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true rundom generation
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We present a high-quality, bias-free quantum random number generator (QRNG)
using photon arrival time selectively in accordance with the number of photon
detection events within a sampling time interval in attenuated light. It is
well showed in both theoretical analysis and experiments verification that this
random number production method eliminates both bias and correlation perfectly
without more post processing and the random number can clearly pass the
standard randomness tests. We fulfill theoretical analysis and experimental
verification of the method whose rate can reach up to 45Mbps.
A quantum random number generator (QRNG) is one which re- lies on a physical process, extracting randomness from the inherent uncertainty in quantum mechanics. This is to be contrasted with current pseudo-random number generators (PRNG), which although useful, are in fact deterministic: they always yield the same output sequence given the same input seed. This is unacceptable for some applications, such as quantum cryptography, which promise uncon- ditional security. Unfortunately, the rate of QRNGs is still too slow for practical commercial quantum key distribution systems (which presently run at speeds over 1 GHz). Previous QRNGs have been implemented, with the most common relying on the behavior of a photon at a beam-splitter, producing a random bit dependent on which of the two paths in which the photon is detected. However, these are totally limited by detector saturation rates, typically in the low MHz range. We previously proposed that by instead using the time interval between detections, much more random information could be extracted per detection event. Specifically, instead of only one bit per detection, in principle one could extract as many bits as the measurement time resolution would allow. Over the past two years, we have been exploring this approach and have constructed a functional QRNG operating at rates up to 130 Mbit/s. The random output has been tested and has passed all common cryptographic random number tests.
We present the realization of a physical quantum random number generator based on the process of splitting a beam of photons on a beam splitter, a quantum mechanical source of true randomness. By utilizing either a beam splitter or a polarizing beam splitter, single photon detectors and high speed electronics the presented devices are capable of generating a binary random signal with an autocorrelation time of 11.8 ns and a continuous stream of random numbers at a rate of 1 Mbit/s. The randomness of the generated signals and numbers is shown by running a series of tests upon data samples. The devices described in this paper are built into compact housings and are simple to operate. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
A simple setup of random number generator is proposed. The random number generation is based on the shot-noise fluctuations in a p-in photodiode. These fluctuations that are defined as shot noise are based on a stationary random process whose statistical properties reflect Poisson statistics associated with photon streams. It has its origin in the quantum nature of light and it is related to vacuum fluctuations. Two photodiodes were used and their shot noise fluctuations were subtracted. The difference was applied to a comparator to obtain the random sequence.
We present a random number generation scheme based on measuring the phase fluctuations of a laser with a simple experimental setup. A simple model is established to analyze the randomness and the simulation result based on this model fits well with the experiment data. After the analog to digital sampling and suitable randomness extraction integrated in the field programmable gate array, the final random bits are delivered to a PC, realizing a 5.4 Gbps real time quantum random number generation. The final random bit sequences have passed all the NIST and DIEHARD tests.
This paper discusses some aspects of selecting and testing random and pseudorandom number generators. The outputs of such generators may he used in many cryptographic applications, such as the generation of key material. Generators suitable for use in cryptographic applications may need to meet stronger requirements than for other applications. In particular, their outputs must he unpredictable in the absence of knowledge of the inputs. Some criteria for characterizing and selecting appropriate generators are discussed in this document. The subject of statistical testing and its relation to cryptanalysis is also discussed, and some recommended statistical tests are provided. These tests may he useful as a first step in determining whether or not a generator is suitable for a particular cryptographic application. The design and cryptanalysis of generators is outside the scope of this paper.
An analog-digital system is presented for the generation of truly
random (aperiodic) digital sequences. This model is based on a very
simple piecewise-linear discrete map which is suitable for
implementation using monolithic analog sampled-data techniques.
Simulation results are given illustrating the optimum choice of the
model parameters. Circuit implementations are reported for the discrete
map using both switched-capacitor (SC) and switched-current (SI)
techniques. The layout of a SI prototype in a 3-μm n-well
double-polysilicon double-metal CMOS technology is included
In this paper, a new physical random number generator is built. The generation concept is based on the dark pulses thermally generated in single photon avalanche photodiodes operating in the Geiger mode. Results show that the proposed random number generator produced nearly 50% zeros and 50% ones, which could be considered an acceptable suited for quantum cryptography systems.
We report the implementation of a quantum random number generator based on photon arrival times. Due to fast and high resolution timing we are able to generate the highest bitrate of any current generator based on photon arrival times. Bias in the raw data due to the exponential distribution of the arrival times is removed by postprocessing which is directly integrated in the field programmable logic of the timing electronics.
Here we present a new fast two-bit quantum random number generator based on the intrinsic randomness of the quantum physical phenomenon of photon statistics of coherent light source. Two-bit random numbers were generated according to the number of detected photons in each light pulse by a photon-number-resolving detector. Poissonian photon statistics of the coherent light source guaranteed the complete randomness of the bit sequences. Multi-bit true random numbers were generated for the first time based on the multi-photon events from a coherent light source.