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Study on mechanical properties of pack carburizing SS400 steel with energizer pomacea canalikulata lamarck shell powder
Abstract
Pack carburizing process is carried out to increase the material surface hardness by increasing the carbon element by diffusion interstitial. The research has been done by using carburized media of teak wood charcoal as the source of carbon element and CaCO3 as the source of an element as an energizer or a catalyst. Alternative carburized media applications are still rarely performed on research. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of the addition of Pomacea Canalikulata Lamarck (PCL) shell powder on pack carburizing process of physical properties (microstructure) and mechanical (hardness test) of low carbon steel after treatment. The material used in this study is low carbon steel (SS400) in the form of a cylinder. The composition of the PCL shell powder is used: 10, 20 and 30 (% weight). Carburizing is done at temperature 950⁰C with Carburizing time for 3, 5 and 7 hours. Then the Vickers hardness tested, observation with SEM (scanning electron microscopes), to determine the number of hardness and microstructure specimen. From the discussions so far it can be concluded that, PCL shell powder can replace the function of BaCO3 and NaCO3 as energizer on carburizing pack process.
... In addition, various shells and bones have been considered as the energizing source for carburization. For example, Darmo et al. [26] performed the pack carburization of SS400 steel cylinders using teak wood charcoal and Pomacea Canalikulata Lamarck (PCL) shell powder as the carbon source and energizing medium, respectively. The results showed that the addition of PCL shell power yielded an effective increase in the hardness of the SS400 components. ...
... It is noted that this value is approximately 1.76 times higher than that obtained in a previous study (0.647 ± 0.008 wt%) with a lower carburizing time of just 3 h [31]. Moreover, it is also around 1.46 times higher than that obtained in another previous study (0.78 wt%) using 30% PCL shell powder and a carburizing time of 7 h [26]. Figure 9 presents the surface hardness values of the SCM 420 carburized samples prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively. ...
The feasibility of using coconut shell powder (CSP) and dog conch shell powder (DCSP) as carburizing media in the pack carburization of SCM 420 steel was investigated. The carbon content and surface hardness of the carburized specimens prepared with different CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing durations were examined and compared. A CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and an extended carburizing time of 12 h were found to increase the carbon content of the carburized specimens to 1.14 ± 0.007 wt%. Furthermore, the surface hardness was significantly improved to 961.3 ± 4.918 HV following water quenching. Finally, the thickness of the carburized layer of the quenched specimens increased by around 2.5 times as the carburizing duration was increased from 3 to 12 h.
... Proses carburizing menggunakan media padat umumnya dilakukan pada temperatur 842 o C-953 o C selama waktu tertentu sehingga atom-atom karbon dari karburiser akan berdifusi ke permukaan baja karbon rendah. Proses difusi atom-atom karbon ini terjadi secara interstisi, dimana atom-atom yang berukuran lebih kecil akan menyisip pada ronggarongga kosong di antara atom-atom logam yang memiliki ukuran yang lebih besar (Budinski & Budinski, 1999;Callister Jr & Rethwisch, 2020;(Darmo et al., 2018). ...
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada Perlakuan permukaan untuk memperbaiki fisis dan mekanis baja karbon rendah dengan metode carburiszing. Salah satu media padat yang umum digunakan ialah arang cangkang kemiri. Cangkang kemiri memiliki nilai presentasi karbon sebesar 76,31%. 4 spesimen uji disiapkan dalam penelitian ini. Spesimen uji merupakan pahat bubut berjenis karbida sisipan. Proses carburizing pada penelitian ini menggunakan arang cangkang kemiri dengan penambahan bahan aktif sehingga proses penambahan karbon terhadap media berlangsung dalam keadaan gas. Bahan aktif yang dipilih ialah barium karbonat (BaCO3) dengan presentase 40 %. Spesimen uji dicampurkan dengan kedua bahan kedalam tabung silinder baja yang selanjutnya dipanaskan kedalam tungku pemanas dengan suhu 800 ºC - 950 ºC dengan lama durasi selama 8 jam dan didinginkan secara perlahan. Hasil pengujian uji mikro menunjukkan terjadi perubahan struktur pada permukaan spesimen uji. Ini dapat dilihat terdapat titik titik warna yang lebih gelah setelah spesimen dilakukan proses carburizing. Ini menandakan bahwa karbon aktif dan barium karbonat telah masuk ke dalam permukaan pahat bubut. Selanjutnya hasil pengujian kekerasan menunjukkan nilai kekerasan pada pahat bubut mengalami peningkatan setelah dilakukan proses carburizing. Spesimen uji tanpa proses carburizing memiliki nilai kekerasan Vickers sebesar 1,619. Selanjutnya spesimen yang telah dilakukan proses carburizing memiliki nilai rata-rata kekerasan Vickers sebesar 1,731. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi terjadi pada titik 5 pengujian pada spesimen 2. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian didapatkan nilai kekerasan permukaan spesimen uji berhasil ditingkatkan dengan metode Pack Carburizing.
... Segundo OLUWAFEMI et al. [12], em estudo de cementação em temperaturas distintas (800, 850, 900 e 950 ºC), observaram que quanto maior a temperatura, maior a tensão de resistência do material. Por outro lado, DARMO et al. [13], investigaram a cementação do aço SS440, realizada em 3, 5 e 7 horas, e observaram que quanto maior o tempo, melhor a difusão e maior a dureza superficial. Portanto, em busca de certificar que o aço ABNT/SAE 1020 estivesse totalmente austenitizado, provendo maior tempo de difusão do carbono no material, a temperatura de aquecimento no forno foi de 1000 ºC, durante um tempo de 9 horas. ...
The use of steel heat treatments aims to improve the mechanical performance of these materials during their application. In this context, solid cementation is a thermochemical treatment that makes it possible to increase the hardness on metal surfaces, through the diffusion of carbon from the atmosphere of an oven to the metal surface. On the other hand, quenching is a heat treatment that aims to increase the hardness of the steel, by heating the metal until austenitization and subsequent rapid cooling, forming a predominantly martensitic microstructure. The objective of the present work was to characterize the microstructures formed after the application of the quenching and solid carburizing of ABNT/SAE 1020 steels, using metallographic techniques and hardness tests. After carrying out the treatments, the samples were analyzed using Rockwell hardness tests, Vickers microhardness tests, and by optical microscopy and macrography. The results of the sample hardness tests showed that the hardness of the carburized and quenched samples is superior to the hardness of the untreated samples. In addition, there was no significant influence of the granulometry of charcoal on the hardness of the carburized samples, due to the high variability of the hardness values obtained. Through the optical microscopy and the results obtained in the Vickers microhardness tests, it was possible to notice that the carburized samples showed a great increase in the hardness of the region of the carburized layer, caused by the formation of high and low carbon martensite, with a more tenacious due to the presence of ferrite and pearlite. The quenched samples presented a low hardness microstructure, which was also verified by the microhardness test.
Keywords
Quenching; solid cementation; metallography; hardness; microstructure
... Micro-Vickers hardness testing, impact testing and microstructure inspection were carried out and the results revealed that hardness derived from using CaCO3 was slightly more than that using egg shells. Sujita et al. (2018) investigated mechanical properties of pack carburizd SS400 Steel using Pomacea Canalikulata Lamarck (PCL) Shell Powder as Energizer. The authors concluded that, PCL shell powder can replace the function of BaCO3 and NaCO3 as energizers on carburizing pack process. ...
Evaluation of mechanical properties and microstructure of mild steel treated using automotive wastes as energizer was carried out in this study. Automotive wastes (plastics, rubber, wood, fabric, non-ferrous metals, leather, glass, paper, textile, and dirt) were obtained and shredded, ground, sieved to sieve size of ≤300 µm and characterized. Seven (7) mild steel specimens cut from steel of 4 mm diameter were inserted into carburizing boxes using charcoal as carbon source with different percentage compositions of charcoal to automotive wastes (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50: %50%). The same procedure was repeated by heat treating six specimens of mild steel without charcoal as carbon source by using different composition of automotive waste (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) of the total volume of the carburizing boxes. The tests carried out to evaluate the mild steel specimens were hardness, impact strength, tensile strength, and microstructure examination. Results of characterization showed that the wastes contain different concentration of Iron, Nickel, Copper, Lead, Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese and Aluminium. Mechanical properties namely hardness, impact strength, tensile and percentage elongation were observed generally to improve with and without charcoal as carbon source. However, the level of enhancement was more pronounced with specimens treated with charcoal as carbon source. Hardness values increased with increasing percentage composition, as the highest hardness values of 295 at 10% of automotive waste and 90% of charcoal, while specimen with 50% composition of automotive waste alone gave the highest hardness of 172. The highest impact strength values of 91.73 J and 60.00 J were obtained with the 50% Charcol:50% automotive waste and 10% of automotive wastes without charcoal respectively. An optimum tensile strength value of 660.35 N/mm 2 obtained at 70% Charcoal and 30% automotive waste. While tensile optimum value 5.314kN/m 2 was obtained with 40% of automotive waste in the absence of charcoal as carbon source. This will lead to cost reduction by avoiding the usage of additional alloying element. It is clear that automotive waste as an energizer can be used as substitute to conventional energizers in heat treatment of mild steel Indexed Terms-Automotive wastes, Energizer, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Mild steel,
... The surface became very hard, while the interior retained the toughness of low carbon steel. Interestingly outside layer of a carbon poor component is enriched with carbon by means of carbon diffusion [6,7]. The increase of carbon content causes the material to harden at the surface and create a solid crystal. ...
This study focus on the effects of silicon inclusion carbonaceous particulate on the hardness and microstructural properties of carburized low carbon steel, at constant temperature of 900 °C with different holding time from 2 to 5 h. The cow bone and coal dust composite particles were varied with 20% CaCO3 used as the energizer. Hardness and microstructural testing of the various specimens were then carried out using Vickers hardness machine and metallurgical scanning electron microscope. From the result, it was noticed that there was an increase in microhardness performance on both cow bone and coal dust reinforced matrix compared to the as-received samples. For coal dust carburized carbon steel, the hardness value improved from 286 HVN control samples 434.55 HVN in 5 h. It was seen that the introduction of cow bone composite particulate also provides a reasonable mechanical hardness improvement to 418.2 HVN although a little short fall against the coal dust metal matrix. From the microstructure and macrostructure studies highly pearlitic matrix steel was observed with grain refinement of CB and CD found at the interface providing an effective nucleation site along the boundaries.
En el diseño mecánico de la industria automotriz y aeroespacial es muy importante usar componentes de materiales livianos y resistentes a diferentes condiciones, además estos
componentes se deben unir garantizando su calidad, sin embargo, algunos métodos de unión no garantizan la resistencia a la fatiga para aplicaciones de alto rendimiento. Incluso, los procesos de soldadura convencionales por arco eléctrico no ofrecen juntas de calidad. Por lo tanto, en este estudio se evalúa las características mecánicas y su relación con los cambios microestructurales de las uniones de placas de la aleación de Mg AZ31B soldadas por un proceso de soldadura alternativo en estado sólido denominado soldadura por fricción agitación (FSW). Entre las características mecánicas se estudia la micro dureza, la resistencia a la tracción y a la fatiga, usando un diseño experimental factorial de dos factores y tres niveles para un total de nueve condiciones experimentales. Se analizaron los efectos de la velocidad rotación del husillo (ω) y la velocidad de avance de la soldadura (ν) sobre los cambios del tamaño de grano de las soldaduras con respecto al material base (MB), el cambio de dureza en la sección trasversal de la soldadura, la carga máxima a tracción y los ciclos de vida y resistencia a fatiga. La zona agitada (SZ) en las uniones soldadas por FSW presentaron una microestructura compuesta por granos equiaxiales homogéneos, refinados por recristalización dinámica. Con el aumento de la relación de velocidad (ω / ν), se observó que un aumento en el tamaño del grano, el ancho del cordón de soldadura y la resistencia a la fatiga. Los resultados de los ensayos de fatiga y de resistencia mecánica realizadas en esta investigación con una máquina semiautomática superaron los resultados de las soldaduras realizadas con fresadoras convencionales, por lo cual se puede concluir que en los procesos de soldadura controlar los parámetros de ajuste del equipo o máquina de soldadura definen la calidad de las soldaduras resultantes.
The efficacy of using coconut shell powder (CSP) and dog conch shell powder (DCSP) as an alternative carburizing media for SCM 420 steel pack carburization was investigated. The effective case depth and wear resistance of quenched specimens prepared using various CSP–DCSP ratios and carburizing times were determined and compared. The effective case depth was measured from the microhardness profile obtained using a Vickers hardness testing machine. A CSP–DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburization time of 12 h were found to increase the effective case depth of SCM 420 quenched specimens to 2340 µm. The results clearly showed that the effective case depth increased by increasing carburization time and DCSP concentrations from 0% to 40% as a carburizing media and decreased by further increasing DCSP concentrations to 50%. Moreover, the wear resistance of quenched specimens increased approximately two times as DCSP concentrations were increased from 0% to 40% for a carburization time of 12 h.
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