Injury and Trauma in Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Violence in Past Lives
Abstract
The remains of past people are a testament to their lived experiences and of the environment in which they lived. Synthesising the latest research, this book critically examines the sources of evidence used to understand and interpret violence in bioarchaeology, exploring the significant light such evidence can shed on past hierarchies, gender roles and life courses. The text draws on a diverse range of social and clinical science research to investigate violence and trauma in the archaeological record, focussing on human remains. It examines injury patterns in different groups as well as the biological, psychological and cultural factors that make us behave violently, how our living environment influences injury and violence, the models used to identify and interpret violence in the past, and how violence is used as a social tool. Drawing on a range of case studies, Redfern explores new research directions that will contribute to nuanced interpretations of past lives.
... Violence is present to varying extents in all human societies and has been a frequent topic of bioarcheological investigations (e.g., Agostini, 2020;Klaus, 2012;Mathena-Allen & Zuckerman, 2020;Redfern, 2017b;Walker, 1997). The current work comprises a bioarchaeological study of violence in the 19th and earlier 20th century Portugal using human remains. ...
... Nasal fracture is the most common injury of the facial bones reported in the bioarchaeological studies of past populations (e.g., Galloway & Wedel, 2014;Walker, 1997) and today in clinical practice (Baek et al., 2013;Chan & Most, 2008). Nasal bone fracture may be particularly related to assault injuries (e.g., domestic violence), but may also result from accidental trauma (Brasileiro & Passeri, 2006;Cook & Rowe, 1990;Gassner et al., 2003;Redfern, 2017a;Redfern, 2017b). Most studies of nasal fracture in paleopathology (de la Cova, 2010(de la Cova, , 2012Djuri c et al., 2006;Krakowka, 2017;Walker, 1997Walker, , 2001 have not tried to discriminate between intentional or accidental injury using patterns of fracture. ...
... Consequently, formal complaints to the police were far from being among the most frequent (Vaz, 2014). Nonetheless, although this may have led to the absence of clinical historical data, modern clinical studies show that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major cause of the female fracture in the middle third of the face, particularly of the nasal area (Berrios & Grady, 1991;Dourado & Noronha, 2015;Hashemi & Beshkar, 2011;Lau et al., 2008;Le et al., 2001;Lee et al., 2010;Redfern, 2017b;Saddki et al., 2010). ...
Nasal fracture is usually described as the most common type of fracture of the facial bones, either alone or associated with other fractures. This work aims to study the nasal fracture among Portuguese individuals from the 19th and 20th centuries. The focus is on patterning in trauma in relation to gender and in the attempt to distinguish violent from accidental injury. The sample comprises 2023 (52.6% males, 47.4% females) individuals from three Portuguese identified skeletal collections who were born between 1804 and 1951 and died between 1895 and 1969. Age at death ranges between 1 and 109 years old. Nasal and other facial fractures were studied, and violent versus accidental trauma were distinguished following Magalhães et al. (2020). Nasal fracture was more frequent in males (10.4%, 101/969) than in females (5.9%, 47/800). This was true both for fracture inferred due to violence (laterally deviated fracture) and due to accident. Sixty‐one point five percent (91/148) of the individuals show a lateral impact force deviation. Comminutions correspond to 18.4% (26/141) of the total, and 12.8% (19/148) have other facial fractures. There is no association between nasal fracture and risk of death for both sexes, but the males seem to show a higher tendency for nasal fracture earlier in life than the females. The differences of nasal fracture between sexes are in accordance with the historical data showing that men had more social and cultural opportunities to engage in violent encounters. Although the percentage in women is lower, the majority of laterally deviated noses and isolated, non‐comminuted nasal fractures in both sexes show that interpersonal violence may have played an important role in the results.
... The presence of fractures by anatomical region, sex, and age (Table 5) showed that face fractures are found significantly more often for males. This is consistent with literature and with our sample distribution by sex and aetiology where males represent >90% of blow cases and with the fact that there is a significant tendency for face fractures to be caused by blows (Table 4) [18][19][20]. Concerning the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the coxal and sacrum, there is a statistically significant difference showing that these bones are more often fractured in women (Table 5). Once again, this appears to be consistent with the fact that these bones are more often fractured in case of falls (Table 4) and that there is almost three times more women in our sample affected by falls. ...
... Our results showed that fractures in the face occurred more frequently in blow cases (64.24%, n = 106) than in falls (33.62%, n = 79). Concerning blow cases, this result is concordant with those of many authors who said that one of the most commonly sustained injuries is to the face [18,26]. ...
... Several authors agree that showing that violence is the most frequent cause of craniofacial fractures, and our results are consistent with this [20,27,[58][59][60][61][62][63]. Our results showed that adult males are more frequently implied, whatever the aetiology is [18][19][20]. ...
The distinction between falls and blows is a common and difficult task in forensic sciences. One of the most often used criteria to address this issue is the hat brim line (HBL) rule which states that fall-related injuries do not lie above the hat brim line. Some studies, however, have found that the use of HBL rule is not so relevant. This study assesses the etiologies, the number of fractures and their location on the skull and the trunk in a sample of 400 individuals aged 20–49 years, which CT-Scanned after traumas. This may facilitate the interpretation of such injuries in skeletonized or heavily decomposed bodies in which soft tissues are no longer available. Our aim is to improve the distinction rate between falls and blows, by combining several criteria and assessing their predictability. Skeletal lesions were analyzed using retrospective computed tomography scans. Cases selected comprise 235 falls and 165 blows. We registered the presence and the number of fractures in fourteen skeletal anatomical regions related to the two different etiologies. We showed that the HBL rule should be used with caution, but there is nevertheless a possibility of discussing the etiology of blunt fractures. Possibly, parameters like the anatomical location and the number of fractures by region can be used to distinguish falls and blows.
... The intimate and direct nature of bioarchaeological analyses of the past lends itself to a bottomup approach (Redfern 2017). There are, however, issues of scale. ...
... Therefore, an experience of an impairment or lesion today would not be biologically different from that in the past. So, when exploring pain, analogies can be made between past patients and modern patient anamneses (Redfern 2017). These experiences then need to be contextualised, as much as possible, in the past circumstance (Kjellström 2010). ...
... The most common symptoms can then be incorporated into the osteobiography and their consequences explored. It is noted, however, that clinical data has inherent limitations as patient samples generally comprise of people who have sought help for a symptomatic condition (Redfern 2017). The people who have a palaeopathology but exhibit no symptoms are rarely found, making true symptom prevalence very hard to estimate. ...
The primary aim of this study is to develop and demonstrate an approach through which human skeletal remains can be used to explore impairment and disability in the past in a theoretically informed way. This study addresses a frequent trope in osteoarchaeological publications in which unusual palaeopathological specimens are investigated as isolated case studies, which are often decontextualised and uncritically presumptive about the resulting disability (Dettwyler 1991). This thesis presents the integrated osteobiography approach; a form of microhistory which aims to develop an understanding of a life experience using osteological data integrated and contextualised with any and all available clinical, historical and archaeological data. The dis/ability as a continuum perspective provided a key theoretical underpinning of the thesis. This view of disability understands that everyone has an aspect of their identity related to their body and its ability to perform as expected and desired in their social and physical environment. This view challenges the commonly held attitude that disability affects a minority of people. The dis/ability as a continuum approach also helps visualise bodies as ever-changing entities, the abilities of which can vary throughout a lifetime (Zakrzewski et al. 2017). The approach also encourages a broader perspective of what is considered a possible impairment, helping to prevent our modern preconceptions of what an impairment is affect our view of the past. Feminist theory has also been highly influential to this thesis, from influencing the theoretical foundation to the communication style. Karen Barad’s (2007) concept of ‘entanglement’, helps visualise dis/ability as one aspect of an individual’s personhood which is interacting and mutually impacting other aspects, such as age and gender. Feminist scholarship has also influenced the author’s use of a situated knowledge approach, which encourages openness and honesty about a researcher’s motivations and experiences surrounding their subject matter, and reflects on how this may impact the study. This integrated osteobiography approach is applied to the 3rd -4 th century cemetery site of Alington Avenue, Dorset, UK, from which 37 skeletons form the dataset. Osteological, mortuary, archaeological and clinical insights are melded together to create the osteobiography accounts. Three of the osteobiographies are selected for inclusion in the main thesis for the stories they can tell. AA766 is a skeleton of a biological female which exhibited Langer type mesomelic dwarfism. This skeleton provided the unusual opportunity to track the well-documented development of an impairment alongside the known life course stages for a Romano-British female, as well as consider the experience of a lived environment from a shorter stature viewpoint. AA852 acquired a trauma necessitating an arm amputation shortly before death. For this case, the concept of the ‘disabled corpse’ was coined, exploring the impact of acquired bodily difference on the burying community and their behaviour. Finally, through skeleton AA210, a more familiar set of palaeopathology is examined and the impact of older age on dis/ability is considered. This case study fulfils the desire to explore the impact of more ordinary palaeopathology alongside the extraordinary, and assesses the potential issues surrounding not being recognised as different or disabled. Partly to help integrate the different data set types and partly to help improve accessibility of the study, three fictive narratives were written, portraying the burial of AA852 at Alington Avenue. These fictive narratives help explore experience of the palaeopathology identified with proper citation in the form of footnotes. The thesis demonstrates how the integrated osteobiography approach can be used to explore dis/ability in the past in a theoretically nuanced manner. Osteobiography has been argued to offer a more democratic vision of the past (Robb et al. 2019). This thesis hopes to contribute to this democratic vision, not only in the people who are studied, but also in the readership encouraged by the more accessible format.
... The samples were analysed according to the guidelines outlined by the Global History of Health Project (Steckel et al., 2019). This study focused particularly on linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), cribra orbitalia (CO), porotic hyperostosis (PO), dental caries, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), skeletal trauma, femoral length, osteoarthritis (OA), and periosteal new bone formation (PNBF) due to their ability to inform us about levels of physiological stress (Casna & Schrader, 2022;DeWitte, 2014;Wyatt et al., 2022), dental health and diet (Bereczki et al., 2019;Caruso & Nikita, 2024), stature (Biehler-Gomez et al., 2023;Jongman et al., 2019), and violence and lifestyle patterns (Mardini et al., 2023;Redfern, 2017). Age and sex estimations for each individual were based on the original anthropological assessment for each sample (Marschler, 2013;Renhart, 2016;Scholz & Krenn, 2010). ...
The Danube Limes functioned as a crucial border for the Roman Empire, which saw the establishment of numerous settlements along its length. The present study examines skeletal populations from three such sites located in modern day eastern Austria. It aims to identify differences in levels of physiological stress between the samples through the statistical analysis of the demographic and epidemiological profile of each site. In doing so, it demonstrates that the Albertina sample, associated with the Roman legionary fort of Vindobona, evidenced lower levels of survivorship and increased skeletal lesion prevalence and severity compared to the other sites included in this analysis. By contextualising these results with available historical and archaeological sources, this study suggests that the decreased levels of health observed within the Albertina sample may be attributable to an increase in urban density at Vindobona. Ultimately, through the results it achieves, this study provides further evidence to support the hypothesis that increasing levels of urban or population density may have resulted in detrimental impacts to ancient human populations.
... Actually, some authors provide skeletal-related data that suggests a similar ancient Egyptian male-female ratio of traumatic injuries in the context of political and social conflict (55). Nevertheless, the skeletal pattern of traumatic violent-related injuries, and its behavioural and social meaning, is an open debate for many historical periods [see (56,57)]. ...
The present case studies report malignant neoplastic and traumatic lesions observed on two ancient Egyptian skulls held at the Duckworth Collection (Cambridge University). The analysis aims to characterise the lesions and provide a diagnosis using a methodology based on micro-CT scanning and microscopic bone surface analysis. Results pointed towards neoplastic lesions in both cases and healed severe skull trauma in one of them suggesting successful traumatological therapy. Interestingly, our analysis has identified the presence of perimortem cutmarks associated with metastatic lytic lesions in one of the skulls, indicating a potential surgical treatment attempt or postmortem medical exploration. We argue that the two cases, although not contemporary, allow a palaeopathological discussion on oncological and traumatological understanding and management of such conditions in the past. The confrontation of two potential managements represented by two different types of lesions represent a clear boundary in ancient Egyptian medical care and a milestone in the history of medicine.
... En este contexto, el análisis de patologías esqueletales desde una perspectiva bioarqueológica tiene un amplio abanico de posibilidades interpretativas (Larsen, 1997;Crandall y Martin, 2014). Entre estas, se encuentran la reconstrucción de actividades físicas (Schrader 2019: 55), patrones dietéticos (Pinhasi y Stock, 2011), exposición a agentes infecciosos y parásitos (Larsen, 2018;Araujo et al., 2013), prevalencia de deficiencias metabólicas (Brickley y Ives, 2011), recurrencia de accidentes y actos de violencia (Redfern, 2016;Martin y Harrod, 2012), entre otras. A partir del análisis y comprensión de estos, es posible entonces no sólo generar tablas de su prevalencia en diferentes poblaciones, sino también acercar e inferir patrones culturales de comportamiento relacionados con el entorno, relaciones con grupos humanos foráneos, como también con aspectos culturales dinámicos internos (Zuckerman y Armelagos, 2011;Geller y Stockett Suri, 2014;Becker y Juegnst, 2017). ...
En este trabajo se presenta una síntesis y discusión sobre la presencia de patologías congénitas y defectos del desarrollo en individuos de diferentes periodos arqueológicos de la costa de la región de Antofagasta, en el norte de Chile, las que se concentran en el esqueleto axial. A pesar de que la muestra analizada presenta un número bajo (n = 6), se realiza una comparación con casos reportados para la zona costera de Arica y Tarapacá, obteniéndose que la diferencia entre ambas zonas no es estadísticamente significativa. Considerando antecedentes ambientales y etnohistóricos de la zona, se propone que una combinación a la exposición de diferentes contaminantes naturales, junto a un sistema de parentesco endogámico, serían las causas más probables de la aparición de estas patologías.
... These injuries include slips, trips, falls, collisions and industrial accidents, depending on the time and context. However, injuries as a result of violence have been explored in much great detail (see, for example, Schulting & Fibiger, 2012;Knüsel & Smith, 2014;Martin et al., 2012;Redfern, 2017). ...
This book aims to encourage more co-produced research by scholars working in evolutionary medicine (EM) and palaeopathology that addresses questions about human health, past and present. It highlights future research that may promote that collaboration between palaeopathology and EM. This chapter begins with the premise that EM and palaeopathology have clear synergies in that they take a deep time perspective as they explore health in the past and in the present. It introduces the volume and first provides a background to EM from its first appearance in the early 1990s, including discussions about ultimate and proximate explanations for disease. It then highlights that the field of palaeopathology was initially established much earlier than EM and argues that practitioners before the 1990s, often physicians, were simply not exposed to evolutionary theory in relation to the diseases they were seeing both in the living and in the dead. However, the stage now looks set for more productive collaborations. A thematic overview of the volume and its individual chapters follows within the framework of the suggested categories for study within EM (Williams and Nesse, 1990). The chapter finishes with some discussion about the One Health Initiative, EM and palaeopathology, an initiative that is considered an essential area of study now and for the future.
... These injuries include slips, trips, falls, collisions and industrial accidents, depending on the time and context. However, injuries as a result of violence have been explored in much great detail (see, for example, Schulting & Fibiger, 2012;Knüsel & Smith, 2014;Martin et al., 2012;Redfern, 2017). ...
Traumatic injuries and the physical impairments potentially associated with them can have debilitating or lethal consequences that can affect not only the health of the individual but also the population as a whole. Thus, the analysis of trauma is a common part of palaeopathological reconstructions of the lived experience in the past. A nuanced approach to trauma analysis informs this reconstruction by differentiating between traumatic injury secondary to underlying pathological conditions (e.g. osteoarthritis), trauma related to activity, including that related to occupation, and trauma resulting from interpersonal aggression. With regard to the latter, palaeopathological reconstructions of violence can add to current understandings of the use and patterns of violence within societies today and in the past. This temporal view is integral to an evolutionary medicine perspective, through examining how differential exposure to trauma has shaped humans biologically and culturally through time. Before reconstructions of traumatic patterns can be attempted, a base level of knowledge is required to identify morphological changes to bone and how these alterations differ from taphonomic damage or other pathological changes. This chapter sets out criteria for recording trauma in human skeletal remains and provides examples of how we use trauma to interpret patterns of injuries within the frameworks of bioarchaeology and evolutionary medicine, both accidental and violence-related.
... Massacres, on the other hand, are one-sided, public displays with a strong performative aspect where violence is not directed at an individual, but at a group that has symbolic significance (Redfern, 2017;Schmidt & Schröder, 2001;Whitehead, 2004). The lack of emphasis placed on the individual distinguishes a massacre from other acts of violence such as murder, where the act is directed at a specific individual (Dwyer & Ryan, 2012). ...
During a salvage excavation conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority, a mass grave containing the skeletal remains from 124 individuals, many with evidence of weapon injuries, was discovered in a water cistern outside the Old City of Jerusalem. Radiocarbon dates derived from human bone and the date of the material finds suggest the skeletal remains date to the end of the 2nd century or the beginning of the 1st century BCE. The aim of this research is to analyze the weapon injuries in order to reconstruct the nature and context of this violence. The human skeletal remains from 23 individuals recovered from the cistern were selectively retained and examined macroscopically in a laboratory setting. Silicone casts of selected weapon injuries (n=5) were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Numerous examples of peri-mortem blunt- and sharp-force trauma were observed including evidence that at least 16 individuals were decapitated. The extent and nature of the observed injuries as well as the evidence of their haphazard deposition into the cistern suggest that these individuals were the victims of a massacre. As a highly visible act of violence, massacres are often used as a mechanism for social control. When contextualized, this skeletal assemblage is most likely evidence of a massacre that occurred during the reign of the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus. This is the first archaeological evidence for the use of socially sanctioned violence to legitimize the Hasmonean state and to maintain social control at the end of the 2nd century-early 1st century BCE.
This study reports on the bioarchaeology and evidence of interpersonal violence in a group of archaeological skeletons found near Ladismith, Western Cape, South Africa. The co-mingled skeletal remains derive from at least ten individuals of varying ages and both sexes. Overlapping radiocarbon dates on three individuals place them in the first half of the 15th century CE, pre-dating first European contact at the end of that century. Three juvenile crania have perimortem perforations, the locations of which indicate violent deaths. The sizes and shapes of the lesions suggest impact by a blade at least 110mm long and 50mm wide but with edges only 2mm thick. Based on these dimensions, we hypothesise that this was a metal-tipped spear. The nearest metal-working communities at this time lived approximately 500 km away, implying long-distance trade or exchange. δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values indicate that this was a heterogenous group of individuals who had spent their early lives in different locations and consumed varied diets, who had come together and were living in or travelling through the Ladismith area at the time of their deaths. This finding extends the timeframe and location for the practice of communal burial in the Holocene of southern Africa and provides additional support for the hypothesis that communal burials in this region tend to be associated with violence.
Employing Whitehead’s poetics of violence model, Stone’s approach for identifying cultural violence, and an intersectional approach, we assess evidence for modes of performative violence in an aggregate sample of 113 individuals with observed trauma from five post-Medieval London cemeteries. We focus on evidence for skimmingtons, violent public shamings used to punish community members for violations of social norms, especially gendered norms, and enforce social order. We used established data to assess indicators of domestic violence (DV) (rib fractures, craniofacial trauma, cranial depression fractures) in order to identify individuals potentially subjected to DV and skimmingtons. Low sub-sample sizes limited an intersectional analysis. However, we detected significantly more DV indicators within low socioeconomic status (SES) males (p = .0037), especially older ones, than amongst other social groups, as well as associations between SES and DV indicators. These may represent evidence of DV and/ or skimmingtons, or may be attributable to accidents, assaults, or historically and bioarchaeologically documented high levels of ritualized interpersonal conflict amongst lower SES men that were inherent to the expression of masculinity in post-Medieval England. Embedded within Whitehead’s model, this research may encourage future work on performative violence in the past, such as skimmingtons, that have previously been deemed bioarchaeologically invisible.
Four archaeological sites along the western frontier of China and Mongolia were analyzed for cranial trauma patterns. These patterns were then used to determine levels of violence, who the participants were, and if certain individuals were singled out as specific targets. Two sites, Yingpan and Yanghai, represent agricultural oasis states in the Tarim Basin. Two sites, Nileke and Chandman, represent nomadic pastoralists along the Altai Mountains. Trauma patterns were analyzed for weapon type (blunt, sharp, or high velocity), and cause (interpersonal conflict, warfare, or other). The highest incidence of violent death occurred at Chandman and the lowest at Yingpan. Violence against females was highest in the oasis states with little evidence in the nomadic pastoralists. Yingpan had a specific pattern of trauma among males, females, and juveniles which suggests participation in a contact sport such as polo. Nileke and Chandman had evidence of trepanation, scalping, and facial mutilation. This is probably evidence of extensive warfare and corporal punishment. This study supports historical and artistic documentation of athletic activity, the dangers associated with travel along trade routes, women’s public roles, and the carrying out of government sanctioned punishments.
The Claudian conquest of 43 CE and subsequent incorporation of Britain into the Roman Empire until 410 CE, caused a sea-change in the lives of the late Iron Age (first century BCE to first century CE) small-scale, agrarian communities. This chapter focuses on female skeletons with injuries and trauma (i.e. fractures and sharp-force weapons) caused by violent mechanisms, who have been excavated from urban, rural and military inhumation cemeteries from across Roman Britain (first to early fifth centuries CE). Violence was an everyday social tool in the Roman world, with females particularly vulnerable throughout the life course, because of their lower status regardless of wealth or family standing, and the use of violence to maintain social norms. The work draws on three approaches: Black Feminist Archaeology; a web of violence approach; and the poetics of violence. These are used to engage with the osteological data, because they recognise that different forms of violence exist within a society and these are connected (e.g. warfare and intimate partner violence), female bodies are where intersections of violence often play-out, and that the experience of being a woman in Roman Britain was incredibly diverse.
The remains of a male adult recovered from a grave at the Kuma-Nishioda site in Fukuoka prefecture, Japan, exhibited unusual perimortem cranial trauma. The Kuma-Nishioda site was a large burial ground that dated to the Yayoi period of Japanese prehistory. A differential diagnosis of the trauma suggests that the head was separated from the body and impaled after death. The head may have been put on display for some time before it was interred with the postcranial remains. Comparison with other cases from contemporaneous sites leads to an emergent pattern of overlapping modalities of violence that can be placed against the theoretical framework of the poetics of postmortem manipulation. Discussion of the ritual symbolism and plausible motives of the actors involved in the events that led to the observed trauma forms the basis for the inferential interpretation of the role of this individual in the transformative political process of the region, but whose achievements became a forgotten footnote in the performative narrative of political consolidation that led to the early state society historically known as Yamatai, the precursor of the nation now known as Japan.
Humans have utilised caves for funerary activities for millennia and their unique preservational conditions provide a wealth of evidence for treatments of the dead. This paper examines the evidence for funerary practices in the caves of Scotland and northern England from the Bronze Age to the Roman Iron Age ( c. 2200 bc – ad 400) in the context of later prehistoric funerary ritual. Results suggest significant levels of perimortem trauma on human skeletal remains from caves relative to those from non-cave sites. We also observe a recurrent pattern of deposition involving inhumation of neonates in contrast to excarnation of older individuals.
The association between the science of palaeopathology and archaeology is longstanding since a great proportion of the human and faunal remains studied are derived from archaeological excavations. It is no surprise that palaeopathology relies upon accurate and/or reasonable diagnosis in order to address questions regarding health and disease in the past. Clinical medicine provides a means to evaluate independently the presence of bone changes in archaeological or mummified remains. The integration of parasitology with palaeopathology has a long history, stemming in part from the identification of parasites in mummified remains from Egypt. Biomolecular approaches to the study of disease in the past have traditionally focused on the recovery and identification of DNA in archaeologically recovered human materials and the assessment of stable isotopes in human and faunal remains. The fact that fauna serves as hosts for pathogens is only one facet towards understanding disease in the past.
La violencia tiene una larga historia en nuestra especie, ha impactado las experiencias de vida de todos los seres humanos desde el paleolítico —o incluso antes— hasta nuestra época; es, ha sido y seguirá siendo parte de la existencia humana (Keeley, 1996, 2014; Guilaine y Zammit, 2005; Gat, 2006; Tooby y Cosmides, 1988). Este fenómeno multidimensional, históricamente contingente y especifico en el tiempo y en el espacio, adquiere su significado en el contexto cultural e histórico en donde se circunscribe. Por consiguiente, no todos los actos de violencia son expresados, comprendidos, ni xperimentados de manera idéntica por todos los individuos de la misma población o de diferentes poblaciones; lo que para unos es un comportamiento violento para otros no lo es, así como, lo que hoy consideramos violencia es probable que en el pasado no haya sido castigado o definido de esa manera (Koziol, 2017; Scheper-Hughes y Bourgois, 2004; Ralph 2013).
This article presents outcomes from a Workshop entitled “Bioarchaeology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward,” which was held at Arizona State University (ASU) on March 6–8, 2020. Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (ASU), and the Center for Bioarchaeological Research (CBR, ASU), the Workshop's overall goal was to explore reasons why research proposals submitted by bioarchaeologists, both graduate students and established scholars, fared disproportionately poorly within recent NSF Anthropology Program competitions and to offer advice for increasing success. Therefore, this Workshop comprised 43 international scholars and four advanced graduate students with a history of successful grant acquisition, primarily from the United States. Ultimately, we focused on two related aims: (1) best practices for improving research designs and training and (2) evaluating topics of contemporary significance that reverberate through history and beyond as promising trajectories for bioarchaeological research. Among the former were contextual grounding, research question/hypothesis generation, statistical procedures appropriate for small samples and mixed qualitative/quantitative data, the salience of Bayesian methods, and training program content. Topical foci included ethics, social inequality, identity (including intersectionality), climate change, migration, violence, epidemic disease, adaptability/plasticity, the osteological paradox, and the developmental origins of health and disease. Given the profound changes required globally to address decolonization in the 21st century, this concern also entered many formal and informal discussions.
В статье проводится анализ радиокарбонных дат майкопско-новосвободненской общности. Особо рассматриваются даты первой трети IV тыс. до н. э., которые связаны с ранними проявлениями майкопско-новосвободненской общности (МНО). Серия таких дат включает более десятка определений, выполненных в разных лабораториях по костям животных, людей и керамике. Далее в статье рассматривается схема А. А. Иессена, в которой в 1950 г. был поставлен вопрос о раннемайкопских и позднемайкопских памятниках. Схема А. А. Иессена основывалась на типологии изделий из бронзы. Деление по керамике сейчас позволяет выделить 4 типологических варианта майкопско-новосвободненской общности. Последняя схема сопоставляется со схемой А. А. Иессена и радиокарбонными датами. В итоге представляется радиокарбонная хронология для каждого варианта. Общий вывод статьи - МНО существовала долго, а ее ранний вариант был распространен в начале - середине IV тыс. до н. э. и доживал в отдельных местах до последних веков (34-32 вв. до н. э.) IV тыс. до н. э.
The paper analyzes radiocarbon data for the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya culture. A special focus is placed on the dates of the first third of IV millennium BC related with the earliest manifestations of the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya entity. This dating series includes over a dozen of dates obtained from animal and human bones as well as ceramic samples in various laboratories. The paper also reviews a chronological sequence suggested by A. A. Iessen in 1950 that raised an issue of early Maykop and late Maykop sites. This sequence was mainly based on bronze items. Today the sequence based on ceramics makes it possible to identify four typological variants of the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya culture. The latter column is compared with Iessens sequence and radiocarbon dates. As a result, the radiocarbon chronology for each variants is presented. The research led the author to the conclusion that the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya culture existed for quite a long time, with the timeline of its earliest variant determined as the beginning and the middle of IV mill. BC. In some places it survived until the last centuries of IV mill. BC (34th - 32nd centuries BC).
В статье вводится в научный оборот комплекс погребальных сооружений, обнаруженных в ходе археологических раскопок в 1984-1985 гг. под одной из насыпей курганной группы в 2,1 км от Азовского побережья (в 1,2 км к ЮВ от пос. Кучугуры). Незначительное количество неопределенных кальцинированных костей не позволяет интерпретировать один из объектов (погребение 1) как кремацию на месте. Остальные (3) представляли собой впущенные в материковую глину погребальные камеры с входными ямами трапециевидной формы. Объекты представляют собой единый культурно-хронологический комплекс захоронений. Бытование комплекса может быть датировано в пределах эллинистической эпохи - III-II вв. до н. э. Рассмотренные материалы, в частности, набор палестрита, обряд обол Харона , комплекс культовых терракотовых статуэток, реконструируют типичные для обширной античной ойкумены эллинские традиции. Отсутствие следов осквернения могил и предметов вооружения свидетельствует о стабильной, не омраченной военной тревогой жизни боспорских греков.
The paper introduces into scientific discourse an assemblage of funerary constructions discovered by archaeological excavations under one of the mounds of a kurgan group located 2.1 km from the coast of the Sea of Azov (1.2 km southeast of the village of Kuchugury) in 1984-1985. Indeterminate calcined bones that are few in number do not make it possible to interpret one of the finds (burial 1) as cremation in situ. The remainder three burials are secondary burial chambers with trapezoidal entry pits made in native clay. These burials form part of a single cultural and chronological assemblage of graves. The assemblage can be dated to the Hellenistic Period, i.e. the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. The examined materials, in particular, a set of palaestrite, the Charons obol rite, an assemblage of cult terracotta statuettes reconstruct Hellenistic traditions typical for the vast Ancient Greek oecumene. Absence of grave desecration signs and weaponry is an evidence of Bosporan Greeks stable life not shadowed by military concerns.
Статья посвящена анализу процесса этнокультурного развития неолитического населения лесной зоны Центра Русской равнины по данным изучения керамики как наиболее массового источника информации на памятниках этой эпохи. В статье уделено внимание истории исследования этого вопроса и по данным изучения орнаментальных традиций излагается авторское представление о ходе этих процессов.
The paper reviews the process of ethnocultural development of the Neolithic population in the Center of the Russian Plain based on the data of ceramics studies as the most frequent source of information at the sites of that time. The paper looks into the history of researching this issue and presents the authors view on these processes based on the studies of ornamental traditions.
В статье рассматривается клад, датируемый концом XVI - началом XVII в., зафиксированный в 2011 г. в ходе проведения спасательных археологических работ на территории строительства по адресу: г. Тверь, пер. Трудолюбия, д. 2. Комплекс состоит из текстильных изделий и набора женских ювелирных украшений, характерных для обозначенного хронологического периода. Описаны особенности технологических приемов, с помощью которых выполнены ювелирные изделия. Помимо этого приведены результаты культурологического анализа и естественно-научных исследований. Подобная находка наглядно характеризует стилистические и технологические особенности ювелирного дела XVI-XVII вв. на территории Руси, в том числе его Новгородскую традицию .
The paper reports on the hoard dating to the end of the 16th - early 17th centuries discovered during rescue archaeological works on the construction site at Trudolyubiya side street 2, Tver, in 2011. The assemblage consists of textile goods and a set of female jewelry typical for this chronological period. It describes specific features of techniques used to make these jewelry pieces. The paper also contains results of the culturological analysis and scientific studies. This find is a good illustration of stylistic and technological features of jewelry production in the 16th-17th centuries in Medieval Russia, including its Novgorod tradition.
Статья посвящена дискуссионному прочтению одной из самой исторически важной кириллической надписи-граффити X в. ( 3) из скального монастыря близ с. Мурфатлар (Румыния). Эта надпись состоит из двух частей. Удовлетворительно прочитаны К. Попконстантиновым и О. Кронштайнером лишь первые четыре строки, в которых говорится о построении церкви, посвященной св. Георгию. Относительно новое прочтение и полное восстановление текста А. А. Зализняком до сих пор не привлекло внимания научной общественности, хотя оно вводит эту уникальную в историческом смысле надпись в область взаимоотношений монастыря и местного населения и объясняет ее как запись об оброке или обете двух крестьян в пользу монастыря (церкви Св. Георгия). Новый пересмотр позволяет уточнить значение слова делает как возделывает , а термина крын (крин) - на основании аналогий с древнерусскими письменными источниками - не как меры зерна или каменных сосудов, а как поземельной меры. Кроме того, необходимо подчеркнуть упоминание зерновой культуры рожь в старославянском тексте X в.
The paper proposes an interpretation of one of the most historically important Cyrillic inscriptions, i.e. the 10th century graffito (No. 3) from a rock monastery near the Murfatlar village (modern Rumania). The inscription consists of two parts. Only the first four lines reporting about the construction of a church dedicated to St. George have been interpreted adequately (K. Popkonstantinov and O. Kronsteiner). A relatively recent interpretation and full restoration of the text by A. A. Zaliznyak has not yet attracted due attention of the scientific community, though it puts this historically unique inscription in the context of relations between the monastery and the local community. The author explains this inscription as a record on tithe or a vow of two peasants in favor of the monastery (the St. George church). The proposed revision of the inscription helps clarify the interpretation of the phrase performs as cultivates while the term kryn (krin) is read as a measure of land based on analogies with Russian medieval written sources rather than a measure of grain or size of stone vessels. The paper draws attention to the mentioning of the rye in the Old Slavic text of the 10th century.
Юбилей российской академической археологии, отмечавшийся в 2019 г., поставил на повестку обсуждение истории становления научных учреждений археологического профиля в России, вклада российской академической археологии в формирование научного знания о прошлом Евразии и современного состояния археологической науки и сферы сохранения наследия в нашей стране. Достижения российской археологии советского времени и организационные принципы устройства археологической отрасли, сложившиеся в этот период, не только факты истории науки, но и основа, на которой формируется ее современная инфраструктура и научная программа. Однако наука о древностях, несмотря на кажущийся консерватизм и обособленное положение, стремительно меняется и оказывается перед лицом новых вызовов. Новые факторы, требующие адекватного ответа, - не только растущие масштабы преобразования исторической среды, насыщенной археологическими памятниками, под воздействием современного строительства, но и развитие технократической модели управления археологическими ресурсами, вытесняющее из этой сферы ученых, установки на развитие междисциплинарного взаимодействия, требующие от археологии широкой кооперации с естественными науками при сохранении своих собственных позиций в глобальных реконструкциях прошлого человечества.
The jubilee of the Russian archaeology celebrated in 2019 put the history of creating research archaeological institutions in Russia, the contribution of Russian academic archaeology in accumulation of scientific knowledge on the past of Eurasia and the current status of archaeological science and preservation of historical heritage in our country on the discussion agenda. Achievements of Soviet archaeology and organizational principles of the archaeological sector developed earlier are not only the facts of history of science but also the foundation on which its modern infrastructure and its scientific program have been developing. However, despite apparent conservatism and its isolated position, the science dealing with antiquities has been changing rapidly and is now facing new challenges. New factors requiring adequate response include not only a larger scale of transformations in the historical environment rich with archaeological sites but also appearance of a technocratic model of archaeological resource management that has been squeezing out scientists from this area a particular emphasis on interdisciplinary linkages requiring a broader cooperation between archaeology and natural sciences as well as maintenance of its own positions in global reconstructions of the human past.
В статье публикуются предварительные результаты изучения культурных отложений, вскрытых раскопками в зоне воссоздания храма Святого Симеона Столпника в кремле г. Нижнего Новгорода в 2018 г. Охарактеризован механизм формирования стратифицированного сухого культурного слоя на оползневой террасе в пределах берегового склона. Средневековый горизонт датирован XIII - началом XV в. В нем выделено пять разновременных слоев с археологическими находками, отделенными друг от друга стерильными склоновыми отложениями. Отмечена смена характера использования исследованного участка после завершения средневекового периода. Позднейший этап освоения (конец XV - начало XVIII в.) связан с функционированием монастырского некрополя.
The paper reports on preliminary results of examining the occupational deposits discovered by the 2018 excavations conducted on the site where the Cathedral of St. Simeon Stylite in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin will be rebuilt. The paper characterizes the formation mechanism of the stratified dry occupation layer on the landslip terrace within the bank slope. The medieval horizon dates to the 13th - early 15th centuries. Five layers with archaeological finds separated by sterile slope detritus dating to different periods are singled out. It is noted that after the medieval period the examined site was used for a different purpose. The latest stage of its occupation (late 15th - early 18th centuries) is related to the operation of a monastery necropolis.
Работа посвящена некоторым особенностям погребального обряда раннесредневековой культуры пруссов по результатам исследования кремированных останков. В центре внимания - материалы, полученные авторами в ходе работ на могильнике Куликово/Sorthenen (Зеленоградский р-н Калининградской области). Результаты сравниваются с данными экспертизы кремированных останков других грунтовых могильников Калининградского полуострова. Данные, полученные в результате комплексного исследования материалов погребений, позволяют проследить черты преемственности погребальной традиции культуры пруссов начиная с VI-VIII вв. до XI-XIII вв.
The paper explores some distinctive features of the funerary rite typical for the early medieval culture of the Prussians based on the studies of cremated remains. The paper is focused on the human remnants retrieved by the authors during the excavations of the Kulikovo/Sorthenen cemetery (Zelenograd district of the Kaliningrad region). The results are compared with the expertise data on cremated remains from other ground cemeteries in the Kaliningrad peninsula. The data from the comprehensive study of the materials from the graves help establish the continuity of funerary traditions among the Prussians in the period from the 6th-8th centuries to the 11th-13th centuries.
В настоящее время территория Северо-Западного Причерноморья рассматривается как составная часть катакомбной культурно-исторической области. Первые же находки показали, что позднеямные и катакомбные племена сосуществовали в течение определенного времени. Тем не менее стратиграфически ямные погребения всегда предшествуют катакомбным. Подобная ситуация объясняется различными причинами: кастовой системой общества, распределением погребального пространства и планиграфией впускных погребений в кургане. Однако наиболее вероятной причиной линейной стратиграфии представляется вытеснение пришельцами местного ямного населения из некоторых районов СЗП и их совместное чересполосное проживание с катакомбными племенами.
Currently the Northwestern Pontic region is thought to have been an integral part of the Catacomb culture area. However, the first finds demonstrated that the Late Yamnaya (Pit-grave) and Catacomb populations had co-existed for some time. Nonetheless, stratigraphically, the Pit-grave burials always precede the Catacomb burials. There are various reasons that explain this situation such as a caste system of society, allocation of the burial space and the spatial structuring of dug-in graves in the kurgan. However, the most likely reason of linear stratigraphy is that the local Yamnaya population was ousted from some areas of the northwestern Black Sea region by the newcomers and that the Late Yamnaya and Catacomb populations lived side by side.
Рассмотрены основные направления исследований Е. Г. Дэвлет (1965-2018) первобытного искусства, преимущественно петроглифов. В основе подхода ученого к теме - знакомство с памятниками наскального искусства в широком географическом диапазоне (от Северной Евразии до Южной Америки), а также собственный экспедиционный опыт. Фундаментальная научная проблема, которой посвящены многие работы Е. Г. Дэвлет, - определение ареалов наскального искусства, среди них - впервые выделенная Амуро-Уссурийская провинция. Среди других направлений - интерпретация сюжетов наскального искусства в контексте миграционных теорий и диффузии идей, а также комплексный подход к вопросам петроглифоведения на основе привлечения этнографических и фольклорных материалов. Отдельные темы последних лет - расширение и совершенствование методики изучения наскального искусства, в том числе на основе современных цифровых технологий, а также вопросы сохранения и развития памятников как объектов культурного наследия и туризма.
The paper reviews main areas of research conducted by E. G. Devlet (1965-2018) on prehistoric art, in particular, petroglyphs. The basic principle of this researcher approach in tackling the subject is examination of rock art sites in a broad geographical context from northern Eurasia to South America as well as expedition experience. The fundamental scientific issue in many of E. G. Devlets papers is the determination of the rock art areas, including the Amur-Ussuriysk province. Other areas of her interest included interpretation of rock art narratives in the context of migration theories and diffusion of ideas as well as a comprehensive approach to petroglyph studies through the use of ethnographic and folklore materials. Other topics in the past years were related to extension and improvement of the methodology used to study rock art including new methods based on modern digital technologies as well as issues of preservation and development of sites as cultural heritage and tourist attraction.
В статье рассматриваются памятники позднедьяковского и постдьяковского времени на Средней Оке (участок течения между устьем р. Протвы и устьем р. Москвы) с точки зрения их топографии. Анализ архивных данных позволил выделить несколько хронологических групп памятников в рамках I тыс. на данной территории и определить ряд особенностей системы расселения в это время. Для селищ I тыс. н. э. характерно мысовое расположение. Расселение в пойме и вдоль реки чаще встречается во второй половине I тыс. н. э. Отмечена тенденция к возрастанию количества известных памятников от начала к концу I тыс. н. э.
The paper examines sites dated to the late Dyakovo and post-Dyakovo period in the Middle Oka region (the stream section between the mouth of the Protva river and the Moskva river) from the point of view of their topography. Analysis of archival data enabled the author to single out several chronological groups of sites in this region dating to I millennium AD and determine a number of settlement system characteristics typical for that time. Location in the promontory was typical for unfortified settlements dating to I millennium whereas settlement in the low-lying flood-prone areas and location along the river were more frequent in the second half of I millennium. It should be noted that the number of known sites dating to the period from early I to the end of I millennium has increased.
При оцифровке кинофонда научно-отраслевого архива ИА РАН определены материалы о подводных археологических исследованиях. Среди них - цветная киносъемка первых подводных археологических раскопок, проведенных в 1959 г. в акватории Фанагории, и подводной разведки у Херсонеса в 1960 г. На съемке запечатлены панорамные виды Фанагории и Херсонеса, подводный раскоп и методика работ (В. Д. Блаватский), ранние модели подводного снаряжения и оборудования. Указанные киноматериалы являются ценным свидетельством истории развития подводной археологии и первой в СССР попыткой создания научно-популярного фильма о подводных археологических исследованиях.
In the course of digitalization of the film collection kept by the Scientific Archives of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS, films on underwater archaeological studies were identified. The collection contained color films featuring the first underwater archaeological excavations carried out in the water area of Phanagoria in 1959 and underwater reconnaissance near Chersonese in 1960. The film footage shows panoramic views of Phanagoria and Chersonese, an underwater excavation trench and operating methods, early models of underwater gear and equipment, the head of the expedition V. D. Blavatskiy. This footage is a valuable evidence related to history of underwater archaeology development and the first attempt to shoot a popular science film about underwater archaeological research in the USSR.
Статья посвящена хронологии внутренней части Кушманского городища Учкакар, относящегося к чепецкой археологической культуре эпохи Средневековья (IX-XIII вв). Рассматривается хронология двух основных стратиграфических горизонтов культурного слоя (ранний горизонт I, этапы IIа-б, IIв, IIг позднего горизонта II). В статье проведен хронологический анализ принадлежащих им вещевых комплексов, для чего были привлечены многочисленные аналогии. В результате исследования установлено, что ранний горизонт I, относящийся ко времени функционирования внутренней линии обороны, может быть датирован в пределах IX-X вв. Поздний горизонт II, напластования которого перекрывают руины ранних оборонительных сооружений, датируется второй половиной X - рубежом XII-XIII вв. Временные границы его этапов могут быть определены следующим образом: этапы IIа-б - вторая половина X - середина XI в. этап IIв - середина XI - начало XII в. этап IIг - XII - конец XII в. / рубеж XII-XIII вв.
The paper reports on the chronology of the Kushmanskoye fortified settlement (Uchkakar) attributed to the Cheptsa culture dating to the Middle Ages (9th-13th centuries). It examines chronology of two main stratigraphic horizons of the occupation layer (early horizon I stages II a-b, II c, II d of later horizon II). The paper provides chronological analysis of artifact assemblages with the use of numerous analogies. The studies established that early horizon II dating to the period when the internal defensive line was in operation can be dated to the 9th-10th centuries. Subsequent horizon II where the layers overlie the ruins of the earlier defensive constructions dates to the second half of the 10th - turn of the 13th centuries. Timeline of its stages may be defined as follows: stages II a-b as the second half of the 10th - mid-11th centuries stage II c as mid-11th - early 12th centuries stage II d as the 12th - late 11th century/turn of the 13th century.
В статье описывается необычный сосуд, найденный в Новодевичьем монастыре и состоящий из трех отдельных горшочков, соединенных вместе. Приводятся возможно близкие аналоги. Сделано предположение о возможном предназначении изделия, скорее всего, использовавшегося для подачи на стол приправ.
The paper describes an unusual vessel found in the Novodevichy Convent that consists of three separate pots linked together. Close analogies are provided. One of the suggestion is that, most likely, this vessel was placed on the table to serve condiments to the diners.
В статье рассматриваются результаты оценки степени сходства древесно-кольцевых хронологий архитектурных памятников Карелии. Прослеживается общий тренд его уменьшения по мере увеличения расстояния между объектами. Тем не менее при рассмотрении результатов для каждого конкретного памятника, эта тенденция отмечается далеко не всегда. По-видимому, динамика погодичного прироста древесины каждой хронологии отражает воздействие целой комбинации различных климатических факторов, часть из которых может проявляться только в конкретном местообитании. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о целесообразности использования этих хронологий для датирования новых образцов древесины из архитектурных и археологических памятников близлежащей округи.
The paper examines the degree of similarity in tree-ring chronologies regarding architectural sites in Karelia. The analysis conducted demonstrates that as the distance between the sites increases the similarity decreases. Still, when the analysis results are examined for each specific site, this trend is not always obvious. Apparently, changes in the trees growth rate in each chronology reflect the impact of a combination of various climatic factors some of which can manifest themselves only in a specific habitat. The results obtained clearly show that these chronologies are recommended to be used for dating new samples of wood from architectural and archaeological sites in the surrounding area.
Многослойные поселения (телли) с длинной стратиграфической последовательностью культурных отложений при наличии четкой стратиграфии издавна являлись хорошим полигоном для построения относительных периодизаций. Для Болгарии известна карановская колонка , созданная по материалам телля Караново и служившая основой периодизации целого ряда эпох от раннего неолита до эпохи ранней бронзы. С появлением радиоуглеродного датирования, возрастанием точности метода и постепенным увеличением количества дат 14С на отдельно взятом многослойном памятнике значение теллей стало первостепенным уже для абсолютной хронологии.
Multi-layer settlements (tells) with a long stratigraphic sequence of occupational deposits and a clear-cut stratigraphy became a good testing range for developing relative periodization. For example, in Bulgaria the so called Karanovo stratigraphic column constructed based on the Tell Karanovo materials was used for periodization and cultural attribution of a large number of periods from the Early Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. With the advent of radiocarbon dating, higher precision of the method and a gradual increase in the number of 14C dates from separate multi-layer sites, values for tells are now of paramount importance for absolute chronology as well.
В статье представлен анализ текстильных остатков, выявленных в погребении адыгского воина второй половины XV - начала XVI в. из курганной группы Псекупская - 3, располагавшейся на южном берегу Краснодарского водохранилища, близ аула Ново-Вочепший Теучежского района Республики Адыгея.
The paper analyzes textile remains revealed in a grave of an Adyghe warrior. This grave was excavated in the kurgan group known as Psekupskaya - 3 located on the southern shore of the Krasnodar water reservoir near the Novo-Vochepshy village, Teuchezhsky District, Republic of Adygeya. The assemblage dates to the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries.
Статья посвящена изучению погребального обряда грунтовых могильников срубной КИО. Полученные результаты пространственного анализа рассматриваемой категории могильников, основанные на данных статистического анализа имеющейся выборки, позволили выявить ряд тенденций в распределении памятников по всей территории их распространения на всем протяжении развития культуры.
The paper explores the burial rite of the ground cemeteries attributed to the Timber-grave (Srubnaya) culture. The results of spatial analysis of this type of cemeteries based on statistical analysis of the existing database helped identify a number of trends in the distribution of the sites across the entire area where they are found throughout the period of the Srubnaya culture development.
Современные методы радиологии и визуализации сегодня вносят существенный вклад в изучение смертельных ранений у представителей разных археологических культур. В эпоху бронзы самым грозным оружием стал боевой топор. Настоящая статья посвящена применению метода микротомографии в описании некоторых впервые найденных травм на черепах из Пепкинского коллективного захоронения (абашевская археологическая культура, Среднее Поволжье). Наши данные позволяют оценить некоторые последствия применения боевых топоров и их тип. Трехмерные виртуальные реконструкции несквозных повреждений свода черепа, причиненных боевыми топорами, позволяют определить форму ударного края, которая имеет диагностическую ценность. Одновременно производились эксперименты по использованию боевого топора абашевского типа. Получены отпечатки в пластике ударов под разными углами. После микротомографии сопоставлялись 3D-виртуальные изображения ударного края оружия и травм черепа. Главный вывод данной работы заключается в констатации гибели пепкинских мужчин под ударами абашевских боевых топоров. Это означает существование возможного внутриплеменного конфликта в этой культурной общности.
Today modern radiological and visualization techniques make great impact on the study of lethal wounds among representatives of different archaeological cultures. Battle axes became the most dangerous weapon of the Bronze Age. The current paper is devoted to description of some newly discovered cranial injuries from Pepkino mass grave (Abashevo archaeological culture, the Middle Volga area) with use of microtomography. Our data help to evaluate some consequences of battle axes use and evaluate its type. 3D reconstructions of some non exit wounds caused by axes allow estimate form of striking edge, which seems to be diagnostic. At the same time we experimented using the battle axe of the Abashevo type. Impressions of the strikes made at different angles were obtained on the plastic. After microCT were made scanning 3D virtual images of the weapon striking edge and the skull traumas were compared. The main conclusion of the analysis is that the Pepkino males were killed by Abashevo battle axes. This implies a possible conflict within the population group of this archaeological culture.
В статье представлен обзор архивных материалов по деятельности Монгольской историко-этнографической экспедиции АН СССР 1948-1949 гг. из личного фонда С. В. Киселева (Научно-отраслевой архив ИА РАН. Фонд 12). В них включены сведения об истории археологического изучения Монголии, полевые фотографии, отчетная документация. Отдельно представлен фильм Древности Монголии , снятый участниками экспедиции. Он содержит кадры раскопок Каракорума, могильника Джаргаланты, обследований памятников средневековой эпиграфики, этнографических наблюдений. Рассмотренный массив документов и фильмокопий является важным источником по истории изучения культурного наследия Монголии и организации археологии в СССР.
The paper contains an overview of archival documents on the Mongolian historical and ethnographic expedition of the Academy of Sciences the USSR active in 1948-1949 from S. V. Kiselevs personal papers (Scientific Archives of the IA, RAS, Fund 122). They contain information on the history of archaeological investigations in Mongolia, field photographs and reporting documentation. The film Antiquities of Mongolia shot by the expedition participants is described separately. The film offers scenes of excavations at Karakorum, the Dzhargalanty cemetery, examination of the monuments of medieval epigraphics and ethnographic observations. The reviewed set of the documents and film copies is an important source for studying Mongolias cultural heritage and the way archaeology was organized in the USSR.
Археологические источники свидетельствуют, что в тех или иных сообществах могли быть сосредоточены как все технологические процессы металлопроизводства, так и лишь отдельные из них (добыча, обогащение руды, металлургия и металлообработка). В качестве объектов изучения выступают, прежде всего, металлические изделия, различные категории орудий труда, а также древние рудники, которые представляют собой разновидность следов - видоизменений естественной структуры геологических напластований и ландшафта. Долгое время внимание исследователей было направлено преимущественно на изучение металлических изделий и литейных форм. Орудия попадали в поле зрения в зависимости от археологического контекста, указывающего на возможность их соотнесения с металлопроизводством. Ситуация изменилась с появлением методики, выявляющей и объясняющей характер и природу деформаций изготовления и изнашивания. Исследование включает систематизацию материалов из горных пород, кости и керамики из Картамышского археологического микрорайона в Донбассе БМСК позднебронзового века. Источниковая база составляет 1091 предмет. Для их изучения применены структурно-сырьевой, технологический, функциональный и контекстуальный анализы. Наиболее представительная серия металлопроизводственных орудий: горнодобывающие (мотыги, кайла, молоты) (рис. 1: 4-11), горно-обогатительные (песты-терочники, рудодробильные/рудотерочные плиты, орудия из кости, применяемые в процессе гравитации, совки), металлообрабатывающие (литейные формы, молотки, наковальни, абразивы, скребок) (рис. 2: 4-19). Выделен новый тип орудий из кости для гравитационного обогащения руды (рис. 3: 1-10). Следы на артефактах идентичны полученным в ходе экспериментов по сухому обогащению руды, гравитации и металлообработке следам.
The paper reports on the studies of metalworking tools from the Kartamysh archaeological microregion. Archaeological sources demonstrate that both the complete production cycle (extraction, ore processing, metallurgy and metalworking) and the incomplete production cycle could be used by various communities. Metal goods, various types of tools, ancient pits were examined. The latter are represented by a variety of traces such as changes of the natural structure of the geological depositions and the landscape. The research includes systematization of the artifacts made from rocks, bone and ceramics from the Kartamysh archaeological microregion in Donbass (Berezhnovka-Maevka Timber-grave culture of the Late Bronze Age). The collection consisting of 1091 items was subjected to the structural/raw material, technological, functional and contextual analyses. The paper publishes a series of metal production tools such as mining tools (mattocks, hacks, hammers - Fig. 1: 4-11), ore processing tools (pestles/grinding stones, mortars/grinding slabs), metalworking instruments (moulds, hammers, anvils, abrasives, a scraper) (Fig. 2: 4-19). Bone tools for gravitational ore processing were singled out (Fig. 3: 1-10). Traces on the artifacts were compared with the traces obtained during experiments on dry ore processing, gravitation and metalworking.
Резюме. В статье по единой классификационной схеме были проанализированы наборы керамики известных селищ Городок 1 и Юрьевская Горка, расположенных в бассейне Верхней Мсты. Оба поселения датируются третьей четвертью I тыс. н. э. Городок 1 относится к культуре псковских длинных курганов. Мнение о принадлежности поселения Юрьевская Горка к иным древностям поддержано не всеми исследователями. Проведенное сопоставление позволило наиболее отчетливо выявить несхожесть поселений по массовому материалу. На селище Городок 1 преобладает посуда типа 11, на селище Юрьевская Горка - типов 7 и 8. Это позволяет обоснованно говорить об имеющихся различиях в культурной принадлежности данных памятников и, следовательно, о разном населении, их оставившем. Схожее присутствие на обоих селищах керамики типов 6, 10 и форм 2 и 3, видимо, связано с общей местной подосновой.
The paper analyzes ceramics sets from the well-known unfortified settlements of Gorodok 1 and Yuryevskaya Gorka located in the Msta Upstream region, using the same classification scheme. Both settlements are dated to the third quarter of I millennium. Gorodok 1 is attributed to the Pskov long barrows culture. Not all researchers share the view that Yuryevskaya Gorka belongs to a different historical period. The present comparison provides an opportunity to reveal a lack of similarity between these two settlements based on frequent finds. Ceramic vessels of type 11 predominate at Gorodok 1, while Yuryevskaya Gorka has mostly yielded vessels of types 7 and 8. These results allow us to talk with fair confidence about differences in their cultural affiliation and, therefore, different population groups that left behind these settlements. Similar presence of ceramics of types 6, 10 and shapes 2 and 3 is apparently linked to common local background.
Излучина Верхнего Дона в округе г. Задонска Липецкой области насыщена поселениями второй четверти I тыс. н. э. Статья включает в их число городище у с. Верхнее Казачье, недавно исследованное на площади 1299 кв. м. В ней анализируются стратиграфические данные и результаты радиоуглеродного датирования, рассматриваются фортификационные и бытовые сооружения, характеризуются керамический и вещевой комплексы. Площадку городища с разных сторон ограничивают две линии укреплений, созданных в скифо-сарматскую эпоху. В той и другой имелось, судя по керамике в заполнении, три рва, сооруженных в гуннское время. В раскопах выявлены три наземных жилища (их местоположение указали очаги), 34 столбовые и хозяйственные ямы. Найдено свыше 10 тыс. фрагментов кухонных и столовых глиняных сосудов (как лепных, заглаженных или лощеных, так и, в подавляюще меньшем числе, круговых), а также более 120 орудий труда и предметов быта из металлов, глины, камня и кости. Аналогии найденным материалам дают возможность датировать памятник концом IV - V в. н. э. С его исследованием пополнилось количество городищ, известных ранее в лесостепной части бассейна Дона в числе четырех.
The bend of the Upper Don near the town of Zadonsk in the Lipetsk region is rich with settlements dating to the second fourth of I millennium AD. This paper refers a settlement near the Verkhneye Kazachye village where 1299 m2 have been recently excavated to this group. It analyzes stratigraphic data and radiocarbon dating results, examines fortification constructions and household dwellings and characterizes ceramic and artifact assemblages. The settlement site is bound from various sides by two fortification lines built during the Scythian and Sarmatian period. Judging by the ceramics in the fills, both lines had three ditches were made during the Hun period. Three above-ground dwellings (their location was identified on the basis of hearths), 34 postholes and refuse pits were identified in the excavation trenches. More than 10,000 fragments of kitchen and table clay pots (both hand-made, with smoothed and burnished surface and wheel-made, though in smaller quantities) were found. Tools and implements are represented by more than 120 finds made from metal, clay, stone and bone. Analogies to the retrieved materials date the site to the late 4th -5th centuries AD. The excavation of this settlement has enlarged the list of fortified sites discovered earlier in the forest-steppe belt of the Don region to four.
В статье представлены итоги работы ежегодного научно-образовательного семинара Наскальное искусство: актуальные проблемы изучения и сохранения , прошедшего в апреле 2019 г. в г. Кемерове. Семинар стал уникальной для России площадкой, на которой студенты, аспиранты и специалисты-археологи смогли обсудить актуальные для современных исследований наскального искусства проблемы, а также ознакомиться с необходимыми для успешной полевой работы методами изучения, копирования и реставрации петроглифов.
The paper reports on the annual scientific and educational workshop Rock Art - Relevant Issues of Research and Preservation held in Kemerovo in April 2019. This meeting has become a unique site for Russia whereby undergraduates, post-graduate students and archaeologists can discuss issues relevant for modern research of rock art as well as learn methods of studying, copying and restoring petroglyphs necessary for successful fieldwork.
На основании недавней находки двух повозок и необычного сиденья-кресла в новотиторовской культуре (погребение 21 кургана 4 Межкирпильского I могильника в степном Прикубанье), вероятных аналогий ей в материалах ямной и катакомбных культур Причерноморья и Предкавказья, а также беденской культуры на территории Грузии ставится вопрос о сложении особой, престижной формы погребального обряда с использованием двух повозок и кресла-трона. Возможные реплики его имеются и южнее, в Месопотамии (некрополь Ура). Специальный культ трона существовал у хеттов, две повозки и трон фигурируют и в хеттском царском погребальном ритуале, известном по письменным источникам. Хронологический приоритет подобных находок в новотиторовской культуре (29-28 вв. до н. э.) перед относящимся к беденской культуре курганом 3 Ананаури (24 в. до н. э.), тем более перед хеттскими табличками II тыс. до н. э., говорит в пользу сложения данного ритуала в среде степных курганных культур с последующим распространением в Закавказье и Анатолию. Что в свою очередь представляет интерес для реконструкции социальных процессов в различных культурах бронзового века, а также для выяснения путей проникновения групп носителей индоевропейских диалектов в Анатолийско-Месопотамский регион.
The recent discovery of two wagons and an unusual chair looking like an armchair attributed to the Novotitorovka culture (grave 21, kurgan 4, Mezhkirpilsky I burial ground in the steppe Kuban region), and likely analogies to this find in the Yamnaya and Catacomb assemblages from the Black Sea maritime steppes and the Fore-Caucasus as well as the Bedeni culture in Georgia raise the issue of emergence of a special, prestigious form of the funerary rite with the use of two wagons and an armchair that looks like a throne. Likely replicas have been found further to the south in Mesopotamia (the Ur cemetery). A special cult of the throne existed among the Hittites for example, two wagons and a throne feature in the Hittite kingly funerary rite is known from written sources. The chronological priority of such finds in the Novotitorovka culture (2900-2800 СalBC) regarding kurgan 3 of Ananauri (2400 CalBC) attributed to the Bedeni culture, and, in particular, Hittite tablets dating to 2000 BC argues in favor of development of this rite among the steppe kurgan cultures with its subsequent dissemination in the South Caucasus and Anatolia. This fact is interesting for reconstruction of social processes in various Bronze Age cultures as well as clarification of the routes via which speakers of Indo-European dialects penetrated the Anatolia-Mesopotamia region.
В статье рассмотрены результаты анализа погребального обряда и антропологических коллекций грунтового могильника Волна 1 VI-III вв. до н. э. Могильник на сегодняшний день является одним из наиболее полно изученных на азиатском Боспоре. В результате внутри группового анализа указателей, описывающих форму диафизов длинных костей, выделено три группы населения. Полученные результаты были проверены с помощью методов археологии. Также был проведен межгрупповой анализ трех выделенных групп населения с другими популяциями, проживавшими в раннем железном веке в Северо-Западном Предкавказье. Удалось показать значительное сходство двух выделенных групп как между собой, так и с материалами из могильника Старокорсунского городища 2. Третья группа показала сильное отличие как от первых двух групп могильника Волна 1, так и от других серий, привлеченных для межгруппового анализа. С помощью традиционных методов археологии и методов многомерного анализа данных, в частности факторного и кластерного анализов, удалось проверить полученные в результате антропологического исследования данные. Выявлены особенности погребального обряда каждой из трех выделенных групп. Установлено, что все выделенные группы населения взаимодействовали друг с другом, что проявилось в определенной унификации погребальных практик. С начала функционирования некрополя в нем одновременно могли совершаться захоронения автохтонного и неавтохтонного населения.
The paper analyzes the funerary rite and the anthropological collections from Volna 1, which is a ground cemetery of the 6th - 3rd centuries BC. Today it is the best studied cemetery in Asian Bosporus. Three groups of population were singled out based on the intra-group analysis of the attributes describing the shape of longitudinal bone diaphyses. The results of the analysis were verified with the use of archaeological methods. The research also focused on inter-group analysis of the three identified groups with other population groups living in the northwestern Fore-Caucasus in the Early Iron Age. The analysis managed to show significant similarity between the two identified groups and between these groups and the anthropological remains from a cemetery of Starokorsunskaya 2 hillfort. The third group turned out to be much different from both the first two groups of Volna 1 and from other series used in the inter-group analysis. Traditional methods of archaeology and methods of multivariate analysis, in particular, component analysis and cluster analysis, helped verify the data obtained through the anthropological study. Specific features of the funerary rite of each of the identified groups were singled out. It was found that all identified population groups maintained relations with each other which is reflected in a certain unification of funerary practices. From the startup of the cemetery functioning, both local and non-local individuals could be buried in it at the same time.
В статье представлены результаты археоботанических исследований в Московском Кремле и обсуждается проблема использования растений жителями города с особым акцентом на потреблении зерновой продукции. Материалы рассматриваются по двум хронологическим выборкам (XII - перв. пол. XIII в. и втор. пол. XIII - XV в.), что позволяет проследить динамику изменения археоботанических спектров. Выделяются три специфические черты, характеризующие коллекцию зерновых в Москве. Во-первых, высокая насыщенность зерном культурного слоя во-вторых, стабильно высокий показатель доли ржи на протяжении столетий (ок. 70 ) и, в-третьих, остающийся непонятным факт сокращения на 10 доли овса в поздней выборке. Последнее, по мнению авторов, противоречит логике развития города, требующей увеличения фуражных запасов для лошадей - основного транспортного средства средневековья. Авторы приходят к выводу, что при отсутствии или скудости находок экзотических растений, выступающих маркерами элитного питания в европейских городах, в средневековой Руси в этом качестве могут интерпретироваться обычные зерновые культуры, в частности - мягкая пшеница.
The paper presents the results of archaeobotanical studies in the Moscow Kremlin and discusses the use of plants by the city residents with a focus on consumption of crops. The analysis is based on two chronological selections (the 12th - first half of the 13th centuries and the first half of the 13th - 15th centuries) it gives an insight into the changes over time of archaeobotanical spectra. Three specific features characterizing the crop grains in Moscow are singled out. Firstly, abundance of crop plants in the occupation layers secondly, consistently high values of the rye share in total crops throughout centuries (around 70 ) and, thirdly, the reduction in the share of oats by 10 in the later sample for some inexplicable reasons. In the view of the authors, the latter fact contradicts the logical development of the city that required increase in forage reserves for horses which was the main animal for transportation in the medieval times. The authors come to the conclusion that in the absence or scarcity of exotic plant finds used as markers of luxury food in European cities, common grain crops such as bread wheat can be used as elite food indicator in Medieval Russia.
В статье публикуются два новых владельческих граффити из раскопок Фанагории 2015 г. Первое граффито - килик Аратрия - датируется концом первой четверти V в. до н. э. Имя Аратрий встречено впервые в антропонимии Древнего мира. Оно обнаруживает явные параллели с этниконом аратрии, зафиксированным в Перипле Эритрейского моря неизвестного автора 50-75 гг. н. э. Племя аратриев локализуется на западе современного Пакистана. Вероятно, имя Аратрий относится к юго-восточной подгруппе восточноиранских языков. К этой же группе языков, как предполагается, относится и скифский язык. Поэтому предложено рассматривать имя Аратрий как принадлежащее к скифской этнокультурной общности. Второе граффито: - Арпатрий. Оно датируется концом VI - первой третью V в. до н. э. Имя Арпатрий также впервые встречается в антропоминии Древнего мира. Предполагается, что Арпатрий является композитным именем, имеет скифское происхождение и переводится как хранитель огня .
The paper publishes two new owners graffiti from the excavations carried out in Phanagoria in 2015. The first graffito - - is a kylix of Aratrius dating to the end of the first quarter of the 5th century BC. The name Aratrius appears for the first time in the anthroponymy of the ancient world. It has clear parallels with the gentilic form of the Aratrii population recorded in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a book of an unknown author written in 50-75 AD. The Aratrii population is localized in the western part of modern Pakistan. Most likely, the name Aratrius is attributed to the southeastern subgroup of the eastern Iranian languages. The Scythian language appears to refer to this group of languages as well. For that reason, it is proposed to attribute the name Aratrius to the Scythian ethnic community. The second graffito - - means Arpatrius. It dates to the end of the 6th - first third of the 5th centuries BC. The name Arpatrius appears for the first time in the anthroponymy of the ancient world as well. Arpatrius is believed to be a composite name of the Scythian origin and is translated as the firekeeper .
Статья посвящена обзору кинофонда Научно-отраслевого архива ИА АН, оцифровка которых завершилась в 2018 г. Фильмокопии включают в себя съемки работ ряда археологических экспедиций на территории СССР, Монголии и Албании во второй половине 1940-х - 1960-х гг. научно-популярные фильмы об археологии и антропологии, документальные фильмы об известных археологах материалы, переданные сотрудниками ИА РАН. Материалы Научно-отраслевого архива ИА РАН являются важным источником по истории советской и российской археологии. Киноматериалы ряда экспедиций второй половины 1940-х - 1960-х гг. являются существенным дополнением к их отчетной документации.
The paper provides an overview of the Scientific Archives of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS, the digitalization of which was completed in 2018. The film copies contain footage of a number of archaeological expeditions conducted in the USSR, Mongolia and Albania in the second half of 1940s - 1960s popular science films about archaeology and anthropology documentaries about famous archaeologists materials provided by the employees of the IA, RAS. The materials of the Scientific Archives of the Institute of Archaeology are an important source of information on the history of Soviet and Russian archaeology. Film footage of a number of expeditions in the second half of 1940s - 1960s is an important supplement to their reporting documentation.
В статье представлены новые находки миниатюрных накладок киотовидной формы с рельефным поясным изображением святого, датирующихся XII - началом XIII в., атрибутированные как новгородские копии западноевропейских реликвий, косвенно связанных с паломнической культурой. Одна накладка несет исключительно редкое, не характерное для восточнохристианской традиции рельефное изображение святого (), от головы которого отходят рога. Такая своеобразная иконография позволяет предположить, что здесь изображен пророк Моисей.
The paper reports on new finds of diminutive plates shaped as icon-cases featuring a relief bust-length image of a saint dating to the 12th - early 13th centuries. These items have been attributed to the group of Novgorod copies of western European relics implicitly linked to the pilgrimage culture. One plate displays an exceptionally rare image which is not typical for the eastern Christian tradition, it is a relief image of a saint (), with the horns on his head. This peculiar iconography suggests that it is the image of the prophet Moses.
Violence is a central idea for political theory but there is very little agreement about how it should be understood. This paper examines some fashionable approaches to the concept and argues against ‘wide’ definitions, particularly those of the ‘structuralist’ variety of which that offered by the sociologist, Johan Galtung, is taken as typical. A critique is also given of ‘legitimist’ definitions which incorporate some strong notion of illegitimacy into the very meaning of violence. Structuralist definitions are much favoured by the political left whereas legitimist accounts are more common on the right but these connections, though psychologically understandable, are not logically tight. Both structuralist and legitimist analyses are criticised on conceptual and practical grounds and a defence of a more restricted definition is presented. The paper concludes with some remarks about the point of having a concept of violence of the type delineated.
Mr Don Brothwell of the Sub-Department of Anthropology in the British Museum (Natural History) here discusses whether anthropophagy in prehistoric Britain is fact or fiction.
Systematic female infanticide among the Pelly Bay Eskimos is subjected to functional analysis wherein the adaptive rather than purposive nature of the behavior is stressed. The trait is seen to be ecologically adaptive insofar as it increases population, and in turn ecosystem, stability. It is argued that the explanation for the uniquely systematic infanticide practiced by this group is to be sought within the social dynamic of the individual household, and is not satisfactorily explained by recourse to environmental-demographic explanations.
A proposed change to American repatriation law provides an opportunity to reexamine the assumptions on which the original statute was built. For their justification, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and the National Museum of the American Indian Act rely on the supposition that bounded communities proceed through time along a unilinear path—a misconception stemming from both universal, identity-forming processes and the discipline of archaeology itself. A case study involving the National Museum of the American Indian's 2003 repatriation of human remains to a rural village in Cuba demonstrates how various identities can manipulate the transfer of archaeological material to fit their own symbolic needs.