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Traumatic myiasis of horses caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica
Abstract
A survey was carried out in three stud farms with grazing animals, in order to gather data on the prevalence and clinical manifestation of, and the fly species involved in, traumatic myiasis of horses in Hungary. This parasitic disease was recorded in each farm. On the whole, 9.0% (14) of the inspected horses were infested with fly larvae. The affected horses had one infested lesion only, located at the mucosa of the vulva or the vaginal vestibule. The clinical symptoms depended on the age of infestation. Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was the only myiasis-causing fly species identified. It was assumed that unknown volatile chemicals might be responsible for the attraction of gravid females to the undamaged vulvar region. These odours are supposed to be produced during different physiological and/or pathological events associated with oestrus, prolonged puerperal period or inflammation of tissues. Daily inspection of grazing horses and early treatment of the affected areas are needed to avert significant damage to the infested horses.
... Yapılan muayene sonucunda larvaların W. magnifica'nın üçüncü dönem larvaları olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Şekil 2, 3). Hastalıktan en çok etkilenen çiftlik hayvanları koyunlar olmasına rağmen, hastalığa sığır, keçi, at, deve, kedi, köpek, tavşan, kirpi, kaz, hindi, leylek ve balık gibi bir çok evcil ve yabani hayvanda da rastlanmaktadır (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). ...
... W. magnifica larvalarına atlarda ve koyunlarda vulva bölgesinde, dişi develerde genital bölgede, insanlarda orotracheal bölgede ve kazlarda kanat bölgesindeki lezyonlarda rastlamıştır (4,5,12,13). ...
İzmit'te iyileşmeyen meme lezyonu bulunan bir köpekte travmatik miyazis vakası saptanmış ve enfeste bölgeden 10 adet canlı larva toplanmıştır. Mikroskobik inceleme sonucunda larvaların Wohlfartia magnifica'nın üçüncü dönem larvası olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ABSTRACT Traumatic Myiasis in a Dog Traumatic myiasis was determined in a dog with unhealed mammal lesions in İzmit. Ten living larvae were collected from the infested region. During microscopic examination, the larvae were identified as third stage larvae of Wohlfartia magnifica.
... Wohlfahrtia magnif ica is an obligate parasite causing wound myiasis, and is widely distributed from the Mediterranean basin, through central and eastern Europe to northern Asia. Infestations with larvae of W. magnifica (wohlfahrtiosis) have been detected in many domestic animals such as sheep, horse, cattle, pig, and geese (6,7,8). ...
... Wohlfahrtiosis has been reported previously by Schnur et al. in dogs in Israel (14) and is apparently a common cause of myiasis in dogs as well as other animal species. For example, traumatic myiasis by W. magnifica has been reported in horses (7,15), camels in Mongolia (16), Iran (17) and the Sinai Peninsula (18), sheep in Israel (19), Iran (20) and Italy (21), and cats. One report of wohlfahrtiosis in cats involved cutaneous traumatic myiasis in Israel (14), while the second case was reported in Italy and involved a young stray cat, where larvae of W. magnifica caused a respiratory tract and oral myiasis with heavy infestations of nasal, palateal and lingual tissue (22). ...
ABST RACT Myiasis is the infestation of live humans or animals by the larvae (maggots) of Diptera flies, usually developing on damaged skin or inside body orifices of their host while feeding on its vital or necrotic tissue. We describe post traumatic myiasis due to Wohlfahrtia magnifica in a mixed Pit-Bull Terrier dog in Israel. The dog was successfully treated by removing the maggots, administering a larvicidal endectocide, ivermectin, and treating the wound with antibiotics and antiseptic topical washes. Dog owners and veterinarians should pay attention to the presence of myiasis in suppurative cutaneous wounds and in the vicinity of the natural orifices of dogs, during the warm months of the year, especially in animals that are raised outdoors.
... Infestations with larvae of W. magnifica (wohlfahrtiosis) have been detected in many domesticated animal species (e.g. sheep, horse, cattle, pig and goose) ( Hall & Farkas, 2000;Farkas & Képes, 2001;. Although the occurrence of wohlfahrtiosis in dogs was mentioned almost a century ago ( Portschinsky, 1916 ), few cases have been reported recently ( Ş aki, 2004; Ütük, 2006 ). ...
... The specific cues that attract gravid W. magnifica females to hosts and stimulate larviposition are still largely unknown, but odours are important ( Hall et al. , 1995 ). Females can certainly be attracted to sites of wounding for larviposition, as has been observed on other host species ( Farkas & Képes, 2001;. Therefore, it is likely that wohlfahrtiosis occurred mainly in male dogs as a consequence of inter-dog aggression, territorial behaviour and fights causing wounds. ...
In the province of Al Hoceima, northern Morocco, and on two farms in Hungary, dogs were inspected for the presence of traumatic myiasis. Nine and four infested dogs were found in Morocco and Hungary, respectively. All the larvae and adults reared from them in the laboratory were identified as Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). To our knowledge, these are the first cases of wohlfahrtiosis in dogs to be reported in these countries. All infested animals lived close to livestock, where wohlfahrtiosis was endemic. Infested body sites included limbs (six cases), external genitalia (two), ears (three), nose (one) and neck (one). Developing larvae caused severe welfare problems and tissue destruction in most cases. Although the number of cases reported here is small, wohlfahrtiosis in dogs may be very important from an epidemiological perspective because farm and stray dogs can act as both reservoirs and carriers of this parasitic fly species. Therefore, education of dog owners concerning the risk factors in endemic regions is recommended in order to reduce the prevalence of wohlfahrtiosis in dogs and thereby in livestock. Both owners and veterinarians should pay regular attention to any wounds and to the natural orifices of dogs, especially during the fly seasons.
... Infestations with larvae of W. magnifica (wohlfahrtiosis) have been detected in many domesticated animal species (e.g. sheep, horse, cattle, pig and goose) Farkas & Képes, 2001;. Although the occurrence of wohlfahrtiosis in dogs was mentioned almost a century ago ( Portschinsky, 1916 ), few cases have been reported recently ( Ş aki, 2004; Ütük, 2006 ). ...
... The specific cues that attract gravid W. magnifica females to hosts and stimulate larviposition are still largely unknown, but odours are important . Females can certainly be attracted to sites of wounding for larviposition, as has been observed on other host species ( Farkas & Képes, 2001;. Therefore, it is likely that wohlfahrtiosis occurred mainly in male dogs as a consequence of inter-dog aggression, territorial behaviour and fights causing wounds. ...
The economic devastation caused in the past by the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to the livestock industry in the U.S.A., Mexico and the rest of Central America was staggering. The eradication of this major livestock pest from North and Central America using the sterile insect technique (SIT) as part of an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme was a phenomenal technical and managerial accomplishment with enormous economic implications. The area is maintained screwworm-free by the weekly release of 40 million sterile flies in the Darien Gap in Panama, which prevents migration from screwworm-infested areas in Columbia. However, the species is still a major pest in many areas of the Caribbean and South America and there is considerable interest in extending the eradication programme to these countries. Understanding New World screwworm fly populations in the Caribbean and South America, which represent a continuous threat to the screwworm-free areas of Central America and the U.S.A., is a prerequisite to any future eradication campaigns. The Old World screwworm fly Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has a very wide distribution ranging from Southern Africa to Papua New Guinea and, although its economic importance is assumed to be less than that of its New World counterpart, it is a serious pest in extensive livestock production and a constant threat to pest-free areas such as Australia. In the 1980s repeated introductions and an expansion of Old World screwworm populations were reported in the Middle East; in the 1990s it invaded Iraq and since late 2007 it has been reported in Yemen, where a severe outbreak of myiasis occurred in 2008. Small-scale field trials have shown the potential of integrating the SIT in the control of this pest and various international organizations are considering using the release of sterile insects as part of an AW-IPM approach on a much wider scale. Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a screwworm of temperate regions, which, although of limited agricultural importance, has invaded several new locations in the past few years. This special issue reports on the results of a 6-year project funded by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture entitled 'Enabling Technologies for the Expansion of the SIT for Old and New World Screwworm'. A major goal of the project was to better understand population genetic variation in screwworms as an aid to the identification of isolated populations. The project also addressed issues related to genetic sexing, cuticular hydrocarbons, population dynamics, genetic transformation and chromosome analysis.
... İlk defa 1940 yılında Hope tarafından tariflenmiştir [2]. Daha sıklıkla tropik, subtropik ve sıcak bölgelerde, kırsal alanlarda, yerde oturma veya açık havada uyuma alışkanlığının yaygın olduğu bölgelerde yaşayan, hijyenik koşulları tam olarak sağlayamayan kişilerde daha sık rastlanır, sıcak mevsimlerde insidansında artış beklenir [3][4][5][6][7]. İmmün yetmezlik ve psikiyatrik hastalıklarda da miyazise yatkınlık bildirilmiştir [8]. ...
Miyazis, deri, mukoza veya vücudun doğal boşluklarına yerleşen zoonotik bir hastalıktır ve sinek larvaları kaynaklıdır. Kırsal alanlarda, zayıf hijyenik koşullara sahip kişi ve bölgelerde daha sık rastlanır. Daha sıklıkla tropik, subtropik ve sıcak bölgelerde rastlanır, sıcak mevsimlerde insidansında artış beklenir. Genelde vücudun açıkta kalan baş-boyun, ekstremite bölgelerinde veya kronik yara bulunan bölgelerde yerleşim gösterse de nadir vulvar yerleşim bildirilmiştir. Larvaların temizlenmesi temel tedavi yöntemidir. Olgu sunumumuzda genital kaşıntı şikayetleriyle başvuran ve sol labium majusta larva tespit edilen 16 yaşında kız çocuğu sunulmuştur.
... Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862; Diptera, Sarcophagidae) is an obligate parasitic species belonging to the group of flesh flies that cause severe myiasis in livestock, such as horses [1,2], sheep [3,4], camels [5,6], and even in humans [7,8]. Similar to other myiasiscausing flies, female adults of W. magnifica are attracted by wounds or natural body orifices of the host, such as the genitalia, and deposit the first instar larvae there. ...
Myiasis caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica is a widespread parasitic infestation in mammals. The infested host suffers from damage as the developing larvae feed on its tissues. For the control of myiasis infestation, genetic methods have been shown to be effective and promising as an alternative to insecticides. Combining genome, isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq), and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we isolated and characterized two sex-determination genes, W. magnifica transformer (Wmtra) and W. magnifica transformer2 (Wmtra2), whose orthologs in a number of insect pests have been utilized to develop genetic control approaches. Wmtra transcripts are sex-specifically spliced; only the female transcript encodes a full-length functional protein, while the male transcript encodes a truncated and non-functional polypeptide due to the presence of the male-specific exon containing multiple in-frame stop codons. The existence of five predicted TRA/TRA2 binding sites in the male-specific exon and the surrounding intron of Wmtra, as well as the presence of an RNA-recognition motif in WmTRA2 may suggest the auto-regulation of Wmtra by its own protein interacting with WmTRA2. This results in the skipping of the male-specific exon and translation of the full-length functional protein only in females. Our comparative study in dipteran species showed that both the WmTRA and WmTRA2 proteins exhibit a high degree of similarity to their orthologs in the myiasis-causing blow flies. Additionally, transcriptome profiling performed between adult females and adult males reported 657 upregulated and 365 downregulated genes. Functional analysis showed that among upregulated genes those related to meiosis and mitosis Gene Ontology (GO) terms were enriched, while, among downregulated genes, those related to muscle cell development and aerobic metabolic processes were enriched. Among the female-biased gene set, we detected five candidate genes, vasa (vas), nanos (nanos), bicoid (bcd), Bicaudal C (BicC), and innexin5 (inx5). The promoters of these genes may be able to upregulate Cas9 expression in the germline in Cas9-based homing gene drive systems as established in some flies and mosquitoes. The isolation and characterization of these genes is an important step toward the development of genetic control programs against W. magnifica infestation.
... Flystrike that takes place in cutaneous tissues of the host is known as traumatic or wound myiasis (Farkas and Képes, 2001). Mechanical damage and skin breaks are the leading factors of wound occurrences in sheep, and early detection and treatment prevents chronic stages which may attract more flies (Schreiber et al., 1964;Ruiz Martinez et al., 1991;Alahmed et al., 2020). ...
Myiasis, or the infestation of live humans and vertebrate animals by dipterous larvae, is a health issue worldwide. The economic impact and potential threat to animal health and wellbeing of this disease under the animal husbandry sector is considerable. Sheep are a highly vulnerable livestock category exposed to myiasis (sheep strike), due to several unique predisposing factors that attract flies. The successful mitigation of this disease relies on a thorough understanding of fly population dynamics associated with the change in weather patterns and the evaluation of this disease through different branches of science such as chemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology. The present review provides a summary of the existing knowledge of strike in sheep, discussed in relation to the application of volatile organic compounds, metagenomics, and molecular biology, and their use regarding implementing fly control strategies such as traps, and to increase the resilience of sheep to this disease through improving their health and wellbeing.
... As a result of the literature search, many other myiasis cases were detected. In these cases, W. magnifica larvae were found in the vulva of horses and sheep, genital organs of female camels, the mouth of humans and the wings of geese (19)(20)(21)(22)(23). ...
Introduction: The infestation of live humans and animals with dipterous larvae is called Myiasis. These larvae feed on the living or dead tissues, body fluids, and ingested foods of hosts at least for a certain period in myiasis cases. Case Presentation: During clinical examination, several larvae were detected in the perianal area of a goat at Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine Clinics. All visible larvae were cleaned by the clinician with the help of forceps. Ivermectin administered against larvae possibly penetrated deep into the wound. A topical antibiotic was also applied, and the wound was washed with an antiseptic solution. Several larvae were preserved in tubes including ethanol (70%) and transferred to parasitology laboratory. Firstly, the larvae were incised with a scalpel and cleared in potassium hydroxide (10%). Then, they were rinsed in distilled water, put into 70% ethanol for dehydration, and stored in 99% ethanol until dissection. The larvae were morphologically examined under a stereo microscope and dissected. The larvae were identified as third instar larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica according to the morphological characteristics of cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton, anterior spiracles, and peritremes. Conclusion: It should be kept in mind that in myiasis cases, early diagnosis is a very important factor in preventing deep tissue loss.
... In recent years, other species of screwworms in the genus Chrysomya have been introduced accidentally from the Old World into South America and have spread north into Central America, two even reaching the United States (Baumgartner 1993, Tomberlin et al. 2001). Among the flesh flies, species of Wohlfahrtia cause myiasis in commercially raised mink (Eschle and DeFoliart 1965), livestock (Hall 1997, Valentin et al. 1997, Farkas and Kepes 2001, and, rarely, humans (Hall and Wall 1995, Iori et al. 1999, Delir et al. 1999. ...
Diptera are major contributors to the maintenance of plant diversity through their participation in pollination systems and networks. Diptera are rich in species with specific microhabitat or breeding-site requirements, conferring a high potential for habitat-quality assessment and conservation planning. As expected for a ubiquitous group with diverse habits and habitats, the Diptera are of considerable economic importance. Pestiferous groups can have significant effects on agriculture, animal and human health, and forestry. Other groups can be a general nuisance when present in high numbers or because of allergic reactions to detached body setae. Despite these negative effects, flies have a valuable role as scavengers, parasitoids and predators of other insects, pollinators, food for predators, bioindicators of water quality, and tools for scientific research. Drosophila melanogaster was introduced as a laboratory animal for the geneticist about a century ago. This introduction turned out to be extremely fruitful, and D. melanogaster is now the icon of genetic research.
... Diptera are agents of myiasis in humans and animals (Zumpt 1965;Hall 1997;Hall & Wall 1995;Farkas & Kepes 2001;Traversa & Otranto 2006). The larvae of many species are responsible for traumatic myiasis in sheep and goats in many geographical areas (Hall & Farkas 2000;El-Abrak et al. 2002;Sotiraki et al. 2005), causing severe economic losses to the livestock industry. ...
Ten herds of sheep and goats (455 heads) were inspected for the presence of traumatic myiasis between May and September 2013 in the province of Cosenza, Calabria, southern Italy. Nine cases were discovered in sheep, goats and a sheepdog. Infested body sites included external genitalia, wounds (sheep and sheepdog) and hooves (goats). Larvae were removed from the infested body areas and reared to adult stage in the laboratory. Both the larvae and the adults were identified as belonging to the Mediterranean screwworm fly Wohlfahrtia
magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an obligatory parasite of humans and warm-blooded vertebrates. To our knowledge, these are the first cases of wohlfahrtiosis in sheep and goats to be reported from Calabria. The infested animals were living outdoors in spring and summer, and enclosed in sheds during the autumn and winter months. Observed effects of the myiases included severely impeded walking and tissue damage. Wohlfahrtiosis can cause significant economic loss to farmers. Data about the local distribution,
seasonality and types of infestation caused by W. magnifica are useful to farmers and vets to improve control systems, in Calabria as elsewhere within the distributional range of the species.
... Dünyada (6,8,14) ve Türkiye'de (1, 3, 13) hayvanlarda değişik myiasis vakaları bildirilmiş olmasına rağmen, yapılan literatür taramalarında ceylanlarda genital myiasis vakasına rastlanmadığından dolayı bu olgunun yayınlanması uygun görülmüştür. (12,13,15). ...
ZET: Doğum yaptıktan 10 gün sonra ölen ve otopsi için kliniğe getirilen bir ceylanda genital myiasis saptandı. Genital organlarından 18 adet cansız larva toplandı. Mikroskopik incelemede larvaların Lucilia sericata'nın üçüncü dönem larvası olduğu tespit edildi. SUMMARY: Genital myiasis was determined in a gazelle that died 10 days after birth and which was brought to the department for necropsy. Eighteen dead larvae were collected from its genital organs. During microscopic examination, the larvae were identified as the third stage larva of Lucilia sericata. GİRİŞ Myiasis, bazı Diptera larvalarının en azından zorunlu bir periyodunda, omurgalı hayvanların ve insanların canlı veya ölü dokuları, vücut sıvıları veya gıdaları ile beslenmeleri sonucu oluşan patolojik durum olarak tarif edilmektedir (1, 3, 10, 15). Hayvanlarda parazitlenen Diptera larvaları obligatör ve fakültatif olarak iki gruba ayrılırlar. Obligatör olanlar hayvanların vücudunda paraziter hayat geçirmek zorundadırlar, fakültatif olanlar ise geçicidirler. Serbest yaşadıkları halde tesadüfen hayvanın bünyesine girip paraziter dönem geçirirler. Larvalar deri, deri altı, yumuşak dokular, ağız, mide, bağırsak, ürogenital sistem, burun, kulak ve gözde parazitlenebilirler (3, 9, 10, 12, 15). Myiasise genellikle Diptera dizisi, Cyclorrhapha alt dizisine bağlı türler neden olmakla birlikte, Nematocera alt dizisinde buluna bazı türlerde rastlansal myiasise sebep olabilirler. Obligatör parazit olan Diptera larvaları, sadece yaşayan omurgalıların vücudunda gelişirler. Fakültatif parazit olan larvalar ise kadavra, bozuk gıda, dışkı vb. gibi çürümüş ve kokuşmuş organik maddeler üzerinde gelişebildikleri gibi bir hayvanın vücudunda da gelişebilirler. Bazı durumlarda yiyeceklerle yutulup sindirim kanalına gelen canlı veya ölü larvalar, bağırsakta sınırlı olarak bulunduklarından yaptıkları bozukluğa pseudomyiasis denilmektedir (3, 10, 12, 15).
... The shorter coat of horses and the regular grooming that many horses receive are likely to play a part in preventing myiasis (Wall and Shearer 2001). However, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is known to infest horses, predominantly in the vestibule of the vulva and vagina Hall 1998, Farkas andKepes 2001). ...
Three cases of Wohlfahrtia magnifica perineal myiasis on mares living in the Indre Department (central France) are reported. W. magnifica , whose geographical dispersion towards the plains has been known since the 1980s, continues its progression in France. Altitude is not a limiting factor for this fly, unlike climate. However, we assume that climate change and its ecological consequences, associated with the natural resistance of the maggot and commercial transactions, will not be an obstacle to the W. magnifica development in France.
Wohlfahrtia magnifica is a pest fly species, invading livestock in many European, African and Asian countries, and causing heavy agro‐economic losses. In the life cycle of this obligatory parasite, adult flies infect the host by depositing the first‐stage larvae into body cavities or open wounds. The feeding larvae cause severe (skin) tissue damage and potentially fatal infections if untreated. Despite serious health detriments and agro‐economic concerns, genomic resources for understanding the biology of W. magnifica have so far been lacking. Here, we present a complete genome assembly from a single adult female W. magnifica using a Low‐DNA Input workflow for PacBio HiFi library preparation. The de novo assembled genome is 753.99 Mb in length, with a scaffold N50 of 5.00 Mb, consisting of 16,718 predicted protein‐encoding genes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that W. magnifica has the closest phylogenetic relationship to Sarcophaga bullata followed by Lucilia cuprina. Evolutionary analysis of gene families showed expansions of 173 gene families in W. magnifica that were enriched for gene ontology (GO) categories related to immunity, insecticide‐resistance mechanisms, heat stress response and cuticle development. In addition, 45 positively selected genes displaying various functions were identified. This new genomic resource contributes to the evolutionary and comparative analysis of dipterous flies and an in‐depth understanding of many aspects of W. magnifica biology. Furthermore, it will facilitate the development of novel tools for controlling W. magnifica infection in livestock.
Untreated, traumatic, or wound myiases can cause severe consequences to animal health and welfare as well as economic losses to livestock productions. For healing myiasis-caused wounds, disinfectant such as creolin is wrongly but currently used in association with insecticides. Though effective, creolin is highly toxic to the patients, is inadequate with respect to the repellent effect, and may delay the healing of treated wounds. In this uncontrolled study, the efficacy of the patented plant-derived formulation 1 Primary Wound Dressing© (1-PWD), composed of neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and the oily extract of Hypericum perforatum (L.) flowers, has been investigated. Forty-four domestic animals of different species suffering from wound myiasis lasting for up to 25 days, at different parts of the body, were enrolled in the study. No systemic or local antibiotic or disinfectants’ treatment was administered. Larvae recovered on open wounds and adults reared from mature larvae were identified as Wohlfahrtia magnifica. All the treated wounds healed in a range of 10 to 32 days without further infestation. None of the recruited animals presented bacterial complications. Data herein presented indicate that the tested natural plant-derived formulation is able to manage the infestation caused by W. magnifica larvae and the healing process of traumatic infested wounds in several domestic animal species, without any side effect on the living tissue and without the need to use local or systemic chemical or other products.
Myiasis is defined as the infestation of live vertebrates (humans and/or animals) with dipterous larvae. In mammals (including humans), dipterous larvae can feed on the host's living or dead tissue, liquid body substance, or ingested food and cause a broad range of infestations depending on the body location and the relationship of the larvae with the host. In this review, we deeply discuss myiasis as a worldwide infestation with different agents and with its broad scenario of clinical manifestations as well as diagnosis techniques and treatment.
Bacterial strains isolated from the healthy breech mucosa and myiatic wounds of ewes were tested for their volatile production as fly attractants towards Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Cultures were studied as fly baits in field experiments, and strains performing with the best chemotropic effect were selected for further analysis. Static and dynamic headspace samples from shaken cultures were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Strains identified as Rhodococcus fascians and Mycobacterium aurum produced various volatile sulfur compounds and benzene, and proved to be the best fly attractants.
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