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Legislation and Ethical Guidelines for Intelligence Technologies (LEGIT): principles for a more enlightened and civilized society
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Recent technological advances to augment human intelligence (aka Intelligence Amplification or IA) can potentially allow us to make our cities and citizenry smarter than ever. However, their corruptive and disruptive impact on health suggests the information technology (IT) industry must establish an ethical framework to ensure our future generations get the most from life. To mitigate risks, a number of organizations have introduced various codes of ethics. Despite this positive move, most codes focus on enabling public access to data and professional integrity to the exclusion of all else. While both domains are important, we argue that they do not nurture the kind of intelligences humanity needs to thrive and prosper. To address these blind spots, this paper draws on recent evidence that three human factors (chronobiology, collaboration, creativity) are vital to humanity's future, and that harnessing them will ensure our IT professionals design more life-supporting systems. The 3 "Laws" presented as Legislation and Ethical Guidelines for Intelligence Technologies (LEGIT) aim to stimulate critical debate on the subject and nudge the sector to take practical and meaningful action.
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Some have voiced fears that artificial intelligence could replace humans altogether. But that isn’t likely. A more valuable approach may be to view machine and human intelligence as complementary, with each bringing its own strengths to the table.
There is, in some quarters, concern about high–level machine intelligence and superintelligent AI coming up in a few decades, bring- ing with it significant risks for humanity. In other quarters, these issues are ignored or considered science fiction. We wanted to clarify what the distribution of opinions actually is, what probability the best experts currently assign to high–level machine intelligence coming up within a particular time–frame, which risks they see with that development, and how fast they see these developing. We thus designed a brief question- naire and distributed it to four groups of experts in 2012/2013. The median estimate of respondents was for a one in two chance that high- level machine intelligence will be developed around 2040-2050, rising to a nine in ten chance by 2075. Experts expect that systems will move on to superintelligence in less than 30 years thereafter. They estimate the chance is about one in three that this development turns out to be ‘bad’ or ‘extremely bad’ for humanity.
We present a searchable repository of codes of ethics and standards in health informatics. It is built using state-of-the-art search algorithms and technologies. The repository will be potentially beneficial for public health practitioners, researchers, and software developers in finding and comparing ethics topics of interest. Public health clinics, clinicians, and researchers can use the repository platform as a one-stop reference for various ethics codes and standards. In addition, the repository interface is built for easy navigation, fast search, and side-by-side comparative reading of documents. Our selection criteria for codes and standards are two-fold; firstly, to maintain intellectual property rights, we index only codes and standards freely available on the internet. Secondly, major international, regional, and national health informatics bodies across the globe are surveyed with the aim of understanding the landscape in this domain. We also look at prevalent technical standards in health informatics from major bodies such as the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Our repository contains codes of ethics from the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), the iHealth Coalition (iHC), the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), the Australasian College of Health Informatics (ACHI), the British Computer Society (BCS), and the UK Council for Health Informatics Professions (UKCHIP), with room for adding more in the future. Our major contribution is enhancing the findability of codes and standards related to health informatics ethics by compilation and unified access through the health informatics ethics repository.
The twenty-first century has seen a breathtaking expansion of statistical methodology, both in scope and in influence. ‘Big data’, ‘data science’, and ‘machine learning’ have become familiar terms in the news, as statistical methods are brought to bear upon the enormous data sets of modern science and commerce. How did we get here? And where are we going? This book takes us on an exhilarating journey through the revolution in data analysis following the introduction of electronic computation in the 1950s. Beginning with classical inferential theories - Bayesian, frequentist, Fisherian - individual chapters take up a series of influential topics: survival analysis, logistic regression, empirical Bayes, the jackknife and bootstrap, random forests, neural networks, Markov chain Monte Carlo, inference after model selection, and dozens more. The distinctly modern approach integrates methodology and algorithms with statistical inference. The book ends with speculation on the future direction of statistics and data science.
Artificial intelligence has staged a revival by starting to incorporate what we know about how children learn
Waste to Wealth proves that ‘green’ and ‘growth’ need not be binary alternatives. The book examines five new business models that provide circular growth from deploying sustainable resources to the sharing economy before setting out what business leaders need to do to implement the models successfully. © 2015 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s). All rights reserved.
This book analyses the key drivers of innovation and creativity at a country and at a firm level. The authors first look at how European countries and their policies have fared on innovation and creativity measures. They go on to examine multinational companies in particular, analyzing research and innovation at the headquarters and subsidiary level, and the linkages between them. Looking at the management of innovation in firms and subsidiaries, they gain insights into how firms can innovate more effectively and efficiently and examine the role of management control and culture in stimulating creativity as an important driver of innovation. In sum, researchers, government officials, and managers will be enlightened on how to be more creative and innovative. © Filip De Beule and Ysabel Nauwelaerts 2013. All rights reserved.
Why can't teenagers get out of bed in the morning? How do bees tell the time? Why do some plants open and close their flowers at the same time each day? Why do so many people suffer the misery of jet lag? In this fascinating book, Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzman explain the significance of the biological clock, showing how it has played an essential role in evolution and why it continues to play a vitally important role in all living organisms. The authors tell us that biological clocks are embedded in our genes and reset at sunrise and sunset each day to link astronomical time with an organism's internal time. They discuss how scientists are working out the clockwork mechanisms and what governs them, and they describe how organisms measure different intervals of time, how they are adapted to various cycles, and how light coordinates the time within to the external world. They review problems that can be caused by malfunctioning biological clocks-including jet lag, seasonal affective disorder, and depression. And they warn that although new drugs are being promoted to allow us to stay awake for longer periods, a 24/7 lifestyle can have a harmful impact on our health, both as individuals and as a society. © 2004, 2005 by Russell G. Foster and Leon Kreitzman. All rights reserved.
