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Therapeutic Potential of Calendula officinalis
Abstract
Calendula officinalis (Calendula), belonging to the family of Asteraceae, commonly known
as English Marigold or Pot Marigold is an aromatic herb which is used in Traditional system of medicine for treating wounds, ulcers, herpes, scars, skin damage, frost-bite and
blood purification. It is mainly used because of its various biological activities to treat
diseases as analgesic, anti–diabetic, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory. It is also used for
gastro-intestinal diseases, gynecological problems, eye diseases, skin injuries and some
cases of burn. Calendula oil is still medicinally used as, an anti-tumor agent, and a remedy for healing wounds. Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have antiviral and anti-genotoxic properties in-vitro. In herbalism, Calendula
in suspension or in tincture is used topically for treating acne, reducing inflammation,
controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue. Calendula is used for protection against
the plague. In early American Shaker medicine, calendula was a treatment for gangrene.
In addition to its first aid uses, calendula also acts as a digestive remedy. An infusion or
tincture of the flowers, taken internally, is beneficial in the treatment of yeast infections,
and diarrhea. An infusion of Calendula officinalis may also be used to treat bee stings, eye
inflammations, boils and abscesses, varicose veins, eczema, and as a gargle for mouth sores or to relieve toothache. It improves the circulation of the blood & the lymphatic fluids and aids in elimination of toxins from the body. This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like carotenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and sterols quinines, volatile oil, and amino acids. The extract of this plant as well as pure compound isolated from it, has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-cytotoxic, hepato-protective and spasmolytic amongst others. Acute toxicity studies in rats and mice suggest that the extract is relatively nontoxic. Animal tests have demonstrated minimal skin irritation, and no sensitization or photo toxicity. Minimal ocular irritation was seen with one formulation and no irritation with others. Six saponins isolated from C. officinalis flowers were not mutagenic in an Ames test, and a tea derived from C. officinalis was not genotoxic in Drosophila melanogaster. Clinical testing of cosmetic formulations containing the extract elicited little irritation or sensitization. This review has explored the organoleptic, in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological activities as well as description, cultivation and active chemical constituents of Calendula officinalis in order to existing information on this plant as well as highlighted its multi activity properties as a medicinal agent.
... CO is a self-seeding, annual plant species that grows to a height of 12-18 inches and is found near warm and humid atmospheric conditions [12]. A 5 to 7 cm composite flower head rests on the plant's stem. ...
... From the petroleum ether extract of CO flowers, terpenoids were extracted [22,23]. Some other phytoconstituents present in CO are paraffins, calendin, and calendulin [12]. All these secondary metabolites increase the importance of CO as traditional medicine. ...
... CO is a self-seeding, annual plant species that grows to a height of 12-18 inches and is found near warm and humid atmospheric conditions [12]. A 5 to 7 cm composite flower head rests on the plant's stem. ...
... From the petroleum ether extract of CO flowers, terpenoids were extracted [22,23]. Some other phytoconstituents present in CO are paraffins, calendin, and calendulin [12]. All these secondary metabolites increase the importance of CO as traditional medicine. ...
Calendula officinalis Linn. (CO) is a popular medicinal plant from the plant kingdom’s Asteraceae family that has been used for millennia. This plant contains flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, volatile oil, amino acids, steroids, sterols, and quinines. These chemical constituents confer multifaceted biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihelminthic, antidiabetes, wound healing, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, it is employed in cases of certain burns and gastrointestinal, gynecological, ocular, and skin conditions. In this review, we have discussed recent research from the last five years on the therapeutic applications of CO and emphasized its myriad capabilities as a traditional medicine. We have also elucidated CO’s molecular mechanisms and recent clinical studies. Overall, this review intends to summarize, fill in the gaps in the existing research, and provide a wealth of possibilities for researchers working to validate traditional claims and advance the safe and effective use of CO in treating various ailments.
... The investigation of compounds derived from four plants predominated in the sample, such as Calendula officinalis, which is traditionally used to promote the healing process of wounds and ulcers, and also investigated for its analgesic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties (27) . Its applicability in DFU treatment was evaluated by a clinical trial on the effectiveness of calendula oil alone and associated with low-intensity laser therapy. ...
Objective
to identify the scientific evidence on herbal medicines used in treating diabetic foot in older adults.
Methods
an integrative review conducted in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases. The Rayyan platform was used as a supporting tool for archiving, organizing and selecting articles.
Results
the search resulted in 158 articles. After identifying, selecting, evaluating eligibility, systematization and performing a full reading of the articles, the final sample consisted of 10 articles. We identified herbal medicines derived from Calendula officinalis, Ageratina pichinchensis, Phellodendron chinense, Curcumin phytosome, Capsicum spp., Rehmannia Glutinosa and Astragalus membranaceus.
Conclusion
investigations of herbal compounds derived from four plants used in treating diabetic foot in older adults predominated.
Considerations to practice
supported by legislation, nurses can guide users interested in using phytotherapy as an accessible solution with proven efficacy.
... In traditional medicine, C. officinalis is used to treat wounds, ulcers, herpes, scars, skin damage, frostbite, and blood purification. According to pharmacological studies, calendula extracts have antiviral and antigenotoxic properties in vitro [70]. In another research study, biologically active compounds were discovered and measured in C. officinalis flowers. ...
BACKGROUND
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious health issue of diabetes mellitus that affects innumerable people worldwide. Management and treatment of this complication are challenging, especially for those whose immune system is weak.
AIM
To discuss the plants and their parts used to heal DFU, along with the mode of their administration in diabetic patients.
METHODS
The original articles on “the plants for the treatment of DFU” studied in clinical cases only were obtained from various bibliographic databases using different keywords.
RESULTS
The search resulted in 19 clinical trial records with 20 medicinal plants belonging to 17 families on 1347 subjects. The fruits and leaves were the most preferentially used parts for DFU treatment, regardless of whether they were being administered orally or applied topically. Of the 19 clinical cases, 18 reported their effectiveness in increasing angiogenesis, epithelialization, and granulation, thus hastening the wound-healing process. The efficacy of these botanicals might be attributed to their major bioactive compounds, such as actinidin and ascorbic acid (in Actinidia deliciosa), 7-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-galactin (in Ageratina pichinchensis), omega-3-fatty acid (in Linum usitatissimum), isoquercetin (in Melilotus officinalis), anthocyanins (in Myrtus communis), and plantamajoside (in Plantago major).
CONCLUSION
The validation of mechanisms of action underlying these phytocompounds contributing to the management of DFU can aid in our better understanding of creating efficient treatment options for DFU and its associated problems.
Amaç: Aynısefa (Calendula officinalis L), Asteraceae familyasına ait tek yıllık, otsu gövdeli bir bitkidir. Eski çağlardan bu yana halk arasında tıbbi ve kozmetik amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Aynısefa bitkisi kimyasal kompozisyonu nedeniyle geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamalarında soğuk algınlığında, yara tedavilerinde, ateşli hastalıklarda, böcek ısırıklarında, bebek pişiklerinde, diş eti hastalıklarında, hemoroidde, mide kramplarında ve fitoterapide kullanılmaktadır. Bitkinin parlak sarı ve turuncu renkteki güzel çiçekleri peyzaj alanlarında ve kesme çiçekçilikte süs bitkisi olarak kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Konya ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen aynısefa (Calendula officinalis L.) bitkisinde ekim zamanlarının bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Tarla çalışmaları Mart- Ağustos 2017 yetiştirme döneminde “Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine” göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Kültüre alınan aynısefa çiçeklerinde toplam fenolik ve flavonoid miktarı, uçucu yağ verim ve bileşenleri, sabit yağ verim ve bileşenleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre; toplam fenolik miktarı 513.25 - 575.15 mg GAE/L, toplam flavonoid miktarı 91.08 - 110.13 mg QEs/L, çiçek uçucu yağ verimleri % 0.02 - 0.08, çiçek uçucu yağ major bileşenlerinden alfa-kadinol miktarı % 35.6 - 39.9, çiçek sabit yağ verimi % 5.52 - 6.17 ve çiçek sabit yağ bileşenlerinden doymamış yağ asitlerinin toplamı % 41.53 - 49.15 arasında belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmada aynısefa çiçeklerinin uçucu ve sabit yağ verimi ekim zamanı geciktikçe artmasına rağmen, farklı ekim zamanlarının uçucu yağ ve sabit yağ bileşenlerinde farklılığa neden olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Toplam flavonoid miktarının ekim zamanı geciktikçe arttığı, toplam fenolik miktarının ise Nisan ayının ilk haftası yapılan ekimlerde yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Plant stem cell cultures have so far been established in only a few plant species using cambial meristematic cells. The presence of stem cells or stem cell-like cells in other organs and tissues of the plant body, as well as the possibility of de novo generation of meristematic cells from differentiated cells, allows to consider the establishment of stem cell cultures in a broader range of species. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a stem cell culture of the medicinal plant Calendula officinalis L. Callus tissues were induced from explants taken from leaves and roots. Appropriate combinations of plant growth regulators and light parameters for in vitro cultivation were selected. Already at this stage, stem and dedifferentiated cells could be identified, and cell suspension cultures were established from specific parts of the formed callus. Cell suspension cultures with a high proportion of stem cells originating from roots (92–93%) or leaves (72–73%) were developed. The amount of stem cells derived from the roots in the cell suspension reached a plateau at a level of 5.60–5.72105.
A promising direction for improving the procedure of standardization of multicomponent phytoremedies is the use of so-called marker compounds, or markers – substances whose presence is characteristic only for individual medicinal raw materials. The introduction of methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis based on the use of markers is not only of great practical importance, but also of significant scientific expediency. One of the most common components used to make complex herbal collections are the flowers of medicinal plants, which are successfully used in medical practice both in the form of mono preparations and in the form of components of over-the-counter medicinal product of herbal origin. The pharmacological activity of the flowers of marigolds is due to the presence in their composition of a complex of biologically active substances, in particular essential oils, the content of which is associated with such pharmacological properties of the plant as bactericidal, antioxidant, etc. That is why it was considered expedient to search on markers for plant standardization in mixtures among essential oil components. The aim of the work was to study the components of the essential oil of calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis L.) by the method of gas chromatography with mass detection The object of the study was marigold flowers in packs of 50 g (CJSC «Liktravy», series 80310). The study of volatile components was carried out using the method of gas chromatography with mass detection. Chromatographic study of the studied extracts was carried out on an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometric detector (model 5973). The identification of the studied components was carried out by mass spectra and the retention time of the components. As a result of the conducted research, using library spectra, 59 volatile components were identified in the extract of the flowers of Calendula officinalis L., 50 were recognized: monocyclic and bicyclic monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpene alcohols, etc. The major volatile components of flowers of Calendula officinalis L. are the following substances: α-cadinol, δ-cadinene, α-muurolol and epi-α-cadinol, the content of which is equal to 417.2 mg/kg, 284.2 mg/kg, 92.4 mg/kg and 75.7 mg/kg of raw material, respectively. The total content of all four major volatile compounds of the flowers of Calendula officinalis L. is 44.14% of the total amount of volatile compounds found in the object of research.
Calendula officinalis L., a member of the Asteraceae family, is often known as English Marigold or Pot Marigold. Marigold is an annual or perennial herb traditionally used to treat wounds, ulcers, herpes, scars, skin damage, frostbite, and blood purification. It is mainly used to treat disorders as an anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity because of its numerous biological properties. This plant has a high concentration of medicinally active substances such as carotenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and sterols, quinines, volatile oil, and amino acids. The plant extract, as well as the pure compound derived from it, has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and spasmolytic effects, among others. It is used to treat oral mucositis, angular cheilitis, periodontal bone loss, leukoplakia and also used as a root canal irrigant, intracanal medicament, and anti-plaque agent in dentistry. It also helps to heal and manage microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, boosting immunity. The most significant obstacle and concern is the lack of knowledge regarding the effects of C.officinalis on oral tissues, their mechanisms of action, and their adverse effects. Hence, this review has explored the various medicinal properties of C.officinalis useful in the multiple fields of dentistry.
This review includes 84 references on the genus Calendula (Asteraceae) and comprises ethnopharmacology, morphology and microscopy, phytoconstituents, pharmacological reports, clinical studies and toxicology of the prominent species of Calendula. Triterpene alcohols, triterpene saponins, flavonoids, carotenoids and polysaccharides constitute major classes of phytoconstituents of the genus. A few species of this genus have medicinal value, among these Calendula officinalis Linn., has been traditionally used in the treatment of various skin tumors, dermatological lesions, ulcers, swellings and nervous disorders as well as almost 200 cosmetic formulations, i.e., creams, lotions, shampoos. Despite a long tradition of use of some species, the genus has not been explored properly. In the concluding part, the future scope of Calendula species has been emphasized with a view to establish their multifarious biological activities and mode of action.
In various cellular subfractions of Calendula officinalis leaves a study was made of the distribution of polyprenyl quinones and α-tocopherol and the dynamics of their labelling with 14CO2 and acetate-[1-14C] and incorporation of mevalonate-[2-14C] after 3 hr. It was confirmed that plastoquinone occurs only in the chloroplasts, ubiquinone only in the mitochondria and α-tocopherol in both these subfractions. Phylloquinone was found in the chloroplast and mitochondrial fractions as well as in the post-mitochondrial supernatant. Studies of the dynamics of radioactive precursor incorporation indicated that α-tocopherol is metabolized more rapidly than the polyprenyl quinones studied; the incorporation of mevalonate-[2-14C] suggests that the side chain of plastoquinone can be synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the chloroplasts.
Antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of the leaves and petals of Calendula officinalis Linn. were evaluated for the antioxidant activity by the FTC and TBA methods. Aqueous extract of petals showed higher antioxidant activity than the leaves. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the leaves and petals of Calendula officinalis are a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Calendula officinalis, belonging to the family of Asteraceae, commonly known as English Marigold or Pot Marigold is an aromatic herb which is used in Traditional System of Medicine. It is mainly used because of its various biological activities to treat diseases like analgesic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory. It is also used for ingastro-intestinal, gynecological, eye disease, skin injuries and in some cases of burn. The plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like Carotenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and sterols. Thus the present study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of calendula officinalis in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The extract was prepared by soxhlet extraction technique with a ratio of Water: Alcohol (70:30) for 36 hrs which ensured complete extraction of active constituents. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg) of body weight. Oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis to diabetic rats, at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, urine sugar and serum lipids in alloxan diabetic rats. The extract also increases the total haemoglobin lever. The extract effect was similar to that of insulin. Thus, the investigation clearly shows that hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis has both antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effects.
Helmintic infections are now being recognized as cause of chronic ill health and sluggishness amongst the tropical people. The aim of present study was to evaluate anthelmintic prospective of crude aqueous extracts of some saponins containing medicinal plants. The dried roots and leaves of W. somnifera and dried flowers and leaves of C. officinalis were used for the preparation of the extracts. Four concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/ml) of aqueous extracts were investigated for in vitro anthelmintic activity employing Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), which involved determination of time paralysis (P) and the time of death (D) of the worms. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was included as standard reference and distilled water as control. All the four aqueous extracts of roots and leaves of W. somnifera (L.) and dried flowers and leaves of C. officinalis (L.) showed significant anthelmintic activity. All the investigated extracts showed significant difference (p<0.001) against negative control. The study confirmed the anthelmintic potential of these extracts and further studies are suggested to isolate the saponins and other active principles responsible for the activity.
A new series of glycosides of oleanolic acid was discovered in the roots of old Calendula officinalis plants. These compounds derivatives of 3-glucoside of oleanolic acid are different, from those previously isolated from the flowers of this plant, derivatives of 3-glucuronoside of oleanolic acid. The sugar components of 8 representatives of the new series are glucose and galactose in following ratios: in glucoside I, 1:0; in II, 1:1; in III, 1:2; in IV, 2:1; in V, 3:1; in VI, 3:2; in VII, 4:1; in VIII, 4:1. The sugars in I–VII were attached only in position 3 of oleanolic acid, but in VIII one glucose molecule was joined to 28-carboxyl of oleanolic acid. I was identified as 3-monoglucoside and II as 3-(4′-galactosyl)-glucoside of oleanolic acid. Besides these compounds, 6′-methyl ester of 3-glucuronoside of oleanolic acid was found in Calendula roots.
A new triterpene diol was isolated from dry Calendula officinalis flowers. Its structure was proved as 3,21-di-OH-ursa-12-en.
In the chromoplast fraction and in the chromoplast-free fraction, obtained from Calendula officinalis ligulate flowers, the contents of individual free and ester-bound triterpene alcohols and sterols as well as the fatty acid components of the ester form were determined. It was shown that all sterols and triterpene monols in both forms occur in the two subtractions investigated, whereas all diols are localized only in the chromoplast fraction. The compositions of the fatty acids esterifying monols and sterols were similar to those esterifying diols in the chromoplasts. However, the fatty acids esterifying extra-chromoplast monols and sterols were different. This result indicates that triterpene monol esters are substrates for the biosynthesis of 3-monoesters of diols.