicate satisfaction with family functioning, while FAD scores from the help-seeking sample indicate dissatisfaction with family functioning. In addition, the General Functioning scale of the FAD continues to correlate highly with all other FAD scales, except Behavior Control. The cut-off scores for the FAD indicating satisfaction or dissatisfaction by family members with their family functioning continue to be relevant and the FAD continues to be a useful tool to assess family functioning in both clinical and research contexts.
Examined the relative strength of the relation between early family functioning variables and subsequent (41/2 years later) child adjustment. Five clusters of family variables were examined: child's gender, life-stress events, child characteristics, maternal characteristics, and spousal support. The criterion variables were mother, father, and teacher ratings of the target child's adjustment. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to identify the best models for the prediction of child adjustment. No significant models were found when the independent criteria of father- or teacher-rated behavior were used. The models for the prediction of children's total adjustment, conduct disorders, social aggression, attention problems, and anxiety-withdrawal, as rated by the mother, indicated that the early family variables of life stress, child characteristics, and maternal characteristics are key in subsequent child functioning, with spousal support playing an apparently minor role.
Theoretischer Hintergrund: Zur Erforschung der Entwicklungsepidemiologie psychischer Störungen gilt die prospektive Untersuchung von Risikogruppen als Königsweg. Fragestellung: Beschreibung der Entwicklungsmuster von Kindern mit frühen Belastungen, Ermittlung von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren für unterschiedliche Entwicklungsresultate und Identifikation von Mechanismen, die differentiellen Verläufen zugrunde liegen. Methode: In einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie (mit Erhebungswellen im Alter von 0;3, 2, 4 , 8 und 11 Jahren) wurden die Entstehung und der Verlauf von Entwicklungs- und Verhaltensstörungen bei 384 Kindern untersucht. Organische (prä- und perinatale Komplikationen) und psychosoziale Risiken (familiäre Belastungen) wurden in einem zwei- faktoriellen Design variiert. Ergebnisse: Die negativen Folgen früher Risiken waren bis zum Schulalter nachweisbar. Während organische Risiken vor allem die motorische und kognitive Entwicklung beeinträchtigten, konzentrierten sich die Auswirkungen psychosozialer Belastungen auf kognitive und sozial-emotionale Funktionen. Beide Risiken addierten sich in ihren negativen Konsequenzen. Schlussfolgerungen: Frühkindliche Risiken haben spezifische und langfristige Auswirkungen. Kinder mit multiplen Risikobelastungen sind in ihrer Entwicklung am stärksten gefährdet.
Die meisten der im Erwachsenenalter auftretenden psychischen Stürungen künnen auch schon im Kindesalter, v. a. aber im Jugendalter
vorkommen. Häufig haben psychische Stürungen im Erwachsenenalter Vorläufer im Kindes- oder Jugendalter, und manche psychischen
Stürungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter setzen sich bis ins Erwachsenenalter hinein fort.
This study examined the relationship of individual family members' perceptions and family mean and discrepancy scores of cohesion and adaptability with child psychopathology in a sample of 138 families, referred to Regional Mental Health Agencies. The results indicate that the family mean scores, contrary to the family discrepancy scores, explain more of the variance in parent-reported child psychopathology than individual scores. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Since prevalence rates of mental health problems in children and adolescents are high and of considerable relevance to public health, determinants of mental health, such as risk and protective factors, are of special interest.
The present paper reports the frequencies and distributions of potential risk and protective factors and analyses their effects on children's mental health.
The BELLA study is the mental health module of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey among Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Mental health problems and their assumed determinants are examined in a representative sub-sample of 2,863 families with children and adolescents aged 7-17. In order to identify mental health problems, the extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was administered. Data on psychosocial risk factors as well as on protective factors in terms of personal, familial and social resources were collected by questioning the parents and, from the age of 11 years upwards, the children themselves.
Adverse family climate stands out particularly as a negative contributor to children's mental health. When several risk factors occur simultaneously, the prevalence of mental health problems increases markedly. Conversely, pronounced individual, family and social resources coincide with a reduced occurrence of mental health problems, especially in children with a limited number of risk factors.
The results suggest that differential prevention strategies are needed depending on the risk level: in the low risk group, to which most children belong, effective prevention programmes should define strengthening resources as a key objective. In the smaller group of children with a high number of risk factors, more complex intervention designs are required, which must consider the reduction of risks as well as strengthening resources.
The Family Relations Test, first published by Eva Bene and James Anthony in 1957, was translated into German and standardized for the BRD by means of a representative sample of 486 children between the ages of 6.0 und 11.11. This edition consists of the following: Information on the testing material with pictures), a translation of the items for smaller and older children, general hints for the use of the test, detailed instructions (with the exact text), directions for the evaluation of the test (with sample record sheet), information on the composition of the standardization sample group (age, sex, social status), a chart for the evaluation of the total responses as well as the positive and negative responses differentiated according to age and sex. The results include the Median (Md) as well as the first and third Quartil (Q1 and Q3), a comprehensive description of the possible interpretations of the results of the investigation; special hints as to difference because of age und/or sex, importance of the person 'Mr.Nobody' and socialpsychological aspects of the above interpretations, a summary of Bene's and Anthony's comments on the psychoanalytical interpretation of the F R T. This contribution enables the psychologist, using the testing material of the English original edition, to practise the F R T in German speaking countries.
The associations of the mutual mother-child, father-child, and mother-father relationship and various patterns of family relations with child psychopathology were investigated in a sample of 137 families referred to outpatient mental health services. Assessment of the relative association of the different family dyads showed that both the mother-child and the mother-father relationship were related to child problem behaviour. However, whereas the mother-child relationship was consistently more related to externalising behaviour, the mother-father relationship was particularly related to internalising behaviour. Our findings gave clear support for the cumulative risk model: having more negatively qualified relationships was associated with more problem behaviour. Furthermore, our results suggested a protective influence of the parent-child relationship: having one or two positive parent-child relationships was associated with less problem behaviour. No support was found for the cross-generational coalition hypothesis. Implications for future research are discussed.
This prospective longitudinal study investigated the simultaneous impact of early biological and psychosocial risk factors on behavioral outcome at school age.
A cohort of 362 children born between 1986 and 1988 with different biological (perinatal insults) and psychosocial risk factors (family adversity) was followed from birth to school age. When their children were aged 8 years, parents of 89.0% of the initial sample completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
More externalizing as well as internalizing problems were found in children born into adverse family backgrounds, whereas no differences at broad-band syndrome level were apparent between groups with varying obstetric complications. Children with family risk factors had higher scores on 5 of the 8 CBCL scales (including attention, delinquent, and aggressive problems), whereas children with perinatal risk factors had more social and attention problems than children in the nonrisk groups. With one exception, no interactions between risk factors emerged, indicating that perinatal and family risk factors contributed independently to outcome. The differences between risk groups applied irrespective of gender.
The adverse impact of family adversity clearly outweighed the influence of obstetric complications in determining behavioral adjustment at school age.
The Bene‐Anthony Family Relations Test is designed to assess the child's perception of family relations using projective techniques. This article describes the test and background to its development. The validity of the test is limited by the content of some items and their categorization, though there is evidence that the test can distinguish between populations that differ on other related variables. A survey of professionals who use the test is described. Despite their enthusiasm for it, the majority of respondents had modified the test in some way, and 86% regularly rephrased at least one item from the test. There were several criticisms of the test, including the positive scoring of ‘sexualized items’. The respondents were also inconsistent in their administration and scoring of the test.
This test is used less frequently in research, possibly because it is not perceived as a sufficiently robust psychometric instrument. However, there is a danger of ‘throwing away the baby with the bath water’. Recommendations are made for the development of a test that reliably assesses the child's perception of the emotional content of relations.
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