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Kulte und Kultur der Dekapolis. Untersuchungen zu numismatischen, archäologischen und epigraphischen Zeugnissen
... a Nabataean god and Hera his consort (see Welles 1938: 384).37 Welles1938: 383-384 (No. 17);Lichtenberger 2003: 222 and n. 2030, 223, 239, 288-289. 38 Lichtenberger 2003 ...
... Jerash, founded in the Hellenistic period, thrived throughout the Roman to the Early Islamic period until an earthquake hit the city in 749 CE, halting urban life for centuries (Kraeling, 1938;Lichtenberger and Raja, 2018a). The city, in antiquity named Gerasa, was one of the Decapolis cities, a group of more than ten cities, today located in modern Jordan, Israel, and Syria (Lichtenberger, 2003;Raja, 2012). According to legend, the city was founded by Alexander the Great or one of his generals, but it is more likely that the city was re-founded in connection with the resettlement of veterans who had served under the Seleucids in the era following Alexander's conquest of the East. ...
This article revisits a complexly folded silver scroll excavated in Jerash, Jordan, in 2014 that was digitally examined in 2015. In this article we apply, examine and discuss a new virtual unfolding technique that results in a clearer image of the scroll's 17 lines of writing. We also compare it to the earlier unfolding and discuss progress in general analytical tools. We publish the original and the new images as well as the unfolded volume data open access in order to make these available to researchers interested in optimising unfolding processes of various complexly folded materials.
The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the numismatic iconography of Hercules of the 6th – 1st centuries BC in Ancient Greece and to trace the transformation of the visualisation of the hero’s image through the prism of changing religious and philosophical concepts. Research methodology. The method of integrity and cognitive, the method of art historical and structural-functional analysis, as well as the comparative-typological method were applied. Scientific novelty. The iconography of Hercules on coins of the 6th – 1st centuries BC was examined and the transformation of the image of Hercules during the archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods in Ancient Greece was revealed; The iconography of Hercules on coins from the city of Tyre in Phoenicia (southern Lebanon) of the Hellenistic period (from 126/125 BC) was analysed and affinities with the iconography of Hercules on coins from the time of Alexander the Great were revealed. Conclusions. The iconography of Hercules (two main types: a young beardless god and a mature bearded Hercules) is focused on depicting the hero's exploits, primarily the killing of the Nemean lion (before the 5th century BC) and his apotheosis, which is associated with the widespread spread of the hero's cult in Attica. Deep, complex cultural changes in Greece in the 5th century BC contributed to the formation and popularisation of a new concept of iconographic expression. The transformation occurs in the shift of emphasis from the feat itself to the moment of rest, as well as in the change of emotional aspect – Heracles is depicted at rest, tired and depressed, his heroic prowess remains implicit, thus what is actually depicted differs from the central meaning of the image. In the context of the evolution of Greek spirituality, starting from the 6th century, Heracles begins to personify universal concepts of humanity, as well as new ideals of sovereignty. The iconographic depiction of Heracles' exhaustion and his apotheosis testifies to the influence of new religious and philosophical concepts (Pythagoreanism, Orphism and mystical cults) on the myth. Instead of the extraordinary efforts and excesses characteristic of his previous iconographic representations, the classical period presents Heracles as a model of virtue and self-control, symbolising the victory of his merits (the twelve feats) over divine persecutions and misfortunes. The famous Hellenistic iconographic type of the Tyrian Hercules (youthful appearance and stylistic features) is inspired by an image dating back to the time of Alexander the Great's coinage and corresponds to the character of Hercules the god.
The Jerash archaeological site holds great significance as one of the most prominent Roman sites in the Middle East. In our research paper, we present an assortment of marine shells discovered in the northern region of the Jerash archaeological site during the University of Jordan's excavations from 2017 to 2019. We analyze the shells to determine their species. Additionally, we document the human modifications of the shells in order to reconstruct their possible use. The number of shells is small, but their value is heightened by the variety of species represented and the human modifications observed. The most frequently found shell are 12 murex (11 are Bolinus brandaris). Some shells exhibit perforations, which could be attributed to various purposes such as adornments, the production of cosmetics, or souvenirs.
The world of the Palmyrene gods and the complexes which accompanied their worship have received great attention in the past. The city’s religious life remains intriguing to explore, not least due to the rich iconographic evidence and the monu-mental religious complexes in the city, and there are still numerous aspects to be investigated of the city’s religious life. In the case of Palmyra, we are in possession of a group of small clay tokens called banqueting tesserae, which allow for a different insight into some aspects of urban religious life. These small objects allow us to make substantial contributions to the discussions about the nature of religious life in an urban context. They may be expressions of a very urban phenomenon – a way of controlling access.
Uranios Arabios und Zeus Keraos 184; Artemis 187; Sarapis 187; Dionysos und sein Kreis 188; Fruchtbarkeitsgöttin 188; Mithras? 189
- Zeus Ares
- Theos
Zeus Ares, (Theos) Uranios Arabios und Zeus Keraos 184; Artemis 187; Sarapis 187; Dionysos und sein Kreis 188; Fruchtbarkeitsgöttin 188; Mithras? 189; Altar 189; Heiligtumsarchitektur 189
Hera und Theos Arabikos, der Tempel unter der Kathedrale 221
- Pakeidas
Pakeidas, Hera und Theos Arabikos, der
Tempel unter der Kathedrale 221; Apollon 225; Helios und Zeus Hagios Beel(b)osor 226;
244 2. 3. 2. 2. Kulte und Heiligtümer nach Ausweis der Münzbilder
- .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Topographie Und Geschichte
Topographie und Geschichte...................
244
2. 3. 2. 2.
Kulte und Heiligtümer nach Ausweis der Münzbilder.........
327 3. 1. 3. Überlegungen zur chronologischen und regionalen Entwicklung
- . . . . . Das Problem Der Benennung Lokaler Gottheiten
Das Problem der Benennung lokaler Gottheiten...........
327
3. 1. 3.
Überlegungen zur chronologischen und regionalen Entwicklung....
328
3. 2.
Heiligtümer......................... 331