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Fermentation technology
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IntroductionOverview of Process ConsiderationsProduct Quality and Purity SpecificationsImpact of Fermentation on RecoveryInitial Separations and ConcentrationIntracellular ProductsSome Specific BioseparationsRecombinant and other ProteinsConclusions
This article details the basic concepts and the terminology of industrial fermentations. The two principal fermentation schemes - submerged culture and solid-state cultivation - are discussed. Operational practices such as batch, fed batch, and continuous culture are described. Common types of industrial fermenters - bubble columns, stirred tanks, airlift systems, trickle or packed beds, fluidized beds, and solid-state culture devices - are detailed. Factors that influence fermentations are outlined.
Bioreactors invariably comprise the core component of a biopharmaceutical production operation. Here, we examine some features of bioreactor design for sterile operation, including sterilization of bioreactors, sterile sampling, and aseptic transfers between bioreactors. These features, proven by routine use in large-scale animal cell culture, obviate such practices as addition of antibiotics to the culture medium.
In this review we discuss the interactions between the unit operations involved in the industrial production and isolation of protein products. We consider both the interactions between the fermentation process and protein recovery, and the impacts on recovery process design resulting from the use of genetically engineered bacterial strains.
In this article, use of solid substrate fermentations in producing foods, enzymes, and other commodities is discussed. Factors that influence solid-state fermentation are outlined. Major types of fermenters used are reviewed. Processes are outlined for producing a selection of fermented foods and enzymes. Biosafety considerations that are relevant to solid-state fermentation are discussed.
Susceptibility to hydrodynamic and mechanical shear forces affects performance of cultured cells of animals, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria. In addition, hydromechanical forces affect or otherwise damage some commercially relevant mycelial fungi, filamentous bacteria, microbial flocs, and biofilms. In specific cases, intense shear fields may also damage the larger bioactive molecules such as enzymes. This article details the shear sensitivity of the major types of biocatalysts and the approaches available for mitigating the damaging effects. Methods for estimating shear rate and shear stress are discussed for various configurations of bioreactors operated in process-relevant conditions.