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455 International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research
Moderation effect of Workplace Spirituality on the Organizational Citizenship Behavior
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research
Volume 16, Number 2, 2018, ISSN : 0972-7302
available at http: www.serialsjourna ls.com
1 Faculty of Economics, Department of Management, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia, E-mail: achmad_sani72@yahoo.com
2 Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Sorong, Indonesia, E-mail: ismail@stain-sorong.ac.id,
3 Faculty of Economics, Department of Management, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia, E-mail: vivien.maharani @yahoo.com
4 Sekolah Tinggi Imu Ekonomi Enam Enam, Kendari, Indonesia, E-mail: tiarabbas.17@gmail.com
5 Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia, E-mail: idrismuhammad234@gmail.com.
6 UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia, E-mail: voa.add@gmail.com
Abstract:
This research was conducted in order to know the effect of workplace spirituality moderating the
effect of spiritual leadership to OCBIP of employees. This research was conducted in the city of Sidoarjo
with the entire population is a employees with the status as a full time employees at Bank Sharia Sidoarjo. By
using formula Slovin, found a sample of 105 respondents that selected by proportional random. Data was
collected directly from respondents using questionnaires instruments. Technical analysis of data is Moderated
Regression Analysis. The research proves that Spiritual Leadership has a significant effect on OCBIP. Workplace
spirituality moderates the effect of Spiritual Leadership on OCBIP. The position of workplace spirituality is
pure moderation. Good understanding of OCB basic concepts which deeply rooted in mind, the Muslim
behavior will tend to show better OCB. Muslim would tend to think that any action taken not only affects the
life in the world but also the life future in hereafter.
Keywords:
OCB, Workplace Spirituality, spiritual leadership
1. INTRODUCTION
Spirituality passion in global business world continues to
strengthen. Creativity and innovation can only be done
if there is ability to monitor with full concentration, and
to do job best through the spirituality practice [1]. The
relevance of spirituality has attracted some attention in
various fields of business. Past research has revealed that
spirituality in workplace program create higher sense of
joy, serenity, job satisfaction and commitment [32] and
OCB [2] [25].
Today, spiritual at work is considered as a medium to
build a more competitive work environment [3]. The
relevance of spiritual at work has attracted some attention
in various fields of business. Spirituality is also considered
as an important foundation for effective business
leadership [18]. The development of workplace spirituality
cannot alone without the leadership support. Therefore,
discourse of spiritual leadership becomes important to
be integrated with application of workplace spirituality
[33].
Some researchers revealed effect of leadership on
OCB. Han et al. [13] found signifficant correlations
between leadership and OCB. Sani et al. [34] suggests
that spirituality becomes the strongest variables to affect
organizational effectiveness. An inquiry is noteworthy
provided analysis is extended to evaluate employees’
perception on how spiritual at work helps explaining
employees’ behaviors at work. Nonetheless, they have
not sufficiently hypothesized and empirically tested this
[27]. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake research that
assists scholars in comprehending the seemingly positive
effects on workers’ attitudes which possibly take place
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 456
Achmad Sani, Ismail Suardi Wekke, Vivin Maharani Ekowati, Bakhtiar Abbas, Idris Idris and Fuad Ibrahim
when managers reinforce individuals’ requirements in the
workplace on a spiritual level [27].
Spiritual leadership according to Sutopo and Hidayah
[36] is a leadership that greatly maintains ethical values
and divine values. Spirituality-based leadership is not only
about intelligence and skill in leading, but also continues
to hold the spiritual values as truth, honesty, integrity,
credibility, wisdom and compassion which in turn can
shape character and moral of self and others [33].
The main focus of leaders should do good deeds to
get God blessing. Therefore, they emphasize the
importance of self-leadership; referred as process to affect
one to improve personal effectiveness and leadership to
affect others [35]. From an Islamic perspective, leadership
is regarded as an explicit contract between leaders and
followers. Likewise, leadership pattern of Islamic banking
in Indonesia should include five good moral attitudes,
because Indonesia is a Muslim majority country.
Muslims believe that this world is a temporary place
and all the good deeds are worship. Wors hip is
characterized by a willingness to help others sincerely
(OCB). Islam requires all Muslims to perform that
behavior in order to get the blessing of God, to create
prosperity of individuals and society [17]. This study aims
to address this research gap by integrating the West OCB
concept with Islamic heritage (Al-Qur’an and traditions
of Prophet), and proposed an OCB model from the Islam
perspective (OCBIP) which serve to represent, describe
and consistent with viewpoint of Muslims [20].
The other problem in this organization is the lack of
understanding of the dimensions of employee’s job and
behaving meta-functional behavior which is essential for
the survival of the organization. So it is necessary to
understand the views of the staff in this field which results
in organizational citizenship behavior, some studies be
conducted. Indeed, Social Welfare Organization, to try
to remain competitive and to attra ct customers’
satisfaction are able to support the organization to get
the goal by showing organizational citizenship behavior.
To respond this important issue, in this study we tried to
identify the relationship between the spiritual leadership
and organizational citizenship behavior, and mediating
role of workplace spirituality, according to the results
obtained provide ways to achieve the organization’s goals
to improve the quality of customer service.
Ba s ed on above phe nomenon, the proble m
formulations are as follows. (1) Is Spiritual Leadership
affect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior from
Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) of employees? (2) Does the
Workplace Spirituality moderate the effect of Spiritual
Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior from
Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) of employees?
2. THEORY AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Spiritual Leadership
Fry et al. [10] developed a Spiritual Leadership theory
based on a model of intrinsic motivation to include vision,
hope and faith, altruistic love, spirituality theory in
workplace and spiritual survival or spiritual well-being.
The survival consists of spiritual meaning/calling and
membership. Effective leaders implement maintain
practices and appreciate the spiritual needs. Not valued
and nurtured spiritual dimension will create unhealthy
consequences to indivi duals, organi z ations, and
communities. Good leaders integrate spirituality with five
practice of leadership as challenge the process, inspire a
shared vision, enable others to act, model the way and
encourage the heart.
Workplace Spirituality
Spirituality is an inherent human characteristic that
intri nsically does not conclude reli gious meaning.
Spirituality is an existing element essence of each
individual and spirituality cannot be separated from the
individual [19]. Spirituality in workplace will be created
in absence of pressure from people, spirituality is not to
be spoken, but spirituality in workplace will be created
when people behaviors can practice spirituality into every
action and deed [32].
Workplace Spirituality puts employees as spiritual
beings who need the souls care in workplace, which has a
sense of purpose and meaning in their work, and a sense
of connectedness one another [3][27]. This horizontal
spiritual is directed by service orientation and deep care
to others. Consideration to others is shown by concern
457 International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research
Moderation effect of Workplace Spirituality on the Organizational Citizenship Behavior
and high quality of interpersonal labor relations at work,
low turnover, group cohesion, and group efficiency [22].
Organizational Citizenship Behavior from Islamic
Perspective (OCBIP)
OCB is a choice behavior and individual initiative, not
related to formal reward system of organization, but in
aggregate increase organizational effectiveness. This
means that behavior is not inclu ded in ter ms of
employment or employees job descriptions so that if it
is not done also any punishment [6]. This behavior is
expressed in for m of willingness to consciously
and voluntarily to work and contribute to organization
[30].
OCBIP is a self-awareness of a Muslim to work in
an organization. Work not only to run the job according
to job description, but to ease the burden of organization
by doing useful activities and prevent the organization
from damages. This behavior is characterized by
helping others voluntarily. Islam has emphasized such
behavior with a view to prosperity of individuals and
society [14].
Islam viewpoint explains that behaviors related to
public interest (mashlahah) are very supported, because
Islam encourages its followers to always be careful when
taking action. The action must be based on common
interests, rather than based on personal interests [20].
Furthermore, he said that any action should be based on
two aspects, namely al-dunya (world) and al-akhirat
(hereafter).
Relationship between Variables
Spiritual Leadership on OCBIP
Spirituality is also considered as an important foundation
for effective business leadership [33]. Some researchers
revealed eff ect of spi ritua l le adership on OCB.
Mohammad et al. [28] reveals a relationship between the
Spiritual Leadership and OCB. Relationships among these
variables would be empirically identified through the
following hypotheses:
H1: Spiritual Leadership affect on Organizational
Citizenship Behavior from Islamic Perspective
(OCBIP) of employees.
Workplace spirituality moderated the effect of
spiritual leadership on OCBIP
Spirituality is an inherent human characteristic that
intri nsically does not conclude reli gious meaning.
Spirituality is an existing element essence of each
individual and spirituality cannot be separated from the
individual [19]. Some empirical studies show a positive
relationship between Spiritual at work on OCB. Gupta et
al. [12] found signifficant effect meaning in work to OCB.
Nasrudin et al. [29] who found signifficant correlations
between spirituality and OCB. The development of
workplace spirituality cannot alone without the leadership
support. Therefore, discourse of spiritual leadership
becomes important to be integrated with application of
workplace spirituality [33]. Based on theory and previous
researches, this hypothesis was formed:
H2. Workplace spirituality moderated the effect of
Spiritual Leadership on OCBIP of employees.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
Research conducted at BRI Sharia in Sidoarjo is an
explanatory research because the aim is to explain the
relationship between variables by testing the hypothesis.
The population in this study are all employees at BRI
sharia Sidoarjo. The population is all 141 employees of
BRI Sharia Sidoarjo. Sampling using Slovin formula and
obtained a sample of 105 respondents, with minimum
working period of 3 years at BRI Sharia Sidoarjo. The
variables and indicators used in the study include: Spiritual
leadership (X) is measured by five indicators outlined into
17 items adopted from Fry et al. [11]; Yusof and Tahir
[37]. The 17 items are measured by five point Likert scale,
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Workplace
spirituality (Z) is measured by 3 indicators outlined into
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 458
Achmad Sani, Ismail Suardi Wekke, Vivin Maharani Ekowati, Bakhtiar Abbas, Idris Idris and Fuad Ibrahim
6 items adopted from Ashmos and Duchon[3]. The 6
items are measured by five point Likert scale, from 1
(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). OCBIP (Y) is
measured by 5 indicators outlined into 10 items adopted
[14]. The 10 items are measured by five point Likert scale,
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Data is analyzed by moderation regression analysis
to determine the effect of spiri tu al leadership on
Org anizational Citizenship Behavior from Islamic
Perspective (OCBIP) with Workplace Spirituality as a
moderation variable.
Moderation regression model is a conditional model,
where one or more independent variables affect the
dependent variable, with provision that the effect will be
stronger or weaker when other variables included as a
moderation variable. This moderation effect ca n
strengthening or amplifying the effect, and can also
become a variable that neutralizes or weaken, so it is called
moderation effect [8].
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The majority of respondents age are 30-40 years (70
people or 66.7%), 12 people or 11.4% of respondents
are above 40 years and remaining 23 people or 21.9% are
above 30 years. The majority of respondents in this study
(75 people or 71.4%) are male, the remaining 30 people
or 28.6% are women. Respondents education shows that
most respondents are bachelor. Respondents based on
years of service explained that majority of respondents
have working period for 5-10 years (52 people or 49.5%),
and 40 people or 38.1% less than 5 years, and 13
respondents or 12.4% above 10 years.
MRA Testing Results
Above analysis shows the relation of model 1,
Spiritual Leadership (X) on Organizational Citizenship
Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) (Y), has R
square value of 0.824. It implies close relationship
between the Spiritual Leadership (X) on Organizational
Citizenship Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP)
(Y). Variations changes of Organizational Citizenship
Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) (Y) can be
explained by Spiritual Leadership (X) at coefficient of
determination or multiple R is 0.680 or 68.0% and the
rest is affected by other variables.
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
β
t
sig
Decision
Y
Constant
X
2.494
14.786
0.000
Significant
α : 0.05
R : 0.824
R Square : 0.680
t Count : 14.786
Sig. t : 0.000
Table 1
Regression analysis spiritual leadership to
OCBIP
Table 2
MRA Summary Testing Results of Model 1
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
β
t
sig
Decision
Y
Model 2a
(Involving
moderation
variable)
Constant
X
0.912
28.846
0.000
Significant
Z
0.014
0.442
0.660
Insignificant
α : 0.05
R : 0.944
R Square : 0.891
F Count : 416.487
Sig. F : 0.000
Model 2a has multiple R of 0.944. This implies very
close relationship between Spiritual Leadership (X) and
Workplace Spirituality (Z) on Organizational Citizenship
Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) (Y). The
coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.891, it shows that
moderation variable of Workplace Spirituality has
increased the variation of Organizational Citizenship
Behavior From Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) as explained
in coefficient of determination, ie an increase of 21.1%
from 0.680 into 0.891.
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
β
t
sig
Decision
Y
Model 2b
(Involving
moderation
variable and
the
interaction)
Constant
X
4.621
3.536
0.001
Significant
Z
0.440
0.660
0.511
Insignificant
XZ
3.119
2.260
0.010
Significant
α : 0.05
R : 0.910
R Square : 0.829
F Count : 162.676
Sig. F : 0.000
Table 3
MRA Summary Testing Results of Model 2
Effect of Spiritual Leadership on Organizational
Citizenship Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP)
Spiritual Leadership is translated into questions indicators
as the vision, hope/belief, altruistic love, meaning and
459 International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research
Moderation effect of Workplace Spirituality on the Organizational Citizenship Behavior
membership. Organizational Citizenship Behavior from
Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) is translated into indicator
questions of suppor ting criteri a, organizati onal
participation, corporate belongings, altruism, and
interpersonal.
MRA test results showed that Spiritual Leadership
(X) has a significant effect on Organizational Citizenship
Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) (Y). Positive
value of b (2494) indicates the effect is unidirectional. It
means that better the Spiritual Leadership will lead to
higher the Organizational Citizenship Behavior from
Islamic Perspective (OCBIP). This empirical result
consistent with Farvoodi et al. [7], that leadership style is
closely related to OCB. It also supports the research of
Mohammad et al. [28] that leadership affects on OCB.
Relationships of leadership on OCB gets better when
put Taqwa into the variables to test the hypothesis.
Likewise, Kaya [23] found that Spiritual Leadership affect
on altruism, conscientiou sness, Sportsmanship and
courtesy.
Best motivation work ethic will useless without
example from leader. Work world always have leaders and
subordinates. Naturally, a leader is not only expected to
motivate subordinates, but also can provide role models,
because it presents the example of a soul or spirit of any
leadership effort. Leadership is an effort to communicate
the value and potential of people clearly, they could see it
in themselves [15].
Spiritual Leadership can transform the aspirations,
identity, needs, preferences and values of followers to
realize their fullest potential. Leader of this model can
build team spirit with enthusiasm, high moral standards,
integrity and optimism as well as to provide meaning and
challenge for work performed to their followers to
increase the level of self-efficacy, self-confidence, meaning
and ability to self-determination of subordinates [4].
Spiritual Leadership create positive effects on employees,
especially a sense of comfort, psychological impact,
increas ing orga niza tional commitment , increased
productivity, and even the performance of organization
[9].
Leadership itself will be happened if other people
can see directly a person as a pioneer, aligning, and
empowering that guided by conscience. A hadith has said
that “not including one of us, those who do not dearest
little, and those who do not respect the elderly (History
at-Tirmidhi from Anas Bin Malik). The Hadith put loving
litt le before respecting the elderl y. If the hadith
contextualize the world of work, then a leader should
not hope to be respected by subordinates if himself could
not protect, give a sense of peace, and love them. A
subordinate will respect sincerely if the leaders always
spread love and concern for his subordinates. Good
example will create obedience and loyalty will be born
sincerely, and this became the key success of an
organization.
Workplace Spirituality moderates the relationship
between Spiritual Leadership and Organizational
Citizenship Behavior from Islamic Perspective (OCBIP).
MRA test results MRA shows the coefficient of
determination (R2) is 0829. It shows that addition the
moderator variable of Workplace Spirituality has increased
the variation of Organizational Citizenship Behavior from
Islamic Perspective (OCBIP) at 14.9% from 0.680 into
0.829.
The ef f e ct of Workplace Spi rituality on
Org anizational Citizenship Behavior from Islamic
Perspective (OCBIP) is not significant with sig 0.660 >
0.05; while moderation interaction of Spiritual Leadership
on Workplace Spirituality has sig 0.010. It can be put
classified as moderation pure.
This of study result consistent with Pawar[31] to
determine the effect of individuals spiritual, and three
aspects of spirituality in workplace (meaning in work,
community work and meaning in work), and positive goals
of organization in conjunction with three labor attitudes
(job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational
commitment. The result shows a positive relationship
between the three aspects of spirituality on three aspects
of work attitude.
Spirituality is often associated with positive results
and benefits in associated with a sense of community.
For exa mpl e it become a sense of unifying and
community building [5], serving others needs in workplace
and a source of daily expression from compassion,
wisdom, and connectedness [26].
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 460
Achmad Sani, Ismail Suardi Wekke, Vivin Maharani Ekowati, Bakhtiar Abbas, Idris Idris and Fuad Ibrahim
Workplace Spirituality is indicated by ser vice
orientation and deep concern for others. Consideration
to others is shown by concern and labor interpersonal
relations towards work, group cohesion, and group
efficiency [22].
No matter how good leadership model, no matter
how good the organization’s culture, without the active
involvement of organization members, undoubtedly
spirituality in workplace will not be realized. Workplace
Spirituality provides an overview to employees who see
themselves as spiritual beings who need the care the
souls in workplace, sense of purpose and meaning in
their work, and a sense of connectedness of one another
[3][27].
Good comprehension of OCB basic concepts
firmly rooted in Muslims minds, Musli ms will be
more li kely to show OCBs towar ds the better.
Muslims have always thought that every action not only
affects the life in the world but also to life future in
hereafter.
5. SUMMARY
Conclusions derived from this study are: (a) spiritual
leadership has a significant effect on Organizational
Citizenship Behavior from Islamic Perspective. It means
that better the Spiritual Leadership will lead to higher the
Org anizational Citizenship Behavior from Islamic
Perspective. Spiritual leadership is not only about
intelligence and skill in leading, but also continues to hold
the spiritual values as truth, honesty, integrity, credibility,
wisdom and compassion which in turn can shape
character and moral of self and others, so that spiritual
leadership was able to inspire organizational members to
work together in achieving organizational goals. (b) The
appli cation of Spiritua l leadership suppor ted by
workplace spirituality will increase the Organizational
Citizenship Behavio ur From Islamic Pers pective
employees. Workplace spirituality is an experience of
interconnectedness among those involved in work
process, will lead to a sense of meaningfulness in the
organization, resulting in greater motivation, so that they
will speak positively about organization, helping co-
workers, and mak i ng thei r perf ormance beyond
expectation.
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