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5 th International Seminar and Workshop Emerging Technology and Innovation for Cultural Heritage Organic Artefacts From Research to Exhibition Book of Abstracts Legal notice
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The International Seminar and Workshop on Emerging Technology and Innovation for Cultural Heritage (ETICH) aims at building a relationtionship between science and sustainable conservation. To this end ETICH is commiting to bring together conservators, restorers, curators, bibliographers, archivists, conservation scientists, chemists, physicians, engineers, teachers and show how interdisciplinary work across a broad range of discipline is contributing to the sustainable preservation of our cultural heritage.
In the last decades the booming developments in chemical, physical and biological science, but also in the fields of electronics and computer sciences, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies has brought us new instruments and methods of great perfection, which present new horizons in the analysis, diagnosis and protection of historical and cultural objects and artefacts.
The need for full interdisciplinary participation of professionals in the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage has been universally recognized. We thus hope that the 2017 ETICH edition will particularly provide a platform for presentation and discussion on how to effectively integrate scientific research outcomes within the everyday preservation practice.
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The objective of this study was to improve the performance of natural dyeing on fabrics made of 100% wool by gamma pre-irradiation technique. For this purpose, the fabrics were subjected to irradiation with different doses in the range of 5 kGy - 40 kGy using a gamma irradiator Co-60 and then subjected to natural dyeing by discountinous exhaustion processes. Due to the lack of colour reproducibility in natural dyeing a natural commercial dye has been used - Itodye Nat Pomegranate. The mordanting of pre-irradiated and naturally dyed fabrics has been performed using iron alum. To establish the effectiveness of gamma pre-irradiation treatment on natural dyeing measurements for colour and color fastness to washing, light, wet and dry rubbing, acid and alkaline perspiration were performed. The results obtained were analyzed in comparison with those recorded for non-irradiated and dyed fabrics. The investigation of the effect of gamma radiation on textile materials dyed was carried out by assessing the physico-chemical, physico-mechanical and surface characteristics of the dyed textile materials. Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor chemical and structural changes in proteinic fibers induced by gamma irradiation and dyeing process. Surface modifications of wool fibers, as an effect of gamma radiation treatment and natural dyeing processes were studied by electron microscopy.
Historically, a very large variety of everyday artifacts were made of wood, which makes them representative of their historical period or social context, and valuable for archaeologists and historians. In order to preserve degraded wood and to develop and apply suitable conservation treatments, chemical and physical characterization of archaeological wood is needed. This review provides the reader with a survey on state-of-the-art of instrumental analytical tools available to understand the morphology and the chemical composition of archaeological wood. The focus is on microscopic and spectroscopic techniques as SEM, FTIR, Raman, NMR, and analytical techniques based on pyrolysis, such as DE-MS, Py-MS, Py-GC/MS, with emphasis on their respective potentialities and limitations. The advantages of techniques based on synchrotron radiation are also discussed. In addition, the applicability of each examined technique is illustrated and discussed through specific examples from the literature.
Identification of dyes in historic textiles may bring useful information about the period and area an object was created if we consider
that, before being commercially available, biological sources were only used locally. It may also reveal information about the
manufacturing technique and contribute to the textiles conservation.
Based on the experience accumulated in the last years, an analytical protocol for the identification of natural dyes in historic textiles
by LC-MS was developed. This new approach is based on the progressive use of MS or MS/MS features to identify and confirm the
individual dyes extracted from low amounts of fibers.
In the present study the results obtained by applying this analytical protocol to the identification of dyes in a 15th c. epithaphios from
Suceviţa Monastery, Roumania are presented and discussed, as compared with those obtained on similar embroideries in Romanian
collections previously reported within the same research group.1-3
Chemically evaluating the state of preservation of archaeological wood in the presence of consolidating agents, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), can be challenging. Interpreting the results obtained by the most commonly used single-shot pyrolysis method coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with in situ silylation (Py(HMDS)-GC/MS) is complicated, since both wood and PEG pyrolysis products are produced and poorly separated by GC.
Two new approaches based on analytical pyrolysis are here applied for the first time to consolidated archaeological wood in order to obtain information on both the degraded wood and the consolidating material. Evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) provided information on the thermal stability of the materials, as well as on the distribution of the pyrolysis products. The results showed that, for some archaeological wood samples, wood and PEG can be thermally separated. A double-shot Py(HMDS)-GC/MS procedure was also tested and the pyrolysis temperatures for the two shots were chosen on the basis of EGA-MS results. The pyrolysis products of wood and PEG were separated into two different pyrograms.
In some cases, the combination of EGA-MS and double-shot Py(HMDS)-GC/MS provided more detailed information on the material degradation compared to single-shot Py(HMDS)-GC/MS.
A modelling tool was developed, as a tutorial and for research purposes, to predict the future condition, lifetime, and time before repeated conservation intervention for cultural heritage objects, depending on their historical condition, present conservation and changes in the environment. Model application was illustrated for a locomotive exposed outdoor at the Warsaw Railway Museum, Poland, and for the Oseberg Viking ship in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway. The modelling suggested, tentatively, that the lifetime without future conservation of the locomotive surface would be from 6 to 30 years, but that the object could last many hundred (~800) years. To maintain the locomotive in the present condition conservation intervention would be needed every seven to 14 years. Shielding of the locomotive from precipitation could increase its lifetime, and time between conservation interventions, with 40%. One present conservation intervention could increase the lifetime with 20%. The lifetime of the Viking ship was suggested to be from 74 to 234 years. Conservation intervention was suggested every 15 to 66 years. Improvement of the air quality in the museum could increase its total lifetime, and time between conservation interventions, with 6%. One present conservation intervention could increase the lifetime with 26%. The most critical risk factor for the future preservation of the objects, excluding possible risks for sudden catastrophic events, was found to be to rate of any accelerating degradation processes.
Although the range of gas mixture composition leading to UV emission is extremely narrow (Boudam et al., 2006) as compared with low-pressure discharges.
Since its introduction in the cultural heritage field, nearly 30 years ago, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a promising analytical technique that is particularly suitable for the detection and identification of organic colorants. Its great molecular selectivity and specificity, and unparalleled sensitivity compared to other instrumental methods, have allowed researchers to successfully characterize a wide number of natural dyes and a few synthetic ones in microscopic samples from objects of artistic, historical, and archaeological significance. Continued research over the course of the past decade has led to the construction of comprehensive databases of dyes, whose adsorption and spectral properties have been investigated at length; to the comparative study of the efficiency and performance of various metal substrates; and to the evaluation of several sample treatment methods and ad-hoc analytical protocols. In addition, recent literature in the field of SERS for art and archaeology has described instrumentation and technique advancements aimed at solving the unique challenges posed by the analysis of irreplaceable objects, namely, quasi non-destructive sampling, spatial resolution improvement, examination of insoluble compounds, and resolution of dye mixtures. Reviewing the most salient methodological and technological milestones that have traced the history of SERS for cultural heritage to date, the present article is intended as a practical resource for those researchers who would like to undertake systematic characterization of organic colorants from artworks using this powerful technique.
In order to ensure the best possible methods for preserving our cultural leather and parchment heritage in archives and libraries, a scientific approach that includes systematic assessment, evaluation and diagnosis in the professional praxis of conservation-restoration is necessary. The present paper is a review of our research towards the development of simple micro and non-destructive analysis and diagnosis for use in the practical conservation of vegetable tanned bookbinding leathers and parchment manuscripts. A review of the chemical deterioration of the materials and its characteristic appearance as well as examples of how simple analytical and diagnostic methods can reveal the effects of moisture, humidity and humid treatment on vegetable tanned leather and parchment, respectively, are given. The most severe effect is dissolution and gelatinization of the fibre structure from exposure to moisture and water at elevated or room temperature. Observations made by the naked eye, by means of the simple methods of measuring shrinkage activity and by characterisation of the fibre in dry and wet conditions at room temperature can be categorised into measurements of the state of deterioration. These observations have revealed that the effect of humidity and humid treatment on leather and parchment is so strong that the methods and conditions of conservation, restoration, storage and exhibition of these materials have to be questioned. Additionally, it is recommended that diagnosis and evaluation of the condition of leathers and parchments always be made prior to these actions. It is our hope that we hereby may urge more of our colleagues in the professional praxis to take part in establishing a culture of research, development and diagnosis as a basis for their active and preventive conservation and restoration activities.