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Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been recognized as pus-forming bacteria triggering an inflammation in acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial activities of Indian medicinal plants against these etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Ethanolic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (roots), Eclipta alba (fruits), Coscinium fenestratum (stems), Curcubito pepo (seeds), Tephrosia purpurea (roots), Mentha piperita (leaves), Pongamia pinnata (seeds), Symplocos racemosa (barks), Euphorbia hirta (roots), Tinospora cordyfolia (roots), Thespesia populnea (roots), and Jasminum officinale (flowers) were tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from the disc diffusion method showed that 07 medicinal plants could inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Among those Hemidesmus indicus, Coscinium fenestratum, Tephrosia purpurea, Euphorbia hirta, Symplocos racemosa, Curcubito pepo and Eclipta alba had strong inhibitory effects. Based on a broth dilution method, the Coscinium fenestratum extract had the greatest antimicrobial effect. The MIC values were the same (0.049 mg/ml) for both bacterial species and the MBC values were 0.049 and 0.165 mg/ml against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. In bioautography assay, the Coscinium fenestratum extract produced strong inhibition zones against Propionibacterium acnes. Phytochemical screening of Coscinium fenestratum revealed the presence of alkaloid which could be responsible for activity. Taken together, our data indicated that Coscinium fenestratum had a strong inhibitory effect on Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
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Nanobiotechnology has emerged as integration between biotechnology and nanotechnology for developing bioactive, biosynthetic and ecofriendly technology for synthesis of nanomaterials. Development of eco-friendly process for the synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the main steps in the area of nanotechnology research. The synthesis, characterization, and application of biologically synthesized nanomaterial have become an important branch of nanotechnology. Hence, there is significant current interest in preparing nano-materials of small size. This manuscript describes ways of synthesising gold nanoparticles by using leaf extract Tephrosia Purpurea. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles was rapid and within few hrs gold ion makes contact with the leaf extract of Tephrosia Purpurea was reduce AUCL4 in to fine gold nanoparticles. The appearance of reddish colloidal dispersion indicates the synthesis of Gold Nano particles. UV Spectral analysis indicated that the reduction of tetra auric chloride (AUCL4) occurred in a short reaction period and showed a peak at 540 nm due to the surface Plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. The gold Nano particles are characterized by FTIR, SEM. The antibacterial activities of the studied nanoparticles were tested for biological applications. The antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticle is studied with the bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The gold nanoparticles conjugated with the Tetracycline antibiotics shows the high zone of inhibition in both the organisms. This result confirms the prepared gold nanoparticles can be used as a good antibacterial agent. The synthesized gold nanoparticle can be used in various fields as an antibacterial agent.
Tephrosia purpurea is a wild herb belongs to the family fabaceae and commonly known as sharpunkha. It is distributed among India, Australia, China, Sri Lanka up to 400 m to 1300 m altitude. It occurs naturally in the waste places along the road sides and it prefers to grow in dry, gravelly or rocky and sandy soil. It is being used as folk
medicine because of its several properties such as anticancer, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antiviral etc. Pharmacologically it is one of the most important herb because of its chemical constituents and various applications.
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antipyretic activity on methanolic plant extract of Tephrosia pupurea using yeast induced pyrexia method in albino rats. Tephrosia purpurea linn (Family: Fabaceae) is a copiously branched herbaceous perennial plant distributed throughout the tropics and commonly known as Sarponkha in India. The results of the statistical analysis showed that methanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea had significant (p<0.05) dose dependent antipyretic properties at 250 and 500mg/kg on pyrexia induced by yeast on albino wistar rats. Hence present investigation reveals the antipyretic activity of the methanolic plant extract of Tephrosia purpurea.
Introduction : Tephrosia purpurea is a polymorphic, much branched, herbaceous perennial herb found throughout the Indian subcontinent, 5 and according to ayurvedic literature this plant also given the name of “Sarwa wranvishapaka” , belonging to the family fabaceae 6 . Flowering and fruiting of plant is mostly observed in months between July-December in Indian condition. Tephrosia purpurea has been established for its phytochemical screening and revealed to contain long chain saturated ketones, glycosides, rotenoids, tephrosin, pongaglabol, semiglabrin, chalcones, sterols, flavanols and flavones. 8,11 Traditionally plant is being used as tonic, laxative, and diuretic 1 . It is also useful in treating cough & tightness of the chest, biliary febrile attacks, obstructions of the liver, spleen and kidneys. This plant is specifically recommended as a blood purifier and anthalmintic for children 7 . Roots are given in dyspepsia and chronic diarrhoea. In ayurveda system of medicine, the whole plant has been used to cure tumours, ulcers, leprosy, allergic and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis. Its aerial parts and roots are used in bronchial asthma, hepatic ailments, cutaneous toxicities, pain and inflammation 8 .
Tephrosia Purpurea has been widely used in the traditional medicinal system for the treatment of a variety of diseases. The effect of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia Purpurea was studied in different experimental animal models and it was revealed that the extract possesses significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic fraction of the root extract of Tephrosia purpurea was tested on carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma models in Wistar albino rats. Diclofenac (25mg/kg p.o.) & Morphine (5 mg/kg p.o) were used as standard drugs for anti-inflammatory & analgesic activities. The paw diameter was measured at different time intervals and the dry granuloma weight was taken after the treatment. The paw diameter was measured at different time intervals and the dry granuloma weight was taken after the treatment. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory & analgesic activities were carried out using Carrageenan induced paw edema volume, Hot plate and Writhing response model which is comparable with standard drug Diclofenac (25mg/kg p.o.). The ethanolic fraction of the root extract of Tephrosia purpurea (400 mg/kg) showed the maximum inhibition (84.23%) of oedema at the end of 3hr following carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema. In subacute inflammation, the extract showed (76.25%) reduction in granuloma weight. The TPEE at doses of (200 and 400 mg/kg) have shown promising effect in reducing the carrageenan induced paw edema volume in rats when compared with vehicle treated group. The TPEE at doses (200, 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced thermal and chemical induced nociception (Hot plate and writhing response) in mice when compared with vehicle treated group. The results prove that the the ethanolic fraction of the root extract of Tephrosia purpurea showed highest anti-inflammatory activity & analgesic activity in acute and subacute inflammation and also support the usage of traditional claims.
An attempt has been made to search for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors from the root extracts of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. which is traditionally used in folk medicine in India. Root extracts were screened for in vitro antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC methods. The enzyme inhibitory activity was tested on purified milk xanthine oxidase. The root extracts and phytochemicals, obtained in distilled water, inhibited bovine milk XO in a concentration-dependent manner, with an additional superoxide scavenging capacity, the average antioxidant activity of T. purpurea root extract in the concentration range of 100-200 μg/mL. The reacting system revealed significant antioxidant activity, viz. 42.2 (ABTS), 28.7 (DPPH), 36.5 (FRAP) and 25.6 per cent by ORAC assay. Screening of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity by extract in terms of kinetic parameters revealed noncompetitive mode of inhibition, where the Km and Vmax values in presence of (25 to 100 μg/mL) T. purpurea root extract is 0.18 μg and 0.040,0.037,0.034 and 0.030 (μg/min) while for control Km and Vmax is 0.21 μg and 0.043 (μg/min), respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed presence of significant amount of polyphenols and flavonoids (90% and 80%, respectively). These findings suggest that T. purpurea root extract possess prominent medicinal properties and can be exploited as natural drug to treat the diseases associated with free radical formation, oxidative stress and xanthine oxidase activity.
An ethanolic extract of the aerial (EETPA) and root parts of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (EETPR) was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activities. The extract (250, 500 mg/kg, b.w) produced dose-related inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats.
At the same doses, analgesic activity was also observed by tail immersion method maintained at 55°C. The results of the present study further confirms that
the use of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. Traditionally used for the treatment of painful inflammatory pathological conditions like fracture and dislocation.
In present work, simultaneous quantitative estimation of two biologically active flavonoidal compounds, quercetin and rutin, in Tephrosia purpurea (TP) leaves was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). TLC aluminum plates precoated with silica-gel RP-18 F 254 S were used with a mobile phase of methanol-water-formic acid (40:57:3, v/v/v) (reported earlier for another herbal drug) and densitometric determination of these compounds was carried out at 254 nm in reflectance/ absorbance mode. The linear regression data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with r=0.9942 and 0.9996 for quercetin and rutin, respectively. A recovery study was carried out to check the accuracy of the method. At two different levels the average recovery of quercetin and rutin was 100.16 % and 99.94 %, respectively. The present method has been repeated with some modification in an earlier reported method and the present method can be used routinely for the quantitative estimation of these two compounds.
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., Fabaceae, is claimed to be of use in the control and treatment of a variety of epileptic disorders in Indian system of medicine. The present study plans to systematically evaluate T. purpurea and to verify this claim. Status epilepticus was induced in male albino rats of Wistar strain by administration of pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h after lithium chloride (3 mEq/kg, i.p.). Different doses of the extract of T. purpurea were administered orally one hour before the injection of pilocarpine. The severity of status epilepticus was observed and recorded every 15 min till 90 min and thereafter every 30 min till 180 min, using the scoring system. The in vivo lipid peroxidation of rat brain tissue was measured. The in vitro NO free radical scavenging activity of plant extract was assessed. The interaction between plant extract and 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) was also observed for in vitro free radical scavenging activity. The severity of status epilepticus was reduced with the administration of ethanolic extract of T. purpurea. Ethanolic extract of the plant exhibited both in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract of T. purpurea was found to be useful to control lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in albino rats of Wistar strain.
The study aims to evaluate the anticancer properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn) roots against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell lines in Swiss albino mice. In case of EAC induced liquid tumor, after 24 hours of tumor inoculation, the extracts were administered daily for 14 days. On day 15 the mice were sacrificed for observation of antitumor activity. The effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts on the growth of transplantable murine tumor, lifespan of EAC bearing mice and simultaneous alterations in the hematological profile were estimated. The ethanol and aqueous extracts showed decrease in the tumor volume, tumor weight, viable cell count and increase in the mean survival time there by increasing the life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. Hematological profile was reverted to normal level in the extracts treated mice. From the present study the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Tephrosia purpurea roots exhibited the antitumor effect in a dose dependent manner comparable to that of standard drug, 5-Fluoro Uracil. Further the phytochemical investigations of aqueous and ethanol extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and tannins in ethanol extract and phytosterols and carbohydrates in aqueous extract. Hence the present investigation provides a scientific base to the ethno medicinal use of Tephrosia purpurea which is largely attributable to the additive or synergistic effect of their constituents.
The aim of the present study is to divulge the preventive nature of Tephrosia purpurea Methanolic Extract (TpME) during DiEthylNitrosAmine (DENA) induced liver cancer in male Swiss albino mice. Anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea was evaluated in DENA induced Swiss albino mice at the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight orally and both doses were administered for 14 days. After 24 h of the last dose, the mice were sacrificed and antitumor effect of TpME was assessed by evaluating liver serum marker enzyme and haematological parameters. Decrease in Aspartate transaminase, Alanine transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase, Bilirubin and Total protein count were observed in TpME treated animals when compared to DENA treated animals. Haematological profiles such as haemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count reverted to normal level in TpME treated mice. A comparative histopathology study of liver from test group exhibited almost normal architecture, as compared to DENA treated group. The results demonstrated that Tephrosia purpurea methanolic extract at 300 mg/kg dose exhibits Journal of Biology and Life Science ISSN 2157-6076 2014, Vol. 5, No. 2 www.macrothink.org/jbls 2 significant antitumor activity than 200 mg/kg.
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. is popularly known as 'Sarapunkha' in classical Ayurvedic texts. It is a perennial plant belonging to the family Fabaceae, and occurs throughout the Indian subcontinent. T. purpurea is traditionally used to treat spleenomegaly, cirrhosis, cough and cold, abdominal swelling and as an antidote in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Phytochemical investigations indicate the presence of semiglabrin, pongamole, lanceolatins A and B, rutin, lupeol, and β-sitosterol. Flavonoids including (+)-tephrorin A and B, (+)-tephrosone, an isoflavone, 7, 4'-dihydroxy-3', 5'-dimethoxyisoflavone and a chalcone, (+)-tephropurpurin were isolated from the whole plant. Pharmacological activities of different parts of the plant reported include anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiallergic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antitumor and insect repellent activity. In the present review, the literature on the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. are summarized to August, 2012.
Objective
To evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (T. purpurea) in rodents.Methods
The acute toxicity test was conducted in Swiss albino mice. The extract of T. purpurea was administrated in single doses of 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg and observed for behavioral changes and mortality, if any. In subacute toxicity study, Wistar rats of either sex were administered two doses of T. purpurea i.e., 200 and 400 mg/kg (One-tenth and one-fifth of the maximum tolerated dose), p.o. for 4 weeks. During 28 days of treatment, rats were observed weekly for any change in their body weight, food and water intake. At the end of 28 days, rats were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical and histopathology study.ResultsIn the acute toxicity study, T. purpurea was found to be well tolerated upto 2000 mg/kg, produced neither mortality nor changes in behavior in mice. In subacute toxicity study, T. purpurea at dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg did not produce any significant difference in their body weight, food and water intake when compared to vehicle treated rats. It also showed no significant alteration in hematological and biochemical parameters in experimental groups of rats apart from a decrease in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphate content at the dose of 400 mg/kg. Histopathological study revealed normal architecture of kidney and liver of T. purpurea treated rats.Conclusions
These results demonstrated that there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of T. purpurea and further corroborated the traditional use of this extract as an anti hepatocarcinogenic agent.
Objective: To evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of orally administered ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea in acute and subacute inflammation in rats. Methods: An ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea was prepared. Carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma were the models for acute and subacute inflammation respectively. Four groups of rats in each model were treated orally with 2% gum acacia, 100 mg/kg of aspirin, 500 mg/kg and 1 000 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea respectively. In carrageenan induced paw edema model, subplantar injection of 1% carrageenan was made into the hind paw of the rats sixty minutes after the administration of the respective drugs. The paw volume was measured immediately after injection of carrageenan, at 3 hours and at 6 hours. Then percentage inhibition of edema was calculated. In the cotton pellet granuloma model, animals were administered drugs for six days after placing cotton pellets in the axilla on each side. On the 7th day, dry weight of granuloma was calculated. Results: The rats treated with Tephrosia purpurea did not exhibit any significant decrease in paw volume and serum ceruloplasmin levels as compared to the control and aspirin treated groups in the acute inflammation model; while, there was a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the weight of granuloma in Tephrosia purpurea and aspirin treated groups as compared to control in subacute inflammation. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of orally administered Tephrosia purpurea shows significant antiinflammatory effect in subacute inflammation but not in acute inflammation in rats.
The stem extract of Tephrosia purpurea showed antiplasmodial activity against the D6 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 10.47±2.22μg/ml and 12.06±2.54μg/ml, respectively. A new prenylated flavone, named terpurinflavone, along with the known compounds lanceolatin A, (−)-semiglabrin and lanceolatin B have been isolated from this extract. The new compound, terpurinflavone, showed the highest antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.12±0.28μM (D6) and 6.26±2.66μM (W2). The structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.
Tephrosia purpurea, (Syn: Galega purpurea, Linn.; Family: Fabaceae) is locally known as Bansa (Punjabi), Sarphunka (Hindi) and Jangli kulthi (Sindhi). It grows wild throughout Indo-Pak-Bangla Desh subcontinent on hard and stony grounds (1-3). It is branched and sub-erect herbaceous perennial plant. The plants are propagated through seeds (4, 5). Phytochemical investigations revealed the pres-ence of β-sitosterol, quercetin, lupeol, rutin, del-phinidine chloride, cyanidine chloride, isolon-chocarpin, lanceolatins A and B, pongamol, karangin, kangone, 5,7-dimethoxy-8-flavanone, 2-methoxy-3,9-dihydroxycoumestone, flevichap-parins B and C, methylkaranjic acid and purpurin among the plant constituents (6, 7). Resistance to the present compounds against management of different diseases has lead to search for the new candidates (8, 9). Tephrosia purpurea is reputed to possess diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-asth-matic, anti-leprosy and anthelmintics properties (10, 11). The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-diar-rheal activity of methanolic extract of Tephrosia pur-purea. Preparation of crude extract The herbal material was shade dried and ren-dered free of any dust particles or adulterated mate-rials by manual picking. It was subsequently grind-ed to coarse powder by an electrically driven grind-ing machine. About 500 g of the coarsely grinded powder material was soaked in 80% aqueous methanol for eight days with occasional shaking (11). The material was passed through double lay-ered muslin cloth to get rid of organic debris and the fluid portion was filtered through Whatman grade 1 filter paper. The collected filtrate was subsequently concentrated to thick semi solid mass at 37 O C on a rotary evaporator (R210, BUCHI, Switzerland) under reduced pressure and was dried further through freeze drying and transferred to final con-tainers to kept in refrigerator (-4 O C). The approxi-mate yield was 4.0%. Different dilutions of the crude extract (Cr) were made fresh on the day of experiment. Animals and housing conditions Animals (ο ↑ / ο +) used in this study were rabbits (1.0-1.8 kg), guinea-pigs (500-600 g), Bulb-c mice (20-30 g) and Sprague-Dawley rats (200-300 g). These were housed under controlled environmental condition (23-25 O C) at the animal house of The Aga Khan University, Karachi. The animals were given
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of ethanolic seed extract
ofTephrosia purpurea (TpEt) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia associated with an altered hexokinase and glucose 6 phosphatase
activities, elevated lipid peroxidation, disturbed enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants status were observed in streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of “TpEt” at a dose of 300mg/kg bw showed significant antihyperglcemic and antilipidperoxidative
effects as well as increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and levels of non enzymatic antioxidants. We also noticed
that the antihyperglycemic effect of plant drug (TpEt) was comparable to that of the reference drug glibenclamide. Our results
clearly indicate that “TpEt” has potent antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic
rats and therefore further studies are warranted to isolate and characterize the bioactive antidiabetic principles from “TpEt”.
We investigated the spasmolytic activity of herbal drugs isolated from Tephrosia purpurea on guinea pigs for the treatment of asthma in India. For this investigation, the herbal drug was extracted with 70% ethanol in soxhlet apparatus. After purification and isolution, the drug was used in experimental animals to observe prophylactic activity. For anaphylactic activity, horse serum 0.5 ml along with triple antigen (0.5 ml) was induced in guinea pigs. To observe prophylactic activity, male guinea pigs weighing about 250-450 gms were killed by cervical dislocation and the trachea was isolated. Each trachea was cut in to six segments. Each segment consists of three cartilage rings. Each end of tracheal muscles was attached to the bronchospasm transducers for isometric recording of the tension charges on a polygraph. The results of experiments clearly showed the spasmolytic activity of the drug. The preliminary phytochemical investigation, however shows the presence of glycoside saponins.
There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles due to their wide applicability in various areas such as electronics, catalysis, chemistry, energy, and medicine. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are quite often toxic and flammable. In this work, we describe a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the extract of papaya fruit as reducing as well as capping agent. Nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and SEM. X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis showed the average particle size of 15 nm as well as revealed their cubic structure. Further these biologically synthesized nanoparticles were found to be highly toxic against different multi drug resistant human pathogens. This is for the first time that any plant fruit extract was used for the synthesis of nanoparticles.
In continuation of our chemical investigation on some medicinal plants of the genus Tephrosia, reinvestigation of the methylenechloride/methanol (1:1) extract of the aerial parts of Tephrosia purpurea yielded an aromatic ester 1, a sesquiterpene 2 and prenylated flavonoid 3. The structures of the compounds were established by comprehensive NMR studies, including DEPT, COSY, NOE, HMQC, HMBC, EIMS and CIMS.
To investigate anticancer activity of different fractions of Tephrosia purpurea [TP] (Sharapunkha, Fabaceae) and Ficus religiosa [FR] (Peepal, Moraceae).
The fractions of TP and FR were prepared and tested for in vitro anticancer activity using human MCF 7 cell line by trypan blue exclusion method.
The result showed that among all these fractions of TPI, TPIII, FRI and FRIII showed better anticancer activity compared to other fractions. The IC(50) value for TPI (152.4 μM), TPIII (158.71 μM), FRI (160.3 μM) and for FRIII (222.7 μM) was observed.
The present study shows anticancer potential of TP and FR fractions in MCF 7 cell line.
Leaves of Tephrosia purpurea Linn (sarpankh), belonging to the family Leguminosae being used for the treatment of jaundice and claimed to be effective in many other diseases. The present research work wasunder taken to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Method The therapeutic effects of tannins and flavonoids can be largely attributed to their antioxidant properties. So that the quantitative determinations were undertaken. All the methods are based on UV-Spectrophotometric determination.
Objective:
Tephrosia purpurea (Linn·) Pers. is widely used in traditional medicine to treat liver disorders, febrile attacks, enlargement and obstruction of liver, spleen, and kidney. In the present study, investigations were carried out to determine the seasonal impact on the content of flavonoid glycosides and on antioxidant activities so as to identify the optimal time of harvesting.
Methods:
The plant materials were collected in different seasons during 2013-2014. Air-dried, powdered plant materials were extracted with 95% ethanol and ethanol: water (1:1) by ultrasound-assisted extraction process. Their chemical composition in terms of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents (TPCs and TFCs) was determined using modified colorimetric Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay respectively. To determine the in vitro antioxidant activity, diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdate antioxidant assay were carried out. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/photo-diode array (PDA) analysis was used to quantify the flavonoid glycosides in the samples collected in different seasons. Correlation studies were also carried out between antioxidant activities and TPCs.
Results:
The highest TPC and TFC were found to be in the 95% ethanolic extract of the August sample and the lowest in the 50% hydro-alcoholic extract of the plant sample collected in winter season. It was observed that in both the assays used to determine the antioxidant activity, the 95% ethanolic extracts in all the seasons showed a higher activity than their respective 50% hydro-alcoholic extracts with an increase in activity as we go from cold to hot to rainy seasons. Based on correlation analysis, DPPH radical-scavenging activities as well as the spectrophotometrically measured phosphomolybdenum complex were also strongly correlated with TPC of the extracts. The most abundant flavonoid glycoside was quercetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside in all the seasons. The content of all flavonoids was observed highest in the 95% ethanolic extract of the plant collected in August (TP-3). The 50% hydro-alcoholic extract of the plant collected in December (TP-6) showed the lowest amount of flavonoids and antioxidant activity.
Conclusion:
The findings of this study confirmed that the metabolism and production of flavonoids in T. purpurea are vigorously affected by seasonal factors. Significant differences were observed in the TPC, TFC and flavonoid glycoside composition in the 95% ethanolic as well as 50% hydro-alcoholic extracts of T· purpurea collected in different seasons. Since the 95% ethanolic extract of the August sample (TP-3), which also happens to be its flowering season, exhibited the highest TPC, TFC and antioxidant activities in both DPPH and phosphomolybdate assays as well as contained the highest content of all flavonoids, it could be recommended as the optimal season of harvesting T· purpurea with respect to its pharmaceutically important constituents, i.e., flavonoids.
Methanol extract of leaves of Plumeria acuminata Ait. (MEPA) and roots of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. (METP) were investigated for their in vitro antimicrobial properties by agar disc diffusion method. The crude methanolic extracts MEPA and METP inhibited the growth of both Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus pers.and Micrococcus luteus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomsonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium). The Gram positive bacteria tested appeared to be more susceptible to the extracts than the Gram negative bacteria. Both the extracts at the concentration ranging between 250 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml showed inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria except MEPA which did not show activity against S. typhimurium at 250 μg/ml concentration. At 100 μg/ml concentration. MEPA was found neutral against M. luteus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium while METP was neutral against E. coli and P. aeruginosa at same concentration. The extracts also showed significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. All tested microorganisms showed dose dependent susceptibility towards the methanol extracts. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts and standard drugs were statistically significant. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that both the plants possess potent antimicrobial activity.
Tephrosia purpurea (Family: Fabaceae) is commonly used as medicine for treating many diseases in the native system of medicine. The hydro alcoholic and aqueous extract of leaf powder of this plant at dose level 400mg /kg b.w showed a good anti-diabetic potential as evidenced by changes in the biochemical parameters like glucose levels, phospholipids, total proteins, triglycerides, SGOT, and SGPT, after streptozotocin induced to rats. Histopathological examinations of the pancreatic tissue were done. The overall anti-diabetic potential exhibited by the extracts was found to be low compared to standard drug Glibenclamide at a dose level of 5mg/kg b.w. The hydro alcoholic extract was found to be more effective than alcoholic extract. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of this plant was also reported here. The results are highlighted and discussed.
Tephrosia purpurea is a polymorphic, much - branched, sub erectm perennial herb, 30 - 60 cm. high, found through out India, ascending to an altitude of 1,850 m. in the Himalayas. The primary phytochemical study and in vitro anti oxidant study was performed on hydroalcoholic extract of shade dried roots. The hydroalcoholic extract of Tephrosia purpurea were prepared and evaluated for its primary phytochemical analysis for total phenolic content and in vitro anti oxidant activity study by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, super oxide free radical activity and nitric oxide scavenging activity. Results indicate that hydroalcoholic root extract of Tephrosia purpurea have marked amount of total phenols which could be responsible for the anti oxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Tephrosia purpurea but the mechanism remains unclear and could be further investigated by detailed phytochemical investigation.
Herbal drugs are traditionally used in various parts of the world to cure different diseases. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the protective role of the ethanolic extract of the root of Tephrosia purpurea; an important Indian medicinal plant widely used in the preparation of ayurvedic formulations, on CCl 4 induced oxidative damage and resultant dysfunction in the liver of rats. The experiments were performed using five groups of animals. The experimental animals were administered with 30% CCl 4 in liquid paraffin (1ml/kg bw) for 10 days at 72 hr intervals and the fine crude plant root powder ethanolic extract (EETP) and Silymarin a standard drug, 25 mg/kg bw were fed to the CCl 4 treated animals. The effect of EETP and silymarin on Total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol and glycogen were measured. Further, the effects of the extract on hepatospecific enzymes such as, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 5' nucleotidase (5'NT) were estimated. The EETP and Silymarin produced significant effect by decreasing the serum levels of bilirubin and cholesterol whereas Total protein, albumin, glycogen and hepatospecific enzymes were significantly increased. From these results, it was suggested that Tephrosia purpurea protects the liver against CCl 4 induced oxidative damage probably by increasing antioxidative defense activities.
Ayurveda described certain diseases which mimics Indian Kala-azar namely Visamajwara (Satatajwara), Krimi (Raktaja) and Plihodara/Pliha roga are seems to be suitable correlation depending on their etiology, symptomatology, prognosis and treatment. Raktaja Krimi is also responsible for the manifestation Raktaja vyadhi, out of which Pliha roga is one. Plihodara is a syndrome characterized by splenomegally, debility, anorexia, indigestion, retention of stool and urine, thirst, bodyache, lassitude, cough, mild fever, emaciation, pain in belly, reddish or abnormal tinge or appearance of blue, green or yellow streaks on abdomen, severe anaemia etc.Visceral leishmaniasis patient presents at a late stage, with persistent but fluctuating low-grade fever, weight loss giving the appearance of severe starvation, spleno-or hepatosplenomegally. The skin is some times said to be muddy, pale or dark. Non-specific laboratory tests will show marked leucopenia (Pancytopenia, mainly neutropenia), anemia, and raised serum proteins, with reversal of albumin/globulin ratio. Morphology of subtypes of raktaja Krimi namely Jantumataraha mimics the leishmania donovani. Other than fever no other points supports the concept of Krimi with leishmaniasis. Besides this raktaja Krimi also manifests the diseases of blood, in which Pliha roga / Plihodara is one. Most of the clinical features mentioned for Plihodara / Pliha roga are similar with Indian Kala-azar. Besides this epidemiological incidence, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment support strongly to correlate the concept of Kala-azar vis-à-vis Plihodara / Pliha roga. So it may be summarized that Krimighna drugs as well as plihaghna and plihodara management principles are useful in the management of kala-azar. This article gives glimpses of natural products and their antileishmanial activity. It also provides the clue to select drugs from Ayurveda to develop antileishmanial drug. This article also provides the information pertaining to kala-azar research by using natural products. Many natural products exhibited antileishmanial activity in experimental models was collected.
Tephrosia purpurea seed is a valuable medicinal shrubby and woody plant which has been valued for centuries in ayurvedic medicine. Phyto-chemical analysis of aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane T. purpurea seed extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive phytochemical compounds in all three extracts. The study was aimed to evaluate the anti inflammatory activity of different extracts of T. purpurea by HRBC membrane stabilization and protein denaturation method. The result showed aqueous extract of T. purpurea highest membrane stabilizing activity (85.6± 9.48) and protein inhibition activity (73.1± 8.78) at the concentration of 500 μg, when compared to diclofenac sodium. The result obtained from this study suggests that plant is may be a good natural source for anti-inflammatory therapy.
A novel neoflavonoid glycoside, serratin 7-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside] (1) has been isolated from the CHCl3-soluble fraction of the stem of T. purpurea and identified by its chemical and spectral analysis.
Objective: To study the antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of roots of Tephrosia purpurea (AETP) using different models of gastric and duodenal ulceration in rats. Methods: Antiulcer activity of AETP was studied in rats in which gastric ulcers were induced by oral administration of ethanol or 0.6 M HCI or indomethacin or by pyloric ligation and duodenal ulcers were induced by oral administration of cysteamine HCI. AETP was administered in the dose of 1 to 20 mg/kg orally 30 min prior to ulcer induction. The antiulcer activity was assessed by determining and comparing the ulcer index in the test drug group with that of the vehicle control group. Gastric total acid output and pepsin activity were estimated in the pylorus ligated rats. Omeprazole was used as a reference drug. Results: The ulcer index in the AETP treated animals was found to be significantly less in all the models compared to vehicle control animals. This antiulcer property was more prominent in animals in whom ulcers were induced by HCI, indomethacin and pyloric ligation. Omeprazole (8 mg/kg) produced a significant gastric and duodenal ulcer protection when compared with the control group. The anti-ulcer activity of AETP was however, less than that of Omeprazole. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AETP possesses significant antiulcer property which could be either due to cytoprotective action of the drug or by strengthening of gastric and duodenal mucosa and thus enhancing mucosal defence.
Objectives: To investigate the chemopreventive potential and antilipidperoxidative effects of ethanolic root extract of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. (TpEt) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)- induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters, by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin, thrice a week, for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence, volume and burden were determined. Oral administration of TpEt at a dose of 300 mg/kg, b.w., to DMBA (on alternate days for 14 weeks)- painted animals significantly prevented the incidence, volume and burden of the tumor. Results: TpEt showed potent antilipidperoxidative effect, as well as enhanced the antioxidant status in DMBA- painted animals. Conclusion: TpEt has potent chemopreventive efficacy and significant antilipidperoxidative effect, in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to isolate and characterize the bioactive principle.
The present work is to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of Tephrosia purpuria (L) Pers (HAETP) in mice using the elevated plus-maze (EPM), elevated zero-maze (EZM), Y-maze and hole-board models. Furthermore, the anxiolytic effects of HAETP were compared to a known active anxiolytic drug diazepam. The extract, administered orally, in two different doses of HAETP 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, was able to increase the time spent and the number of arm entries in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze and elevated zero-maze, as well as decrease the visits by mice in the Y-maze, also significantly increase nose poking, line crossing and rearing in hole-board. This effect was comparable to that of the diazepam (2.0 mg/kg i.p.). These results indicate that hydroalcoholic extract Tephrosia purpuria (L) Pers is an effective anxiolytic agent.
In this paper we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract. The biomolecules present in the leaf extract are responsible for the formation of Ag NPs and they found to play dual role of both reducing as well as capping agents. The high crystallinity of Ag NPs is evident from bright circular spot array of SAED pattern and diffraction peaks in XRD profile. The synthesized Ag NPs are found to be nearly spherical ones with size approximately ∼20nm. FTIR spectrum evidences the presence of different functional groups of biomolecules participated in encapsulating Ag NPs and the possible mechanism of Ag NPs formation was also suggested. Appearance of yellow color and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 425nm confirms the Ag NPs formation. PL spectra showed decrement in luminescence intensity at higher excitation wavelengths. Antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs showed better inhibitory activity towards Pseudomonas spp. and Penicillium spp. compared to other test pathogens using standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay.
Pongamol in its pure enol form has been found to occur in the whole plant of Tephrosia purpurea together with β-sitosterol, ursolic acid and spinasterol-α.
Plants used in traditional medicinal systems have proved to be reliable sources of antibmicrobial compounds. Two native plants, Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. (Fabaceae) and Mimusops elengi (Linn.) (Sapotaceae) were screened for their antimicrobial activity. Preliminary testing of antimicrobial activity of T purpurea against 3 standard cultures (Staphylococcus aureus [NCTC 6571], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [NCTC 10662], E. coli [NCTC 10418] and one clinical isolate of Candida spp. was performed with water extracts of leaves, pods and roots using the 'disc diffusion bioassay'. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic root and leaf extracts against the above three standard isolates and clinical isolates of two strains of Staphylococcus, two strains of Pseudomonas and nine coliforms were tested using the 'well method'. The active extracts were subjected to the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) agar dilution method, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of each extract. Further, the effect of plant maturity was tested on the antimicrobial activity of T. purpurea. In addition, ethonolic extracts were prepared from the bark of M elengi and tested for its antimicrobial activity against the above bacterial isolates. Ethanolic root extracts of T. purpurea were found to be active against P. aeruginosa, two other Pseudomonas strains and two coliform strains. Ethanolic leaf extracts and all the water extracts showed no activity against any of the isolates. The bark extract of M. elengi showed activity against three Staphylococcus isolates including S. aureus. The MIC of ethanolic root extracts of T. purpurea and bark extract of M. elengi were both found to be 128mg/L. There were no differences between the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of T. purpurea plants at different maturity levels.
The isolation and characterisation of ten unusual and closely related flavonoids from the roots of T. purpurea are reported. Three of these compounds are new natural products and they all contain an isopentenyl derived unit attached to C-8 (in the flavones) or the corresponding C-3′(in the chalcones), suggesting that they are derived from a common biosynthetic precursor. The 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra of use in structure elucidation are reported.
The modulatory effect of Tephrosia purpurea on benzoyl peroxide-induced cutaneous oxidative stress is described. Benzoyl peroxide is an effective cutaneous tumour promoter acting through the generation of oxidative stress. Benzoyl peroxide treatment increases cutaneous microsomal lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation. The activity of cutaneous antioxidant enzymes, catalase glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase is decreased and the levels of cutaneous glutathione are depleted.Prophylactic treatment of mice with T. purpurea 12 h before benzoyl peroxide treatment resulted in the diminution of benzoyl peroxide-mediated damage. The susceptibility of cutaneous microsomal membrane to lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation was significantly reduced (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). In addition depleted levels of glutathione and inhibited activity of antioxidant enzymes were recovered to a significant level (P < 0.05). The protective effect of T. purpurea was dose-dependent.The results suggest that T. purpurea is an effective chemopreventive agent in skin that may suppress benzoyl peroxide-induced cutaneous toxicity.
Tephrosia purpurea (family: Fabaceae), which is used in traditional remedies for the treatment of febrile attacks, enlargement and obstruction of liver, spleen, and kidney, was found to have significant antileishmanial activity, and has been extensively fractionated to locate the abode of activity. A fraction (F062) obtained from N-butanol extract of T. purpurea showed consistent antileishmanial activity at 50 mg/ kg × 5 days by oral route against Leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. Activity was further confirmed in a secondary model, i.e., Indian langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus). Thus, the fraction F062 from this plant possesses potential to produce significant antileishmanial activity by oral route without producing any toxic side effects. Drug. Dev. Res. 60:285–293, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two new prenylated flavonoids, purpuritenin purpureamethide, have been characterized from the seeds of Tephrosia purpurea together with the known c
Tephrosia purpurea (Fabaceae) is a well-known traditional plant with diuretic effect but no scientific work published till date to support the claimed ethnomedical use. Therefore, the present study appraised the diuretic potential of methanol extract of Tephrosia purpurea (METP) in male wistar rats. The powdered plant material was extracted with methanol by hot extraction. The animals were divided into five groups for diuretic activity. The first group served as saline control (0.9%% saline solution, 25 ml/kg, body weight (b.w)), the second group received osmotic diuretic, urea (1 g/kg b.w), the third group received high-ceiling diuretic, furosemide (5 mg/kg b.w), and the other two groups were administered various concentrations of METP (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w) orally to hydrated rats and their urine volume was measured at 5th and 24th hr after drug administration, while animals were deprived of food and water. After collection of urine, the parameters such as urine output, diuretic activity, electrolyte excretion of Na(++), K(++), Ca(2++), and Cl(-), and pH were analyzed. METP at various dose levels exhibited significant diuretic activity as evidenced by increased urine volume, electrolyte concentration, and alkaline pH in comparison to control group of animals. The present study provides a quantitative basis for explaining the folkloric use of Tephrosia purpurea as a diuretic agent in Indian traditional system of medicine.