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Supplementary Material 2

May 2018

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CC BY 4.0

Authors:

University of Bergen

University of Bergen

Morten Birkeland Nielsen

National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI)

Elisabeth Schanche

University of Bergen

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Problem Solving subscale of the COPE; COPE-COGNITIVERESTR: Cognitive Restructuring subscale of the COPE; AAQ: Avoidance and Action Questionnaire; WBSI: White Bear Suppression Inventory

Cope-Problemsolving

COPE-PROBLEMSOLVING: Problem Solving subscale of the COPE; COPE-COGNITIVERESTR: Cognitive Restructuring subscale of the COPE; AAQ: Avoidance and Action Questionnaire; WBSI: White Bear Suppression Inventory; N.R: Information not reported.

Acceptance) CERQ-PLANNING (Problem solving)

Cerq-Acceptance

CERQ-ACCEPTANCE (Acceptance) CERQ-PLANNING (Problem solving)

Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Article

May 2018

Endre Visted · Jon Vøllestad · Morten Birkeland Nielsen · Elisabeth Schanche

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Supplementary Material 1

May 2018

Article

Full-text available

Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

May 2018 · Frontiers in Psychology

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, recurrent, and potentially chronic disorder. Identifying risk factors and underlying mechanisms to inform preventive and therapeutic interventions is therefore imperative. Emotion regulation is a proposed factor in the development and maintenance of MDD. The aim of the present review was to summarize and synthesize research on ... [Show full abstract] self-reported emotion regulation strategy use and emotion regulation abilities in adults diagnosed with current and remitted MDD. Methods: Seventy-two eligible studies were retrieved from databases through a systematic literature search. Group differences between individuals with current MDD, remitted MDD, and healthy controls were calculated using meta-analytic procedures. Meta-regression analyses investigated potential moderator effects on emotion regulation difficulties. Results: Results indicated that individuals with current MDD report higher maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use for avoidance (Hedges’ g = 1.3), rumination (g = 2.1), and suppression (g = 1.1) compared to healthy controls. Also, they reported lower adaptive emotion regulation strategy use for acceptance (g = −1.0), problem solving (g = −1.0), and reappraisal (g = −0.7). Individuals with current MDD reported limited general emotion regulation abilities, indicated by higher alexithymia (g = 1.45), lower emotional awareness (g = −0.95), emotional clarity (g = −1.50) and emotional tolerance (g = −1.89). Similar results were found in individuals with remitted MDD for avoidance (g = 1.0), rumination (g = 1.1), suppression (g = 0.6), and general emotion regulation abilities. However, no difference was found between individuals with remitted MDD and healthy controls for adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Meta-regression analyses suggest that age of illness onset, comorbid anxiety and duration of remission influence emotion regulation. Conclusion: The present review and meta-analysis indicates that individuals with current and remitted MDD have difficulties with emotion regulation compared to individuals who have never been depressed. Although depressive symptoms improve, emotion regulation difficulties may continue, and could be a contributing factor to relapse. Our findings inform future research on emotion regulation and psychotherapeutic interventions.

Article

Full-text available

The Impact of Group-Based Mindfulness Training on Self-Reported Mindfulness: a Systematic Review and...

June 2014 · Mindfulness

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) show promising results in both clinical and non-clinical settings. A number of studies indicate that self-reported mindfulness is associated with adaptive psychological functioning and decreased symptom distress. However, there have been no systematic reviews of research on self-reported mindfulness as an outcome of MBIs for clinical and non-clinical ... [Show full abstract] samples. It is also unclear to what extent MBIs actually lead to increased and stable self-reported mindfulness. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies measuring self-reported mindfulness before and after an MBI. Meta-analytic procedures were used to investigate self-reported mindfulness as an outcome of MBIs. The results show that several questionnaires have been designed to measure mindfulness, and these have been applied to a variety of samples. Although methodological issues preclude definite conclusions, the meta-analysis indicates that MBIs increase self-reported mindfulness. Effect sizes indicate that increases are in the medium range (Hedges’ g = 0.53). However, over half of the studies found no significant effects of MBIs on self-reported mindfulness from pre- to post-intervention. Also, studies of MBIs against active control conditions show no significant advantage for MBIs in increasing self-reported mindfulness. This raises serious questions concerning the validity of the mindfulness questionnaires currently in use. The addition of a full or half day of intensive mindfulness training (retreats) as part of the intervention moderate the effect sizes in positive direction. Implications for future research include the need for analysis of statistical mediation as well as further validation of questionnaires. Comparisons of MBIs to established evidence-based interventions as active control conditions are also called for.

Article

Unified Protocol

December 2023 · Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening

Unified Protocol (UP) is a transdiagnostic treatment aimed at promoting emotion regulation skills in patients with emotional disorders. The approach targets maintaining factors common to many disorders, in line with recent knowledge about broad dimensions of personality underlying various diagnoses. It allows for the simultaneous treatment of comorbid disorders and can simplify training and ... [Show full abstract] treatment implementation. Central to emotional disorders is the individual’s negative reaction to their own emotions, and attempts to cope with them by avoidance or suppression. The goal of UP is to strengthen core skills that enable more adaptive ways of dealing with one’s emotions. These skills include understanding emotions, non-judgemental awareness, flexible thinking, the ability to do the opposite of avoidance behaviours, increased tolerance for physical sensations, and the ability to plan and carry out emotional exposure. In this article, we provide an overview of what a UP approach entails and illustrate this through the case of ‘Nadine’. Keywords: psychotherapy, transdiagnostic, unified protocol, emotion regulation, emotional disorders