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The effects of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed extract on the seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity and chromosomal abberrations of Allium cepa L. under saline condition
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In this work, the effects of black cumin seed extract (BCSE) on the seed germination, seedling growth (radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under both normal conditions and salt stress were studied. The radicle number of the seeds germinated in the medium with BCSE alone partly reduced in comparison with ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while their germination percentage, radicle length and fresh weight statistically showed the same values as the control. Furthermore, the mitotic index in root tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in the medium with BCSE alone demonstrated a significant decrease according to ones of the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium while the frequency of chromosomal aberrations exhibited a significant increase according to the control. On the other hand, salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. Moreover, it markedly decreased the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. Whereas, the inhibitive effects of salt on the seed germination and seedling growth were dramatically alleviated in varying degrees by BCSE application. But, it was ineffective in reducing of salt damage on the mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations.
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... Development of high tolerant varieties is the most effective way to minimize salt damage in plant breeding. So scientists have used diverse vitamins and plant growth regulators to try eliminate or reduce harmful effects of saltness on the seedling growth [6,7], mitotic activity [8] and seed germination [9]. Additionally, on the best way to breeding, most of the researchers agree that the pyramidization of different beneficial physiological features. ...
... Çavuşoğlu et al. [6,7] state that if stress conditions are present in the environment, any plant growth regulator should be added as in the germination process and some growth regulators might cause particularly cell distortions, mitotic irregularities and chromosomal abnormalities even without stress conditions. Even a single study of the effects of glycine on the chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus frequency and mitotic activity has not been performed until now. ...
Bu çalışmada, tuzluluğa maruz bırakılan Allium cepa L. tohumlarındaki
fizyolojik parametreler olarak tohum çimlenmesi,
radikula uzunluğu, radikula sayısı, taze ağırlık ve sitogenetik parametreler olarak mitotik aktivite, kromozomal anormallikler ve
mikronükleus sıklığı üzerine glisinin rolü incelenmiştir. Tuzluluk A. cepa'nın tohum çimlenmesi ve fide
büyümesinde önemli bir inhibe edici etki göstermiştir. Dahası,
tuz A. cepa’nın kök ucu
hücrelerindeki mitotik indeksi önemli ölçüde düşürmüş ve sitolojik hasarın en
basit ve en etkili göstergesi olan mikronükleus sıklığı ve kromozomal
anormalliklerin sayısını arttırmıştır. Buna karşılık, tohum çimlenmesi,
mitotik aktivite, kromozomal anormallikler ve fide büyümesi üzerine tuzun
inhibe edici etkileri glisin uygulamasıyla önemli ölçüde azalmış, fakat
mikronükleus sıklığı üzerinde glisin tuz hasarının azaltılmasında yetersiz
kalmıştır.
... It has been reported that the exogenous application of various growth-regulating agents during germination and seedling growth under normal conditions causes cell disruptions, mitotic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities 87,92,93 . The cytogenetic results of this study are very important as there are no available reports on the effects of COR on mitotic index (MI) micronucleus (MN) frequency and chromosome aberrations (CAs) in root meristem cells of seedlings grown in both normal and saline conditions. ...
Coronatine (COR), a bacterial phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae, plays important roles in many plant growth processes. Onion bulbs were divided four groups to investigate the effects of COR against sodium chloride (NaCl) stress exposure in Allium cepa L. root tips. While control group bulbs were soaked in tap water medium, treatment group bulbs were grown in 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 µM COR and 0.01 µM COR + 0.15 M NaCl medium, respectively. NaCl stress seriously inhibited the germination, root lenght, root number and fresh weight of the bulbs. It significantly decreased the mitotic index (MI), whereas dramatically increased the micronucleus (MN) frequency and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). Moreover, in order to determine the level of lipid peroxidation occurring in the cell membrane, malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured and it was determined that it was at the highest level in the group germinated in NaCl medium alone. Similarly, it was revealed that the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and free proline contents in the group germinated in NaCl medium alone were higher than the other groups. On the other hand, NaCl stress caused significant injuries such as epidermis/cortex cell damage, MN formation in epidermis/cortex cells, flattened cells nuclei, unclear vascular tissue, cortex cell wall thickening, accumulation of certain chemical compounds in cortex cells and necrotic areas in the anatomical structure of bulb roots. However, exogenous COR application significantly alleviated the negative effects of NaCl stress on bulb germination and growth, antioxidant defense system, cytogenetic and anatomical structure. Thus, it has been proven that COR can be used as a protective agent against the harmful effects of NaCl on onion.
... The use of such bio-indicators has been standardized by the international programs of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United Nations Environment Program. EPA and World Health Organization acknowledge that the data obtained from these risk assessment analyses are effective in the determination of genotoxicity (Firbas and Amon 2014;Çavuşoğlu et al. 2018). ...
In this study, the toxic effects of potassium bromate (KBrO3) were tested on Allium cepa L. meristematic cells. In order to determine the toxic effect and dose relationship, KBrO3 toxicity was investigated at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/L. The toxic effects were evaluated by using cytogenetic, biochemical, anatomical, and physiological parameters, and serious damages were observed depending on the dose. Significant reductions in germination percentage, weight gain, and radicle length were observed in all KBrO3-treated groups compared with the control. Mitotic activity decreased in meristematic cells after KBrO3 application. and mitotic index was decreased by 1.8 times in 100 mg/L KBrO3-treated group compared with the control group. The frequencies of micronucleus and chromosomal abnormalities tested as cytogenetic parameters were significantly higher in the group treated with 100 mg/L KBrO3 than those in the control group. Fragment and sticky chromosome were the most common types of chromosomal abnormalities. Lipid peroxidation measured in terms of MDA content increased with increasing doses of KBrO3. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase as antioxidant enzymes were importantly changed in KBrO3-treated groups. Anatomical changes such as cell deformation, substance accumulation, cell wall thickening, and flattened nucleus were determined after KBrO3 application, and it was observed that these changes reached a maximum level at 100 mg/L dose of KBrO3. As a result, KBrO3 treatments were been found to cause physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomically toxic effects in meristematic cells of A. cepa, a eukaryotic model organism. The versatile toxicity induced by KBrO3 increased depending on the dose and reached a maximum level at 100 mg/L.
... If stress conditions are present in the environment, any plant growth regulator should be added as exogenous in the germination process. The addition of a plant growth regulator exogenously under stress-free conditions can have positive or negative effect on seedling growth and seed germination [14,15,16]. However, there is no available literatüre data respecting influences of β-alanine on the seedling growth and seed germination. ...
Bu çalışmada, hem normal hem de tuz stresi koşullarında çimlendirilen Allium cepa
L.’da fide büyümesi (radikula sayısı, radikula uzunluğu
ve taze ağırlık), tohum çimlenmesi, kromozomal
anormallikler, mitotik aktivite ve mikronükleus
sıklığı üzerine β-alaninin etkileri
incelenmiştir. Tek başına β-alanin ortamında,
tohumların taze ağırlığı, radikula sayısı ve
radikula uzunluğu distile su ortamında çimlendirilen kontrol tohumlarına
kıyasla kısmen azalmış ancak çimlenme yüzdesi
istatistiki olarak kontrolle aynı değeri göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, tek
başına β-alanin ortamında çimlendirilen A. cepa
tohumlarının kök ucu meristem hücrelerindeki mitotik indeks ve mikronükleus oluşumu distile su ortamında çimlendirilen
kontrol tohumlarıyla aynı değerleri gösterirken, kromozomal anormallikler
kontrole kıyasla bir artış sergilemiştir. Diğer taraftan, tuz stresi A. cepa'nın tohum çimlenmesi ve fide büyümesini önemli ölçüde engellemiştir. Dahası,
tuz tohumların kök ucu hücrelerindeki
mitotik indeksi önemli ölçüde azaltmış ve
sitolojik hasarın en basit ve en etkili göstergesi olan mikronükleus oluşumu ve
kromozomal anormalliklerin sayısını arttırmıştır. Kromozomal
anormallikler, tohum çimlenmesi, fide büyümesi ve mitotik aktivite üzerindeki
tuzun zararlı etkileri β-alanin uygulamasıyla
çeşitli derecelerde azalmasına rağmen bu uygulama
mikronükleus oluşumu üzerindeki tuz hasarının azaltılmasında etkisiz olmuştur.
Effects of L-ornithine (150 mg/l) on the germination, seedling growth, mitotic index, chromosome aberrations and micronucleus frequency of Allium cepa L. bulbs germinated at 0.125 M salinity were studied. The radicle number of the group III bulbs germinated in the medium with ornithine alone as compared to ones of the group I (control) bulbs which germinated in distilled water medium. But, their germination percentage, radicle length and fresh weight were statistically the same as ones of the group I bulbs. Besides, the micronucleus frequency and chromosomal abnormalities in the root-tip meristematic cells of the group III bulbs showed increased germination compared to ones of the group I bulbs. However, their mitotic index statistically showed the same value as the group I bulbs. Salt stress significantly inhibited the germination and seedling growth of A. cepa bulbs. Moreover, it reduced the mitotic index in the root-meristem cells of the bulbs and fairly increased the number of chromosome aberrations and micronucleus frequency. On the other hand, the inhibitive effect of salt on the germination, seedling growth, mitotic index and micronucleus frequency was dramatically alleviated in varying degrees by ornithine application. But, it was ineffective in reducing the detrimental effect of salinity on the chromosome aberrations. The germination percentage, radicle lenght, radicle number, fresh weight, mitotic index, micronucleus frequency and chromosomal aberrations of the group II seedlings grown in 0.125 M salinity were 27%, 13.5 mm, 18.4, 7.1 g, 5.5, 18.3 and 60.8%, respectively while these values became 68%, 16.4 mm, 16.4, 10.5 g, 15.6, 7.6 and 74.8% in the group IV seedlings treated with L-ornithine.
In this study, effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the seedling growth (fresh weight, radicle length, radicle
number), seed germination, mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus frequency (MN)
in Allium cepa L. seeds germinated in both saline and normal conditions investigated. In only GSE medium,
althought the radicle number and radicle length of seeds partially reduced compared to the control seeds
germinated in distilled water medium, the fresh weight partly ascended and germination percentage indicate
statistically the same value as the control. Besides, whereas the mitotic index in root-tip meristems of A. cepa
seeds germinated in alone GSE medium showed increase compared to the control seeds, CA and MN showed
statistically the same values compared to the control. On the other hand, salt stress significantly inhibited the
seedling growth and seed germination of A. cepa. What’s more, it reduced significantly the mitotic index in
root-tip meristems of the seeds and escalated the number of CA and MN, which is the simplest indicator and
the most effective of cytological damage. Contrariwise, inhibitive effects of salt on the mitotic activity, seedling
growth, seed germination and CA significantly decreased with application of GSE but, GSE was inefficient in
reducing of salt damage on MN.
In this study, effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the seedling growth (fresh weight, radicle length, radicle number), seed germination, mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus frequency (MN) in Allium cepa L. seeds germinated in both saline and normal conditions investigated. In only GSE medium, althought the radicle number and radicle length of seeds partially reduced compared to the control seeds germinated in distilled water medium, the fresh weight partly ascended and germination percentage indicate statistically the same value as the control. Besides, whereas the mitotic index in root-tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in alone GSE medium showed increase compared to the control seeds, CA and MN showed statistically the same values compared to the control. On the other hand, salt stress significantly inhibited the seedling growth and seed germination of A. cepa. What’s more, it reduced significantly the mitotic index in root-tip meristems of the seeds and escalated the number of CA and MN, which is the simplest indicator and the most effective of cytological damage. Contrariwise, inhibitive effects of salt on the mitotic activity, seedling growth, seed germination and CA significantly decreased with application of GSE but, GSE was inefficient in reducing of salt damage on MN.
The role of L-lysine (Lys) on some cytogenetic and physiological parameters in Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salt was evaluated. NaCl stress on the other hand showed a significantly inhibitory effect on the seedling growth and seed germination of Allium cepa. Besides, it significantly reduced the mitotic index in the root tip meristems of seeds and increased micronuclei which are the most effective and simplest indicator of cytological damage and chromosomal abnormalities. However, the effects of salinity on chromosomal aberrations, seedling growth, seed germination and mitotic activity have decreased significantly with Lys application.
Aloe vera L. is a valuable medicinal plant and is currently used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries worldwide. In the present study, the effect of various concentrations of Aloe vera leaf gel extracts was investigated on mitotic and phase indexes of Allium cepa L. root tip cells for 24 and 48 h durations. The EC50 value of gel extracts was found to be 20% and was used to determine the experimental concentrations. The results indicated that the mitotic index and root growth rate of A. cepa were considerably decreased in comparison to the control. We found that the cytotoxic effect of A. vera gel extracts depends on the concentration rather than the exposure time. Even the low doses caused a considerable decrease in root growth rate. The lowest mitotic index value was found to be 3.72% at 40% gel extract treatment for 48 h duration. Average prophase index during 24 and 48 h applications was found to be 53.80% and 56.48%, respectively. We conclude that A. vera gel extracts have a cytotoxic effect on the root tip cells of A. cepa.
The core objective of this research was to determine the oil characteristics and nutrient contents of Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. Characteristics of seed oils revealed higher degree of unsaturation and as determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) reported herein the major unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid (52.6% in N. sativa and 42.5% in T. foenum-graecum), followed by oleic acid (23.5% in N. sativa and 20% in T. foenum-graecum), while the main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid (16% in N. sativa and 10.5% in T. foenum-graecum). Triacylglycerols and neutral lipids were found to be most abounded components recorded to 78.4 and 93.2% for N. sativa and 84.8 and 93.2% for T. foenum-graecum, respectively. The seed oils, therefore, have potential for use as domestic and industrial oils. Compositional analysis revealed that both samples contained considerable amounts of protein (20% in N. sativa and 28% in T. foenum-graecum) and high amount of lipid (37%) in N. sativa seeds. The seeds are shown to be rich sources of potassium, calcium and sodium and other elements. Nutrient information reported herein illustrates the benefits to public health for consumers of these plant seeds. KEY WORDS: Seed oil, Fatty acids, Nutrient contents, Nigella sativa, Trigonella foenum graecumBull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2012, 26(1), 55-64.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v26i1.6
Five varieties of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were studied in order to assess the effect of NaCl on seed germination and growth of young seedlings. Five salt treatments, 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl were applied and germination was carried out at 21°C for 14 days. The results showed that germination percentage, rate of germination, and the relative germination percentage, were all inhibited by NaCl treatments. The strongest inhibition of germination occurred at the higher salt concentrations. Growth of young seedlings was also reduced, especially at the higher salt concentrations. The use of isotonic mannitol solutions indicated that the inhibitory influence of NaCl on sugar beet seed germination was principally a specific ionic effect and only a small portion of the inhibition could be attributed to an osmotic effect.
After joining the MEIC (multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity) programme, and submitting the first ten compounds of the programme to the Allium test, we found that this test correlates well with several other tests (e.g. MIT-24 cell test, and tests with mice, rats or humans in vivo).
The compounds tested were paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, iron sulphate, diazepam, amitriptyline, digoxin, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. Among them, paracetamol turned Out to induce chromosome breakage in the meristems of Allium cepa root tips. This is the same qualitative response to paracetamol as that obtained previously in human lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro. The present results indicate that the eukaryotic higher plants may serve as highly useful test systems for biological risk evaluation.
In this work, the effects of salicylic acid pretreatment on the seed germination, seedling growth (coleoptile percentage, radicle length, coleoptile length, radicle number and fresh weight) and leaf anatomy of barley under saline conditions were studied. In parallel with concentration rise, salt stress inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barley seeds. The inhibitive effect of salt on seed germination and seedling growth was alleviated in varying degrees, and dramatically, by salicylic acid pretreatment. On the other hand, it was determined that the mentioned plant growth regulator affected in different degrees on the various parameters of leaf anatomy of barley seedlings, and this difference was statistically important.