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Bolivia un país privado de litoral. Apuntes para un debate pendiente
Abstract and Figures
Con el avance de la tecnología, el mundo se hace cada vez más integrado.
Los países tienen más facilidad para los negocios internacionales y esto
se traduce en aumentos en los ujos comerciales. Sin embargo, para los
países sin litoral, este gran aumento de la interconexión e interdependencia
global se torna en un creciente y complejo desafío, dadas las
limitaciones que enfrentan para acceder a los océanos. El problema
central radica en que, a diferencia de los países que tienen acceso soberano
a costas marítimas, los países sin litoral (PSL) deben transitar por
otros países para acceder al mundo.
La presente investigación pretende analizar en profundidad el caso de la
mediterraneidad de la economía boliviana. El estudio del caso boliviano
puede aportar contenidos novedosos al debate académico y a los debates
de política económica, dadas algunas particularidades del país. Por un
lado, se trata de una economía en vías de desarrollo que vivió una considerable
expansión comercial en los últimos años pero que mantiene una
elevada concentración en exportaciones de materias primas. Por otro
lado, se trata de un país que cuenta desde hace más de cien años con
normativa internacional que busca regir el tránsito de sus productos por
países vecinos.
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... Third, the accuracy literature has suggested that «import records are usually more reliable than geographical export assignment records» (Agramont and Peres-Cajías 2016). However, it has also been claimed that landlockedness may seriously distort the geographical assignment of trade. ...
... However, it has also been claimed that landlockedness may seriously distort the geographical assignment of trade. This fact was recognised in Societé des Nations (1927, p. 139), which claimed that part of the Bolivian trade could be systematically assigned wrongly to Chile and Peru, its most important transit countries (Agramont and Peres-Cajías 2016). In the same line, the office in charge of U. S. foreign trade statistics recurrently stressed the difficulties involved in properly assigning Bolivian trade. ...
This paper aims to evaluate the accuracy of official Bolivian foreign trade statistics. Results show large discrepancies between Bolivian records and those of its main trade partners during the First World War. Whereas the gap decreased thereafter, it stayed particularly high in the case of exports. This seems to be explained by mistakes in the geographical assignment by the trade partners rather than by an overvaluation of official Bolivian figures. This suggests that landlockness may have had a significant negative effect on the accuracy of trade statistics from the, a priori , more reliable countries. The study also helps to revisit the debate concerning the effect that tin exploitation had on the rest of the Bolivian economy during the first half of the 20 th century.
... Complementando estas lecturas locales, otros estudios han analizado esta frontera desde la escala nacional, por su historia bélica de demarcación (Rouvière y Perrier-Bruslé, 2015;González, Ross y Ovando, 2016;González Miranda y González Pizarro, 2020;Tapia Figueroa, 2021) y por la ruptura de relaciones diplomáticas entre Bolivia y Chile, mantenida desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX hasta la actualidad (González, 2016;Loreto y García, 2021). Algunos profundizan el tema del enclaustramiento boliviano al mar y sus consecuencias económicas para este país (Agramont y Pérez, 2016) o las formas alternativas de diplomacia que resisten ante el centralismo defensivo nacionalista (Aranda y Salinas, 2017;Álvarez y Ovando, 2022). Varias de estas investigaciones abordan la reactivación del debate diplomático boliviano-chileno a partir de las confrontaciones en la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ) de la Haya o de su incidencia en la producción de imaginarios geopolíticos nacionales (Lois, 2022). ...
El propósito de este artículo es comprender cómo las zanjas excavadas por parte de los gobiernos chilenos, en el límite internacional entre Colchane (Chile) y Pisiga Bolívar (Bolivia), desde septiembre de 2017 hasta julio de 2022, se articularon al discurso sobre las migraciones y transformaron el paisaje, los modos de control y las estrategias de cruce en la región. Para esto, aplicamos una metodología cualitativa de revisión documental y hemerográfica en ambos países, así como un trabajo en terreno (notas de campo, observación, testimonios y fotografías). Nuestro texto concluye que las zanjas analizadas pueden ser interpretadas como muros invertidos, de bajo costo y gran plasticidad, que componen un paisaje fronterizo móvil y se constituyen como dispositivos defensivos y de protección en contra de agentes transnacionales no estatales, entendidos como amenazas. Asimismo, se subraya su condición paradójica: mientras las zanjas se proyectan con el propósito de reafirmar el poder y expresar el control estatal sobre un territorio, resaltan su debilidad dada su mera existencia e ineficacia operativa.
En el presente documento se analiza al que actualmente es el más importante grupo empresarial chileno: el Grupo Luksic. Se indaga en su génesis histórica, sus estrategias empresariales, su estructura de propiedad y control, y algunos eventos que dan cuenta de su influencia y poder político. En tal sentido, se muestra cómo el pragmatismo de este grupo le ha permitido consolidar su posición dominante en la economía y política chilenas, a partir de una trayectoria iniciada a fines del siglo XIX. Se concluye que, aunque muestra una tendencia a la especulación y basa buena parte de su fortuna reciente en la minería del cobre, esta racionalidad empresarial y política pragmática lo ha llevado a diferenciarse del empresariado rentista actualmente cuestionado.
Enredar a las elites empresariales es un llamamiento a estudiar las redes de las
personas y organizaciones que dirigen y controlan las grandes empresas. Este artículo analiza y
visibiliza a las elites empresariales en México, Chile, Perú y Brasil mediante el análisis de redes
de interlocking directorates y propiedad entre las grandes empresas. Los resultados contribuyen
a teorías y debates sobre la organización de las elites y el poder en base al análisis de casos de
América Latina.
Palabras clave: elites empresariales; análisis de redes; interlocking directorates; enlaces de propiedad;
organización del poder.
En el presente trabajo se desarrolla una descripción de la situación actual en materia de concentración mediática en Chile, a partir de los datos obtenidos por el Instituto Prensa y Sociedad (IPyS) en el marco de una investigación desarrollada entre el 2002 y 2005. Así, entonces, se establece que la lógica de la concentración de los medios de comunicación social en Chile apunta a mejorar los procesos de control de información, fortalecer la posición en el mercado, incrementar el poder económico y político, estandarizar los contenidos y aumentar los ingresos mediante el consumo masivo de los productos culturales que circulan en el mercado interno.
Since the 1920 discovery of oil in Bolivia, the country has experimented with varying systems of private control, monopoly state ownership and even mixed state and private ownership/rental of petroleum and gas fields. The aim of our analysis is to explain why these varying patterns of ownership occurred over time and to describe how they affected production in this industry. The analysis suggests that nationalizations have been successful so far as they took advantage of previous private investment which, meanwhile, underscores the success of the “opening” legislation in attracting private investment. This relative success of the different legal frameworks permits us to understand why the state has been changing from one scheme to another over time. Some partial explanations are offered in order to understand why this scheme could succeed with such regularity.
Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economic policy choices. Many geographic regions that have not been conducive to modern economic growth have high population densities and are experiencing rapid increases in population. At particular disadvantage are regions located far from coasts and ocean-navigable rivers, for which the transport costs of international trade are high, and tropical regions, which bear a heavy burden of disease. Moreover, a large portion of population growth over the next thirty years is expected to occur in these geographically disadvantaged regions.
This article demonstrates that Bolivian tariff policy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not as passive as previously assumed and that the average tariff ratio remained high. However, high average tariffs coexisted for a long time with free-entry rights for different products which represented the main economic activity of certain Bolivian regions. Furthermore, the competitiveness of products was sometimes mostly determined by the geographic fragmentation of the country and the uneven pattern of railway construction rather by than tariffs. Therefore, beyond its high average level, the protectionist effect of tariffs was sometimes constrained by institutional and geographical restrictions.
This article revisits the long-term economic effects of being landlocked. The conventional wisdom, which also prevails in policy circles, is that landlockedness hurts development by reducing trade. Gravity models of bilateral trade seem to confirm this view. However, there is no evidence in cross-country data of a systematic relationship between landlockedness and country's trade to GDP ratio. Drawing on this stylised fact, the paper explores the possibility that landlockedness might affect GDP independently from its effect on trade. Theoretical considerations suggest that institutional quality could be a relevant transmission mechanism. The estimation of a system of three equations confirms that landlockedness has a negative effect on GDP and that this negative effect is transmitted through institutions rather than trade. Moreover, after controlling for the transmission via institutions and trade, landlockedness has a further negative effect on GDP. These findings call for a review of the policy approach to the development of landlocked countries.
This paper assesses whether the disruption of world trade, protectionist policies and industrial growth that dominated South American economic history from 1912 to 1950 permitted an increase in intraregional trade. The paper demonstrates that during this period intraregional trade reached some of the highest levels of the entire 20th century. These levels have since receded. With the exception of some Brazilian exports, most of intraregional trade had the same features as global trade during this period: a high concentration on few products of very low valueadded. These main findings suggest that, in contrast with other global experiences, intraregional trade did not directly support industrialization in South America
during the first half of the 20th century. This resembles similar results from other Latin American studies, which remark that, beyond the rhetoric of regional integration and the signature of different trade greements, few changes in the character of interregional trade emerged from the 1950s to the late 1980s (see Bulmer-Thomas (2003) and Devlin and Estevadeordal (2001)). In a time when intraregional trade is again at the forefront of the economic strategy of most South American countries (see Devlin and Ffrench-Davis (1999); Devlin and Estevadeordal (2001), and ECLAC (2011)), this finding certainly demands further study and explanation.
We conceive of emerging market business groups as tight networks of relationships embedded within the looser network that constitutes the economy. Using data from Chile, we identify the social and economic ties that robustly delineate groups from the larger economy: owner overlap, indirect equity ties, and director interlocks. Contrary to earlier field-based and theoretical studies, neither family bonds nor direct equity interlocks strongly distinguish groups. Non-equity relationships affect expected economic returns and are not mere vestiges of group history. The analysis sheds light on what determines the strength of ties and how boundedly rational individuals simplify complex, inter-firm networks.