Critical review of Brahma Rasayana W.S.R to its immunomodulatory activity

Abstract

Rasayana is one of the eight clinical specialties of Ayurveda. The Rasayana therapy enhance the qualities of Rasa, enhances it with nutrients, so it is useful as longevity, memory, intelligence, optimum development of physique, and sense organs. Brahma Rasayana is one of the most important Rasayana of Ayurvedic texts. It is useful to improve memory and immunity of the body. Brahma Rasayana was found to activate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity significantly. The present review is undertaken for screening herbs (ingredients) of Brahma Rasayana to evaluate their immunomodulatory properties and established the correlation between Rasayana and immunomodulatory effect. Critical review of herbs to show immunomodulatory property is compiled from various Ayurvedic texts as well as from multiple articles on the internet to justify their immunomodulatory property on the basis of data collected. Many of the herbs reviewed of Brahma Rasayana are found to act as immunomodulators as per Ayurveda. This shows their potential to act as antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, vaccine adjuvant, or immunity against diseases property. The ingredients of Brahma Rasayana formulation are the herbs among all reviewed in the present study found to exhibit immunomodulatory effect of formulation.

Full text

International Journal of Green Pharmacy • Jan-Mar 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (1) | S37
Critical review of Brahma Rasayana W.S.R
to its immunomodulatory activity
Manoj Kumar Dash1, Namrata Joshi2, Kavita Mahla1, Madhuri Vindhyaraj1
1Department of Rasashastra and B.K, Government Ayurveda College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, 2Department
of Rasashastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasai,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Rasayana is one of the eight clinical specialties of Ayurveda. The Rasayana therapy enhance the qualities of Rasa,
enhances it with nutrients, so it is useful as longevity, memory, intelligence, optimum development of physique, and
sense organs. Brahma Rasayana is one of the most important Rasayana of Ayurvedic texts. It is useful to improve
memory and immunity of the body. Brahma Rasayana was found to activate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
significantly. The present review is undertaken for screening herbs (ingredients) of Brahma Rasayana to evaluate
their immunomodulatory properties and established the correlation between Rasayana and immunomodulatory
effect. Critical review of herbs to show immunomodulatory property is compiled from various Ayurvedic texts
as well as from multiple articles on the internet to justify their immunomodulatory property on the basis of
data collected. Many of the herbs reviewed of Brahma Rasayana are found to act as immunomodulators as per
Ayurveda. This shows their potential to act as antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, vaccine
adjuvant, or immunity against diseases property. The ingredients of Brahma Rasayana formulation are the herbs
among all reviewed in the present study found to exhibit immunomodulatory effect of formulation.
Key words: Formulation, herbs, immunomodulators, Rasayana
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Manoj Kumar Dash, Department of Rasashastra
and B.K, Government Ayurveda College, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India. Phone: +91-9406271609.
E-mail: drmanojkumardash@gmail.com
Received: 18-09-2017
Revised: 11-11-2017
Accepted: 24-11-2017
INTRODUCTION
The word “Rasayana” is made up of
two words: “Rasa” and “Ayana.”
“Rasa” primarily means essential seven
vital tissues (Saptadhatu, e.g., Rasa, Rakta,
Mansa, Meda, Asthi, Majja, and Shukra).
“Ayana” means the path or channel. Hence,
Rasayanas are those that bring about proper
uptake, growth, and improvement of essential
Dhatus. According to Acharya Charaka, use
of Rasayanas results in disease-free long life
(Dirghamaayu), Smiriti (Recapitulating power),
Medha (Intellect), Aarogyam (healthy well-
being), Tarun Vaya (Youthfulness), Prabha
(Blaze), Varna (Complexion), Swara (Voice),
and Dehaindriya Bala (Strength).[1] According
to Acharya Sharangdhara, various drugs, diet,
and regimens which promote longevity by
delaying aging and preventing diseases are
called Rasayana such as Amrita, Guggul, and
Haritaki.[2] Literally, the word Rasayana is
derived from two words “Rasa” and “Ayana.”
The first word Rasa is used to denote six different
objects in Ayurveda literatures. Namely, Rasa
as Dhatu, Rasa as Secretion, Rasa as Oja, Rasa
as Taste, Rasa as Juice, and Rasa as Parada.
The second word Ayana refers to circulation in general.
Hence, the word Rasayana refers to Rasa (nutrition) and its
transportation in the body.[3] It is a state of improved nutrition
lead to a series of secondary attributes such as prevention
of aging and longevity, immunity against diseases, mental
competence, and increased vitality of the body.
Brahma Rasayana is one of the most valuable Ayurvedic
formulations made with 45 herbal ingredients, which claims
to improve intelligence, memory, and immune power[4] and
for use against stress and tiredness.[5] Brahma Rasayana
is mentioned in “the Ayurvedic formulary of India” for
the treatment of drowsiness, fatigue/lethargy, tiredness
without exertion, mental weakness, senility/progeriasis,
aging, and disturbed memory.[6] This formulation is very
important. The famous Rishies Vaikhanasa and Balkhilya
REVIEW ARTICLE

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used Brahma Rasayana and attained immeasurable life
span, acquired youth replacing aged physique, endowed
with great memory, intellect, concentration, and physical
strength.[7]
Rasayana drugs are believed to slow down the aging process
(jara) and provide a defense against diseases (vyadhi).
Rasayana improve the host resistance of an individual,
helping to prevent aging and diseases. Specific diets and
lifestyle changes are also advised in Rasayana therapy.
Rasayana drugs act on the immune system. The immune
system has connections with a number of other organs and
can directly or indirectly influence the actions of many other
organs. Rasayana shows myriad actions on other organs by
acting on the immune system.[8]
An immunomodulator is a drug used for its effects on the
immune system. It can be defined as a substance, which
can influence any component or function of the immune
system in a specific or non-specific method. The concept of
immunomodulation is mentioned as Rasayana in Ayurveda.
Ayurveda has two aims - first one is the prevention and
promotion of health and the other one is cure from disease.
Rasayana are used for both aims.[9]
The word immunomodulation means the alteration of immune
response which may increase or decrease the immune
responsiveness. An immunomodulators may be defined as a
substance, which can stimulate, suppress, or modulate any of
the immune system including both innate and adaptive arms
of the immune response. Immunomodulators are considered
one of the most potent tools in the management of health
and disease. The modulation of immune response by using
Ayurvedic herbal medications as a possible therapeutic
measure has now become a subject of scientific investigations.
Natural adjuvant, synthetic agents, and antibody reagents
are used as immunosuppressive and immunostimulative
agents.[10]
CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY AS PER
AYURVEDA
Ayurveda has propounded the concept of immunity as
“Vyadhikshamatwa.[11]” Acharya Chakrapanidatta has
interpreted the term Vyadhi-ksamatwa as Vyadhi bala
Virodhitwa, that is, antagonistic to the strength and virulence
of the disease and Vyadhyutpada Pratibandhakatwa, that
is, the capacity to inhibit and bind the causes and factors
of the disease.[12] In fact, one of the therapeutic strategies
in Ayurvedic medicines is to enhance the body’s overall
natural resistance to the disease causing agent rather than
directly neutralizing the agent itself. The use of herbs for
improving the overall resistance of body against common
infections and pathogens has been a guiding principle of
Ayurveda.[13]
VYADHIKSHAMATVA
The modern understanding of immunity fits in the broad
concept of Vyadikshamatva in Ayurveda. The process of
prevention of disease development and capacity to resist
disease are jointly known as Vyadhikshamatva.[14]
Vyadhikshamatva which appears in Ayurvedic scriptures by
the same Sleshma, Bala, and Ojas.
1. Sleshma-Sleshma in normal state is called Bala and
Oja. Sleshma in abnormal state called “dosha” and
“papma” diseases.[15] Kapha in normal state provides
compactness, stability, heaviness, vitality, immunity,
resistance, courage, and greedlessness.[16]
2. Oja-Ojas has been considered vital in the defense
mechanism of the body; it not only resides in the heart
(hridya) but also circulates all over body and maintains
healthy status of the person.[17]
According to Acharya Charaka (during embryogenesis) the
Oja appeared foremost in the human body.[18]
3. Bala-Bala imparts firm integrity to the muscles, improves
the voice and complexion, and helps the person to
perform his natural functions normally.[19]
There are 3 types of Bala in Ayurved - (1) Sahaja bala,
(2) Kalaja bala, and (3) Yuktikrita bala
• The constitutional strength present since birth. It
depends on the healthiness of Shukra (sperms) and
artava (ovum).
• (According to time, season, and age) - Encompassing
to time of day, season, age, etc., factors for enhancing
immunity, (according to ritu and age).
• Plans for enhancing immunity and acquiring bala, such
as proper die t(ahara), performing exercise, and using
different beneficial yoga.[20]
MODERN CONCEPT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
OR IMMUNOMODULATORY
The immune system is the body’s defense against infectious
organisms and other invaders. Through a step of step
called the immune response, the immune system attacks
organisms and substances that invade body systems and
cause disease. The immune system is made up of a network
of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the
body. Lymphocyte is the master of human immune system.
Morphologically, lymphocytes are homogenous, but they
are heterogeneous in functioning. Lymphocytes are of three
categories - T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and Natural
Killer cells (NK cells). All the three lymphocytes are formed
from lymphoid precursor cells in bone marrow, which further
undergo maturation and differentiation in the bone marrow
(B-cells) and thymus (T-cells).

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Immune system is defined as a sophisticated and highly
evolved network of integrated body system including organs,
tissue, cells, and cell products with a mission to provide
resistance and/or retaliation to foreign agents or invaders
physiologically. Immune system comprises different organs
or tissues such as the primary lymphoid organs such as
thymus and bone marrow, whereas the secondary lymphoid
organs include the spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph
nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.[21]
An immunomodulator can be defined as a substance, which
can influence any constituent or function of the immune system
in a specific or non-specific manner including either innate or
adaptive arms of the immune response.[2] They are a diverse
array of recombinant, synthetic and natural preparations, often
cytokines. Some of these substances, such as granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor, interferon’s, imiquimod, and
cellular membrane fractions from bacteria are already
licensed for use in patients. Others including interleukin-2
(IL-2), IL-7, IL-12, various chemokines, synthetic cytosine
phosphate-guanosine, oligodeoxynucleotides, and glucans
are currently being investigated extensively in the clinical
and pre-clinical studies. Immunomodulatory regimens offer
an attractive approach as they often have fewer side effects
than existing drugs, including less potential for creating
resistance in microbial diseases.[22]
ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OR
IMMUNOMODULATORY PROPERTIES OF
HERBS OF BRAHMA RASAYANA
Brahma Rasayana has 45 ingredients; many of them have
very important immunomodulatory property. By virtue of the
substances being immunomodulators, the Brahma Rasayana
itself possesses immunomodulator properties. Here, the
immunomodulatory properties of the components of the
Brahma Rasayana are being described.
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis)
E. officinalis (Amalaki) has been known in Ayurvedic
medicine for its tonifying, antiaging, and immune enhancing
properties as it provides a superior source of Vitamin C. It
possesses a number of active compounds such as ellagic
acid, gallic acid, quercetin, flavonoids, glycosides, and
proanthocyanidins. Quercetin present in it is responsible for
its hepatoprotective effect.[23] Due to its antibacterial property,
it stimulates polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and RE system
and also enhances NK cell and antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity (ADCC). Due to its rejuvenant property, it
inhibits PMN activity induced by leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and
FMLP means N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine a
neutrophil-stimulating bacterial peptide[24] It improves vitality
to protects against pancreatitis, induces positive nitrogen
balance, protects against toxic effects of metals, enhances
NK cell and antibody-dependent cellular, and cytotoxicity
against Dalton’s lymphoma ascites tumor.[25]
Amalaki is well known for its antioxidant and detoxification
properties along with tonifying and antiaging effect. As an
adaptogen, Amalaki improves immunity and augments both
cell mediated and numoral response. It enhances IL-2 and
gamma-IFN production and inhibits apoptosis. It enhance
NK cell activity and ADCC.[26]
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula)
T. chebula popularly known as “Myrobalan” or “ Haritaki.”
Fruits of Haritaki are an important source of tannins. It is
mainly used as an astringent, laxative, stomachic, and tonic.
Chebula has been investigated for its effect on cell-mediated
and humoral components of the immune system.[27] Due to its
wound healing property and as antiasthmatic it increases HA
titer and delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction.[24]
Bilva (Aegle marmelos)
A. marmelos is a rich source of coumarins, Vitamin C, and
riboflavin. It possesses potent microfilarial, radioprotective,
analgesic, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, anticancer,
and antidiabetic activity. Literature survey has revealed that
leaves of A. marmelos are prescribed in the treatment of
immunological disorders. The leaves of A. marmelos showed
significant immunostimulant activity on both the specific and
non-specific immune mechanism.[28] Its methanolic extract
effectively stimulated cell-mediated and antibody-mediated
immune response than ethanolic extract.[24]
Agnimanth (Clerodendrum phlomidis)
Oral administration of methanol extracts of C. phlomidis
root has significantly increases in hemagglutinating antibody
titer. C. phlomidis showed higher specific immune activity.
It enhances the non-specific immune response in carbon
clearance test and showed significant immunoprophylactic
effect. It increases in humoral antibody (HA) titer.[29]
Shyonak (Oroxylum indicum)
On preliminary phytochemical screening, the n-butanol
extract of O. indicum showed the presence of alkaloids,
tannins, flavonoids, and anthraquinones. In pre-treatment
with n-butanol extract, significantly reversed the rise in
malondialdehyde content along with significant rise in
superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione
levels as compared to the stress-induced control group. The
n-butanol extract of O. indicum root bark has previously
revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids,
and anthraquinones. It presents flavonoid baicalein, an
agent reported to possess immunomodulatory activity

Dash, et al.: Critical review of Brahma Rasayana
International Journal of Green Pharmacy • Jan-Mar 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (1) | S40
stress-induced oxidative stress. Thus, the n-butanol extract of
O. indicum attenuated the stress-induced immunosuppression
through antioxidant mechanism.[30]
Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens)
Phytochemical analysis of S. suaveolens root extract
(SSRE) showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids,
saponins, alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, steroids, and
gums. Dehydro-α-lapachone and lapachol are the most
active constituents of S. suaveolens root. Lapachol and its
derivatives dehydro-α-lapachone are the principle active
constituents; it also has immunosuppressive activity in
high-dose concentration. SSRE increased the thin-layer
chromatography (TLC), monocyte, and neutrophil population
while decreased the eosinophil, basophil, and lymphocyte
populations. Thus, the increase of TLC, neutrophil, and
monocyte counts suggesting an uplift of non-specific immune
status in low doses.[31]
Gambhari (Gmelina arborea)
The plant shows the presence of flavonoids (apigenin),
which is reported to exhibit immunomodulatory activity.
Administration of methanolic extract of Gmelina arborea
(MEGA) and ethyl acetate fraction MEGA Linn. were found
to increase the total white blood cell (WBC) count.[32] Its
methanol extract and its ethyl acetate soluble fraction of root
increases in HA titer, DTH response and increase in total
WBC.[24]
Shalparni (Desmodium gangeticum)
D. gangeticum possesses a strong antioxidant activity, which
might be responsible for its anti-arthritic activity. Caffeic
acid and chlorogenic acid could be useful as antioxidants in
experimental animal models and might be responsible for
the antioxidant activity of the plant. D. gangeticum has also
been reported to contain alkaloids, flavone, and isoflavanoid
glycosides. Total alkaloids of this species showed
anticholinesterase, smooth muscle stimulant, central nervous
system (CNS) stimulant, and depressant responses. Antiviral,
antiasthmatic, property of D. gangeticum tonic of whole plant
provides resistance against Leishmania donovani.[33]
Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum)
The immunomodulatory potency of the methanol extract
of fruit of the S. xanthocarpum using cyclophosphamide
(CP)-induced immunosuppression and neutrophil adhesion.
CP is an alkylating agent widely used in antineoplastic
therapy. It is effective against a variety of cancers such as
lymphoma, myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CP-induced immunosuppression is reported to prompt
various types of infection. The methanol extract of fruits
of S. xanthocarpum have protected the animal against
CP-induced immunosuppression indicating its profound
immunomodulatory activity.[34]
Gokshura (Tribulus terresteris [TT])
The result of PMN (peripheral blood mononuclear cells
[PBMCs]) function test showed a significant increase in the
percentage phagocytosis. This indicates that the saponins
obtained from TT enhance the phagocytic efficacy of the
PMN cells by causing more engulfment of the yeast cells,
thereby stimulating a non-specific immune response. The
immunostimulant potential of saponins, isolated from fruits of
TT increasing the activities of macrophages, T-lymphocytes,
and B-lymphocytes.[35]
Bala (Sida cordifolia)
S. cordifolia root possess anti-stress and adaptogenic
activity. It also has been reported to possess analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic activities as well as
hepatoprotective activity. Ethanolic extract of root or whole
plant of S. cordifolia has free-radical scavenging by DPPH. It
has anti-lipid peroxidation, free-radical scavenging, reducing
power, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide, and scavenging anti-
oxidant assay.[36]
Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa)
The root of B. diffusa (Punarnava) has anti-inflammatory,
anti-stress, adaptogenic, and antiaging property which
inhibits production of NO, IL-2 7, and tumor necrosis factor-
alpha (TNF-α). It possesses immunomodulatory effects due to
the immunosuppressive action.[24] Extracts of B. diffusa roots
inhibited human NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro, production
of NO, IL-2, and TNF-α, in human PBMCs, demonstrating
its immunosuppressive potential effect. It also exhibits
antidiabetic, anti-metastatic, antioxidant, antiproliferative
and antiestrogenic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and
antibacterial activity.[26]
Erand (Ricinus communis)
Plant products of R. communis such as polysaccharides,
lectins, peptides, flavonoids, and tannins have been used for
the immune response or immune system in various in vitro
models. R. communis leaf extract was tested for the presence
of tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, and flavonoids
separately. R. communis leaves significantly increased the
phagocytic function of human neutrophils when compared
to control, indicating the possible immunostimulating effect.
The isolated compound (tannin) stimulated the neutrophils
to phagocytic activity & stimulated the phagocytosis
of killed Candida albicans. The isolated compound of
Tannins obtained from the leaves were found to possess

Dash, et al.: Critical review of Brahma Rasayana
International Journal of Green Pharmacy • Jan-Mar 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (1) | S41
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Thus,
it can be also concluded that immunomodulatory activity
may be due to the presence of tannins in the R. communis.[37]
Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulate)
Chemical constituents of L. reticulate (Jivanti) are α-amyrin,
β-amyrin, stigmasterol, ferulic acid, β-sitosterol, luteolin,
hentriacontanol, apigenin, tocopherol, saponin, flavonoids,
lupanol-o-diglucoside. Medicinal uses. It is in used sexual
disorders. Pharmacological activity. It is galactagogue and
anti-bacterial. Mechanism. It exhibits immunostimulatory
effects by enhancing antibody titer and phagocytosis.[38].Its
stem extract has tonic or antiaging property which is used as
anti anaphylactic effect on mast cell degranulation.[24]
Satavari (Asparagus racemosus)
A. racemosus (Satavari) Willd (family Liliaceae) is an
important medicinal plant commonly known as Shatavari.
Aqueous extract of A. racemosus acts as a potential
antioxidant by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing
glutathione content. It also acted as an immunomodulator
as was ascertained by increasedactivity of macrophages
and proliferation of lymphocytes. A. racemosus may be
effective against free radical mediated diseases and exhibit
immunomodulatory potential.[39] Anti-stress, Anti-cancer
The root extract of A. racemosus has anti-stress and anti-
cancer property which stimulates RE system and PMN cells
Prevents leucopenia induced by CP.[24] It act as Antiseptic to
Prevents leucopenia induced by CP and as immunostimulant
to inhibits ochratoxin A induced suppression of IL-1, TNF and
it has Antiageing and marcophage chemotaxis.[25] A steroid
sapogenin acid from the roots of A. racemosus is having
potent immunomodulating property. Its immunomodulatory
action is by significant increase of CD3+ and CD4/CD8+ %T
cell activation and immunoadjuvant action is by significant
up-regulation of Th1 (IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines.[26]
Kusha (Desmostachys bipinnata)
The hydroalcoholic extract of root has in vivo and in vitro
H2O2 radical scavenging assay.[36]
Kasa (Saccharum spontaneum)
The methanolic extract of root has thiocyanate, DPPH, NO
radical scavenging, reduction potential.[36]
Darbha (Imperata cylindrica [ICL])
The methanolic extract of root has hydrogen peroxide and
reducing power capacity and has NO scavenging.[36] The
extracts from ICL also inhibited cell proliferation and induced
apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines. The ICL
extract obtained from ICL can be developed into a potential
anticancer therapeutic agent to manage/treat human oral
cancers.[40] Biochemical analysis of the roots of ICL indicated
the presence of glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids.[41]
Ikshu (Saccharum officinarum)
S. officinarum chemical constituents: Carotene, thiamine,
ascorbic acid, riboflavin, glucose, flavone C. Its
Pharmacological activity - It is antimicrobial, anticancer,
antidiarrheal, laxative, stomachic and antiinflammatory.
Mechanism: Hikosaka et al. reported that polyphenol-rich
fraction of sugar cane exhibits immunostimulating effects
in chickens. Phenol-rich fraction of S. officinarum exhibits
immune-stimulatory effectby enhancing the phagocytic
activity of peripheral blood leukocytes.[38]
Twak (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
C. zeylanicum essential oil exhibits significant antioxidant
activity and it has appreciable immunostimulatory activity.
Cinnamom bark extract and its polyphenol content are
reported to have potent anti-oxidant activities.[41]
Ela (Elatteria cardamomum)
E. cardamomum, also known as “Queen of Spices” is a well
known aromatic spice used in Eastern, Arab and Scandinavian
cuisines. Cardamom is known to play a wide range of health
promoting roles. Anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, pro-
apoptotic and antioxidative activities have been proposed
as mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of
cardamom. Higher concentrations of extract of cardamom may
impede macrophage pro-inflammatory responsiveness,[37]
oral administration of the aqueous extract of cardamom is
accompanied by a significant reduction in cyclooxygenase-2
and inhibitory NO synthase expression in murine models of
colon cancer.[41]
Haridra (Curcuma longa)
C. longa is used as a general tonic, immunostimulant and
blood purifier. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and
antioxidant activity. Anti-cancer properties of curcumin may
be mediated, at least in part by inhibition of inducible form
of NO synthase. It is also an anti-alzheimer’s agent. It also
acts as HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease inhibitor, hepatoprotective,
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent.[26] C. longa was found
to provide significant protection against a CCl4- induced
increase in level of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and serum bilirubin.[43]
The rhizome of C. longa has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory
tonic property which increases mitogenic response of
lymphocytes and helps in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.[24]

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Pippali (Piper longum)
The fruits of P. longum has tonic and anti-viral property which
increases total WBC count, bone marrow cellularity and total
antibody production.[24] It has immunomodulatory and anti-
inflammatory activities by suppressing the pro-inflammatory
cytokines. It can also act as a bio-enhancer and anti-tumor
agent.[26]
Pipemic acid of P. longum exhibits immunomodulation
through suppression of proinflammatory cytokines.[38]
Chandana (Santalum album)
Sandal wood oil effect was a dose-dependent effect and more
pronounced against HSV-1. The plant extracts demonstrated
direct dose dependant scavenging on NO and exhibited
significant activity.[44]
Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica)
Water extract of C. asiatica also increased the production
of IL-2 and TNF-α in human PBMCs. IL-2 enhances the
proliferation of activated T lymphocytes and activates
B lymphocytes stimulating the proliferation and secretion
of immunoglobulin. The water extract of C. asiatica
exerted immunostimulating activity on mitogenstimulated
proliferation of human PBMCs. C. asiatica has been
used in the treatment of conditions such as inflammation,
rheumatism, asthma and immune system deficiencies.[45] The
leaves extract of C. asiatica increases the phagocytic index
and total WBC count.[24] and inhibited human PBMC.[27]
Sankhapushpi (Convovulus pluricaulis)
Ethanolic extract of C. pluricaulis (Sankhapushpin) possesses
significant antioxidant activity when tested in vitro. The
assay was based on the capacity of the samples to inhibit blue
formazan formation by scavenging the superoxide radicals
generated in riboflavinlight-NBT system. This plant has
been shown to have scientific potential for CNS depression
for its anxiolytic, tranquillizing, antidepressant, antistress,
neurodegenerative, antiamnesic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic,
immunomodulatory, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial,
antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticatatonic and cardiovascular
activity. It is reported to contain several types of alkaloids,
flavanoids and coumarins as active chemicals that bring
about its biological effects.[46]
Vacha (Acorus calamus)
A. calamus leaves, volatile oil, petroleum ether and alcoholic
extracts has stimulated the neutrophils phagocytic activity. It
is proved for anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antibacterial,
antiulcer and anti-oxidant. The immunostimulant activity may
be due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrate and
proteins present in alcoholic extract and volatile oil principle
present in volatile oil, and petroleum ether extract.[47] Ethanolic
extract of A. calamus rhizome is having immunosuppressant
action which inhibited proliferation of mitogen and antigen
stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
It also inhibited production of NO, IL-2 and TNF-α.[26]
Yashtimadhu (Glycerrhiza glabra)
Aqueous root extract of G. glabra (Yashtimadhu) has shown
the immunomodulatory activity in cellular arm response
(cellular immunity), phagocytic response and anaphylactic
reaction. G. glabra in combination with zinc has shown
potentiation of immunomodulatory activity in both humoral
as well as cellular arms of the immune system, suggesting its
therapeutics usefulness in immune compromised patients on
long term basis.[48]
The bark and root of G. glabra has anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, antiviral,Tonic property which stimulates
immune cells by CD69 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells
and macrophage function.[24] It has hepatoprotective property,
modulatory effect on the complement system and inhibits
replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated
virus. Glycyrrhizic acid and its aglycone have actions like
modulation of NF-Kb and IL-10 production which explains
reduction of inflammation in liver.[26]
Sugar (S. officinarum)
Significantly higher anti-SRBC antibody titers in experimental
groups indicated the higher humoral response suggesting that
both AE and EE had immunological properties to enhance
the antibody production. This enhanced humoral response
might be due to sugar cane factor.[49]
A wide range of biological effects of sugar cane have been
reported such as immunostimulatory, anti-thrombosis, anti-
inflammatory, vaccine adjuvant, anti-oxidant, modulation of
acetylcholine release and anti-stress activities.[50]
Madhu (Honey)
Honey proteins inhibited the phagocytosis latex bead
macrophages, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1β and TNF-α by human monocytic cell line in the presence
of honey proteins was analyzed. Honey proteins did not
affect the production of IL-1β; however, TNF-α production
was significantly suppressed. Honey glycoproteins and
glycopeptides significantly interfere with molecules of the
innate immune system.[51]
Ghrita (Clarified butter)
When ghee was fed at levels >2.5%, there was a significant
decrease in the secretion of LTB4, LTC4, and LTD4 by

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International Journal of Green Pharmacy • Jan-Mar 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (1) | S43
peritoneal macrophages activated with calcium ionophore.
Ghee contains conjugated linoleic acid which has been
shown to reduce the formation of inflammatory mediators
such as LT, prostaglandin and ILs.[52]
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
In most human diseases the oxidative stress is the secondary
phenomena, for e.g., Activated neutrophils produce O2
-, H2O2
and HOCl to kill phagogens. If a large number of phagocytes
become activated in a localized area they can produce
tissue damage. e.g., synovial fluid in sole and knee joints
of Rheumatoid arthritis contain large number of activated
neutrophils. Some human diseases may be caused by oxidative
stress. e.g., excess radiation to biological system causes free
radical damage to protein, DNA and lipids. Neurological
disorders by dietary difference of tocopherol are mediative
by oxidative stress. It also produces intracellular free Ca2+
damage to membrane ion transporters and other specific
protein and peroxidation of lipids.
Hence, to protect from damage cells produce enzymes, or
by intake of free radical scavenger substances to neutralized
or detoxify the free radical are known as antioxidant. Thus,
the imbalance between free radical and anti-oxidant resulting
diseases. In biological systems two types of antioxidants are
proved useful against pathogenesis. Endogenous antioxidant
and exogenous antioxidant. Brahma Rasayana contain both
endogenous and exogenous antioxidant. The immune system
has connections with a number of other organs and can
directly or indirectly influence the actions of these organs. The
function of the immune system is to protect our bodies against
foreign invaders. It is plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis
of immune deficient diseases, autoimmunity, and in allergy.
In Ayurveda, immunity was described by Acharya Charaka in
the form of Vyadhikshamatva. Ayurveda says pure treatment
is that which cures the disease and which also provides
physical, mental as well as social health. Rasayana are health
promoting and rejuvenating agents which by their empirical
effects produce resistance against disease bothphysically and
mentally. Brahma Rasayana accelerated the recovery of the
haemopoetic syatem by a rapid rise in total leukocytes. Both
lymphocytes and neutrophils were significantly increased by
Rasayana treatment.
CONCLUSION
Thus, here it is seen that the components found in Brahma
Rasayana contain immunomodulatory properties. On the
basis of this disease resistance property or immunomodular
property is also found in Brahma Rasayana. It is an important
Rasayana in itself. On the study of each substances, it is
found that most of these substances have immunomodulatory
properties. Which is beneficial for physical and mental health
and at the same time it gives the ability to fight diseases.
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Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.