Content uploaded by Wojciech Kębłowski
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Wojciech Kębłowski on May 15, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
[18]
Riding For Free in a Chinese Metropolis
Wojciech Kębłowski
!"#$% &'() '* )"% +,'-, ./(%( '* */0% /1'$#)#', /0% $'./)%2 #, 340'5%
/,2 6'0)" 7&%0#./8 #) #( #, 9"#,/ -"%0% )"% $/0:%() %;5%0#&%,) -#)"
50'<#2#,: *0%% 0#2%( #, 541$#. )0/,(5'0) "/( 1%%, .',24.)%2= >"#( </()
5'$#.?@/$1%#) 5/0)#/$A@"/( 1%%, #&5$%&%,)%2 #, 9"%,:24= B%*'0%
2#(.4((#,: "'- #) *4,.)#',(8 #) #( #&5'0)/,) )' 4,2%0()/,2 )"% .',)%;) #,
-"#."C#)C"/(C1%%,C#,)0'24.%2=
The Urban Explosion in China
9"%,:24 #( )"% ./5#)/$ '* D#."4/, 50'<#,.%8 $'./)%2 #, !%()%0, 9"#,/8
)"% *'40)" $/0:%() 50'<#,.% #, )%0&( '* 5'54$/)#',8 /,2 (#;)" $/0:%() #,
)%0&( '* EFG= H,% '* )"% */()%()I:0'-#,: .#)#%( #, )"% .'4,)0?8 9"%,:24
"/( %;5%0#%,.%2 0/5#2 401/,#J/)#', /,2 5'54$/)#', :0'-)"= !"#$% #,
AKLM #) "/2 N',$?O A=P &#$$#', #,"/1#)/,)(8 MQ ?%/0( $/)%0 )"#( ,4&1%0 "/2
('/0%2 )' -%$$ '<%0 AQ &#$$#',8 -"#$% /, /22#)#',/$ M=P &#$$#', ,'- $#<%
#, )"% '4)%0 /::$'&%0/)#',=R7( / 0%(4$)8 1%)-%%, AKST /,2 RQAQ )"% .#)?O(
401/,#(%2C/0%/C#,.0%/(%2CASC)#&%(=U
>"#( :0'-)" #( .$'(%$? 0%$/)%2 )' )"% 20/()#. ."/,:% '* 401/,
A= D%%C."/5)%0CAC*'0C/C2#(.4((#',C'*C)"%C2#V%0%,)C*'0&(C'*C*/0%I*0%%C541$#.C)0/,(5'0)=
R= !"#$%&'(!)&)"*)"#&+(,-&./0018CRQAP=
U= G%,:8C!=8C!/,:8CE=8CW"'48CX=8CW"/'8CX=8CYCZ/,:8C9=C[D)42#%(C',C)"%C)%&5'0/$C/,2C(5/)#/$C</0#/I
)#',(C'*C401/,C%;5/,(#',C#,C9"%,:248C-%()%0,C9"#,/8C*0'&CAKSTC)'CRQAQ8[ !%*)&"'&/+-(2")"-*(&'3
!0#"-)45 ,'=CAS \RQAL]^ AMA_APQ=
2%<%$'5&%,) /:%,2/( #, 9"#,/ '<%0 )"% $/() *'40 2%./2%(= 3<%0 (#,.%
9"#,/ 1%:/, )' '5%, )' :$'1/$ ./5#)/$#(& #, )"% AKSQ( /,2 AKTQ(8 #)(
401/, 2%<%$'5&%,) "/( 50'.%%2%2 /) (./$% /,2 (5%.)/.4$/0 (5%%28
:%,%0/)#,: &/((#<% (50/-$8 /,2 #,<'$<#,: %;)0%&% #,)0/I401/,
(%:0%:/)#',= `'$$'-#,: )"% 5'$#)#./$ /,2 %.','&#. '5%,#,:I45 )"/)
1%:/, )'-/02( )"% %,2 '* )"% AKSQ(8 )"% .'4,)0? (/- / 2%.$#,% '*
.%,)0/$$?I2#0%.)%2 401/, 5$/,,#,:8 )"% #,)0'24.)#', '* / &'0% &/0+%)I
$%2 %.','&?8 50#</)#(/)#', '* ()/)%I$%2 401/, %,)%050#(%(8 /,2 $/() 14)
,') $%/()8 )"% #,)0'24.)#', '* 401/, $/,2 4(% </$4/)#',8 /$$'-#,: *'0
&/0+%)I20#<%, $/,2 )0/,(/.)#',(= >"#( '5%,%2 )"% 5/)"-/? )'-/02(
&/((#<% $/,2 (5%.4$/)#', $%2 1? $'./$ :'<%0,&%,)(=M>"%? /0% )"% ',$?
()/+%"'$2%0 )"/) "/( )"% 5'-%0 )' )40, 50#</)%$?I'-,%2 040/$ $/,2 #,)'
()/)%I'-,%2 401/, $/,2 )"/) #( -'0)" */0 &'0%8 /( #) ./, 1% 2%(#:,/)%2
*'0 0%/$ %()/)% .',()04.)#',= E%,%0/)#,: /,2 5'.+%)#,: )"#( 2#V%0%,.% #,
$/,2 </$4% #( ',% '* )"% &/#, a,/,.#/$ 0%('40.%( *'0 $'./$ :'<%0,&%,)=P
b01/,#(/)#', "/( )"%0%*'0% /.c4#0%2 / (?()%&#. /,2 %;)0%&% ."/0/.)%08
/,2 d,' ')"%0 0%:#&% "/( %c4/)%2 ,/)#',/$ ('.#/$ /,2 5'$#)#./$
2%<%$'5&%,) -#)" 401/,#(/)#', (' %;5$#.#)$? /,2 2%)%0&#,%2$? /(
9"#,/O(=eL
>0/,(5'0) 5$/?( /, #&5'0)/,) 0'$% #, )"#( 50'.%((= 9',)#,4'4(
#,<%()&%,) #, &%)0' $#,%( /,2 401/, &')'0-/?( #( ,') ',$? %;5%.)%2
)' 0%(5',2 )' /.)4/$ &'1#$#)? 2%&/,2(8 14) )' 50'<#2% +%? /&%,#)#%(
)"/) #, )40, /0% /,)#.#5/)%2 )' /))0/.) 5')%,)#/$ #,<%()'0(= >"% %;)0%&%
$%<%$( '* 401/, 2%<%$'5&%,) (5400%2 1? 9"#,%(% $'./$ a(./$ (?()%&(
"/<% $%2 )' .',)#,4'4( /,2 20/()#. 401/, (50/-$= 7( / 0%(4$)8 )"% $%<%$(
'* &'1#$#)?8 /,2 #, 5/0)#.4$/0 ./0I1/(%2 &'1#$#)?8 /0% 0/5#2$? #,.0%/(#,:=
E'<%0,&%,)/$ 5'$#.#%( '5%,$? (455'0) &')'0#(/)#', )' ()#&4$/)%
%.','&#. 2%<%$'5&%,)= >"%#0 'f.#/$ /:%,2/( ./)%0 )' )"% 5'54$/0#)?
'* 50#</)% )0/,(5'0) /&',: )"% &'0% /g4%,) .$/((%( 1? #&5$%&%,)#,:
)/; 10%/+( /,2 #,.%,)#<%( *'0 )"% /4)'&')#<% #,24()0?8 #,()/$$#,: $'- *%%(
/,2 )/;%( *'0 ./0 540."/(#,:8 0%:#()%0#,: /,2 5/0+#,: 50#</)% ./0(8 /,2
$/() 14) ,') $%/()8 *'()%0#,: /, #&&%,(% ,/)#',-#2% 2%<%$'5&%,) '* 0'/2
#,*0/()04.)40% 1')" -#)"#, /,2 '4)(#2% .#)#%(= 7( / 0%(4$)8 d"/$* '* )"%
-'0$2O(C,%-C./0(C/0%C,'-C1%#,:C('$2C#,C9"#,/=eS
`#,/$$?8 )"% %;)0%&%$? 2?,/&#. 2%<%$'5&%,) '* 9"#,%(% .#)#%( 0%$#%(
', &/((#<% &#:0/)#', *0'& 040/$ )' 401/, /0%/( /,2 #,<'$<%( ()0#.)
(%:0%:/)#', /,2 %;5$'#)/)#', '* 040/$ &#:0/,)(= >"%#0
M= D.",%#2%08C7=8C9"/,:8C9=8CYCG/4$(%,8Ch=8C[>"%C."/,:#,:C(5/)#/$C*'0&C'*C.#)#%(C#,C!%()%0,
9"#,/8[ 6&'3*#&7-(&'3(8./&'(9+&''"': ,'=CAUPC\RQAP]^ MQ_LA=
P= >'&Ci#$$%08 2$"'&;*(8./&'(<"++"0' \j',2',^CW%2CB''+(8CRQAR]=
L= F=B=C710/&(',8C[G%0#401/,#J/)#',C/,2C)"%C5'$#)#.(C'*C2%<%$'5&%,)I/(I.#)?I14#$2#,:C#,
9"#,/8[ 2")"-* PU8C\RQAL]8C5=CAPL=
S= D"%5/028C!= =$0*)(#")"-*(0>(2$"'&?()$-(*)0.4(0>(#")"-*(@")$0%)(7-07+-("'()$-(@0.+3;*(A0*)(707%+&)-3
#0%').4 \j',2',^CW%2CB''+(8CRQAP]8C5=CAAK=
216 Free Public Transit
2#(%,*0/,."#(%&%,) 2%0#<%( *0'& / ()0#.) 2#()#,.)#', 1%)-%%, 040/$ /,2
401/, .#)#J%,( 2%a,%2 1? )"% "'4(%"'$2 0%:#()0/)#', (?()%& ./$$%2 $B1ǒ%=
k,)0'24.%2 #, AKPT8 #) ()0#.)$? $#&#)( /..%(( )' 401/, -%$*/0%= 7( )"%
&/l'0#)? '* 040/$ &#:0/,)( m'.+#,: )' 9"#,%(% .#)#%( "/<% <%0? $#))$%
."/,.% #, (%.40#,: /, 401/, $B1ǒ%8 )"% (?()%& "/( 1%%, 1$/&%2 *'0
&/#,)/#,#,: /, d401/,_040/$ /5/0)"%#28eT/,2 #2%,)#a%2 /( d/ &/l'0
('40.% '* #,l4()#.% /,2 #,%c4/$#)?8 5%0"/5( )"% &'() .04.#/$ *'4,2/)#',
'*C9"#,/O(C('.#/$C/,2C(5/)#/$C()0/)#a./)#',=eK
k, )"#( .',)%;)8 9"%,:24O( :0'-)" #( 1')" %;.%5)#',/$ /,2
%;%&5$/0?@/ .',)0/2#.)#', )"/) #( )' /, %;)%,) 0%m%.)%2 1? #)( 5'$#.? '*
5/0)#/$C*/0%C/1'$#)#',C#,C541$#.C)0/,(5'0)=
k, .'&5/0#(', -#)" )"% .'/()/$ &%)0'5'$#(%(8 )"% 4,#c4%,%(( '*
9"%,:24O( :0'-)" 2%0#<%( *0'& )"% */.) )"/) 4,)#$ 0%.%,)$? #) "/(
0%&/#,%2 5/0) '* 9"#,/O( "#,)%0$/,2= 3<%, )"'4:" #) -/( 0%.':,#(%2 /(
',% '* )"% +%? 401/, .%,)0%( 1? )"% `#<%IZ%/0 6/)#',/$ 3.','&#. /,2
D'.#/$ F%<%$'5&%,) G$/, \AKPU_PS]8AQ #)( 2%<%$'5&%,) #, )"% AKTQ( /,2
AKKQ( -/( &4." ($'-%0 )"/, )"/) '* B%#l#,:8 E4/,:J"'48 D"/,:"/# '0
D"%,J"%,= 3<%0 (#,.% )"% AKKQ(8 9"%,:24 "/( 1%,%a)%2 *0'& )"% .%,)0/$
:'<%0,&%,)O( #,.0%/(%2 *'.4( ', !%()%0, 9"#,%(% .#)#%(8 )' 1''() )"%#0
:0'-)" <#(InI<#( )"% 1''&#,: D'4)"I3/()= b,2%0 )"% RQQQ 5$/,8 ./$$%2
)"% E0%/) !%()%0, F%<%$'5&%,) k,#)#/)#<% \CD/B EF1G">G]8 9"%,:24 "/(
1%%, 2%(#:,/)%2 /( / +%? 401/, 5'$#)#./$8 %.','&#. /,2 )0/,(5'0) ,'2%
#, !%()%0, 9"#,/= 7) )"% (/&% )#&%8 #) #( 0%,'-,%2 /.0'(( 9"#,/ /( /
5/0)#.4$/0$?C:0%%,C/,2CN$#<%/1$%OC.#)?8C/)C$%/()C1?C9"#,%(%C()/,2/02(=
7) )"% (/&% )#&%8 9"%,:24 1%./&% / 5$/?:0'4,2 *'0 %;5%0#&%,)/$
5#$') 50':0/&&%( *'0 #,)%:0/)%2 401/, /,2 040/$ 2%<%$'5&%,)8 /#&%2 /)
.'4,)%01/$/,.#,: )"% ,%:/)#<% '4).'&%( '* 401/,#(/)#', #, 040/$ /0%/(8
&#)#:/)#,: )"% &#:0/)#', )' )"% 401/, .'0%8 /$$%<#/)#,: 401/,_040/$
2#(5/0#)#%(8 /,2 /<'#2#,: <#'$%,) %;50'50#/)#',(=AA b,#c4% #, )"% 9"#,%(%
.',)%;) "/( 1%%, )"% #,)0'24.)#', '* 5$/,,#,: #,)' 040/$ /0%/( '*
9"%,:24O( /::$'&%0/)#',8 2',% #, .'I'5%0/)#', -#)" $'./$ 6EH( /,2
/..'&5/,#%2 1? )"% #&5$%&%,)/)#', '* 2%&'.0/)#. #,()#)4)#',( /,2
&%."/,#(&(8 (4." /( <#$$/:% .'4,.#$( /,2 5/0)#.#5/)'0? 142:%)#,:=AR
o'-%<%0 #,,'</)#<% #, )%0&( '* /$$%:%2$? #,)0'24.#,: d.'&&'2#a./)#',
T= i#$$%08 2$"'&H*(8./&'(<"++"0'8C5=CASL=
K= 710/&(',8C[G%0#401/,#J/)#',8[ 5=CAPLpC!#,:C9"/,8Ch=8CYCB4.+#,:"/&8C!=C[k(C9"#,/C71'$#("#,:
)"%Co4+'4CD?()%&q[ I$-(2$"'&(J%&.)-.+4 AKP8C\RQQT]8C5=CPTU=
AQ= D.",%#2%0C%)C/$=C\RQAP]8 07K(#")K
AA= j%:/)%(8Cr=8CYCo42/$/"8CF=C[G%0#Ib01/,CG$/,,#,:C*'0CF%<%$'5#,:C3/()C7(#/8[ L0%.'&+(0>(8./&'
MN&".* UL ,'=C(AC\RQAM]^CUUM_UPUpCZ%8CZ=8Cj%E/)%(8Cr=8CYCs#,8CB=C[9''02#,/)%2Cb01/,Ir40/$CF%<%$I
'5&%,)CG$/,,#,:C#,C9"#,/^C>"%C9"%,:24Ci'2%$8[ L0%.'&+(0>()$-(MA-."#&'(9+&''"':(M**0#"&)"0' SK
,'=CRC\RQAU]^CARP_AUS=
AR= W"4/,:8Ci=C[G/0)#.#5/)'0?CB42:%)#,:8Cr40/$CG41$#.CD%0<#.%(C/,2CG#$')Cj'./$CF%&'.0/.?
r%*'0&=C`#%$2C7.)#',(CD.#%,.%Cr%5'0)(8[ I$-(L0%.'&+(0>(O"-+3(M#)"0'*5 D5%.#/$Ck((4%CAAC\RQAM]=
Riding For Free in a Chinese Metropolis 217
-#)"'4) 2#(5'((%((#',8eAU )"%(% *'0&( '* 401/,I040/$ 2%<%$'5&%,) d"/<%
/$('C,')C1%%,C0%(#()/,)C)'C$/,2C:0/1(C/,2C.'0045)#',=eAM
Z%)8 ('&%-"/) )?5#./$$? *'0 401/, /0%/( #, 9"#,/8 9"%,:24 #(
()04::$#,: -#)" )"% %,<#0',&%,)/$ /,2 ('.#/$ .'()( '* #)( 2%<%$'5&%,)8
/,2 )0/,(5'0) #( .%,)0/$ )' )"#( ."/$$%,:%= !#)" A8QQQ ,%- ./0( 0%:#()%0%2
%<%0? 2/?8 #, RQAM #) "/2 '<%0 )-' &#$$#', <%"#.$%(8 /,2 1? X4$? RQAL
)"#( ,4&1%0 "/2 2'41$%2@0%/."#,: $%<%$( )"/) /0% 4,4(4/$$? "#:"8 %<%,
#, )"% 9"#,%(% .',)%;)=AP 7..'02#,:$?8 )"% 2%<%$'5&%,) '* ./0
#,*0/()04.)40% "/( 1%%, #&&%,(%8 -#)" 0'/2 /0%/ 5%0 #,"/1#)/,)
2'41$#,: 1%)-%%, RQQA /,2 RQAA=AL i%/,-"#$%8 .?.$#,: #( 0/5#2$?
2%.$#,#,:8 /( 1#.?.$%( /0% 1%#,: 0%5$/.%2 1? 50#</)% ./0( /,2 &')'01#+%(=
D'&%-"/) )?5#./$ '* 9"#,%(% .#)#%(8 )0/,(5'0) 50'1$%&( #, 9"%,:24
/55%/0 )' 1% *'0&4$/)%2 /0'4,2 )"% c4%()#', '* .0%/)#,: %f.#%,)
,%)-'0+(8 -"#$% )"% c4%()#', '* %,<#0',&%,)/$ (4()/#,/1#$#)? #( ',$?
/.+,'-$%2:%2 )' / $#&#)%2 %;)%,)= 3<%, $%(( 50%(%,) #, )0/,(5'0) /:%,2/(
/0%C('.#/$C#((4%(=
6',%)"%$%((8 )' 0%(5',2 )' )"% /4)'&'1#$#)? 1''&8 &4,#.#5/$
/4)"'0#)#%( /0% .400%,)$? %;5/,2#,: )"% &%)0' (?()%&^ /, /22#)#',/$ (#;
&%)0' $#,%( -#$$ l'#, )"% (%<%, .400%,)$? '5%0/)#,: 1? RQRA= 9"%,:24O(
14( ,%)-'0+ #( %,'0&'4( 1? /,? ()/,2/02(8 $%) /$',% 340'5%/, '0 6'0)"
7&%0#./, ',%(= k, RQAM8 )"% 9"%,:24 B4( E0'45 %&5$'?%2 RR8SPM
-'0+%0(8 /,2 4(%2 AR8QQQ <%"#.$%( )' '5%0/)% '<%0 MQQ 14( $#,%(8
)0/,(5'0)#,:CP=PC&#$$#',C5/((%,:%0(C5%0C2/?=AS
k) #( #, )"#( .',)%;) )"/) )"% &4,#.#5/$#)? '* 9"%,:24 )''+ / 2%.#(#',
)' /1'$#(" */0%( #, 5/0) '* )"% .#)?O( 14( ,%)-'0+= >"#( 5'$#.? "/( 1%%,
#&5$%&%,)%2C1')"C:0/24/$$?C/,2C5/0)#/$$?=
Free Public Transport Initiatives
>"% a0() ()%5( )'-/02 */0% /1'$#)#', -%0% )/+%, 1%)-%%, RQQS /,2 RQAQ8
-"%, )"% /:%#,: 14( ,%)-'0+ -/( )"'0'4:"$? 0%*'0&%2= >"% 0%*'0&(
#,.$42%2 2%I50#</)#(/)#', '* )"% ,%)-'0+8 /,2 #)( '5)#&#(/)#', 1?
&%0:#,: &4$)#5$% 0'4)%( )"/) -%0% 50%<#'4($? '5%0/)%2 1? .'&5%)#,:
50'<#2%0(= >"% c4/$#)? '* )"% 14( m%%) /,2 -'0+#,: .',2#)#',( -%0%
(#:,#a./,)$? #&50'<%2= `#,/$$?8 %$%.)0',#. )#.+%)( -%0% #,)0'24.%2
AU= W"/,:8Cs=C`=8CYC!48CX=C[G'$#)#./$C2?,/&#.(C#,C$/,2C.'&&'2#a./)#',^C9'&&'2#*?#,:C040/$
$/,2C2%<%$'5&%,)C0#:")(C#,C9"%,:248C9"#,/8[ =-0>0.%A \RQAP]8 5=CT=
AM= i#$$%08C>=C\RQAR]=8 07K(#")K
AP= !"#$%&'(!)&)"*)"#&+(,-&./001(PQRS \B%#l#,:^C9"#,/CD)/)#()#.(CG0%((8CRQAP]p !"#$%&'(!)&)"*)"#&+(,-&.T
/001(PQRU \B%#l#,:^C9"#,/CD)/)#()#.(CG0%((8CRQAL]=
AL= s#,8CB=C[9#)?C50'a$%^C9"%,:248[ 2")"-* MU \RQAP]^CAT_RS=
AS= X#,:8Cr=8CYCt/,C2%Ct%,8C7=Co=C[7CZ#,IZ/,:Ci'2%$C'*CH0:/,#J/)#',/$C9"/,:%^C>"%C9/(%C'*
9"%,:24CB4(CE0'458[ V&'&:-A-')(&'3(W.:&'"X&)"0'(Y-Z"-@ AQC,'=CAC\RQAM]^CRK_PM=
218 Free Public Transit
/$',:(#2% )-'I"'40 (#,:$% 14( )#.+%)(8 /$$'-#,: *'0 45 )' )"0%%
)0/,(*%0(@)"%Ca0()C(4."C5'$#.?C#,C9"#,/=
>"% 5/0)#/$ /1'$#)#', '* */0%( #, 9"%,:24 "/( )/+%, )"0%% 2#()#,.)
*'0&(= `#0()8 (#,.% X4$? A8 RQAU /$$ 14( $#,%( /0% *0%% )' 4(% %<%0? 2/?
1%*'0% S/&= D%.',28 *0'& H.)'1%0 AA8 RQAR )' X4,% UQ8 RQAU8 240#,:
&/l'0 .',()04.)#', -'0+ ', )"% .#)?O( R,2 0#,: 0'/28 */0%( -%0%
(4(5%,2%2 ', MM 0%:4$/0 $#,%( )"/) .0'((%2 )"% /0%/ 1%)-%%, )"% R,2
/,2 U02 0#,: 0'/2(= `#,/$$?8 /, /22#)#',/$ AAL N.'&&4,#)? 14(O 0'4)%(
\*$[\] /G*$^] '5%0/)#,: ', ("'0) 2#()/,.%( \AIR +#$'&%)0%(] /0% *0%% )' 4(%
/) /,? )#&% '* )"% 2/?= G/0)#/$ */0%I*0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) ./, 1% 4(%2
1? </$#2/)#,: /, %$%.)0',#. )#.+%)p ')"%0-#(%8 5/((%,:%0( &4() 5/? )-'
?4/, \uQ=RMvbDwQ=UQ] 5%0 0#2%= >"#( &%/,( )"/) )"% )#.+%)#,: (?()%&
.',)#,4%( )' 1% 4(%28 /,2 )#.+%)( /0% .',)0'$$%2 1? )"% 20#<%0( 45',
1'/02#,:=
G/0/2';#./$$?8 )"% 5/0)#/$ */0% /1'$#)#', #, 9"%,:24 -/( 5405'(%$?
.0%/)%2 /( / .'()I.4))#,: &%/(40%= >"% &4,#.#5/$ )0/,(5'0) /:%,.? )'$2
&% )"/) d#,.'&% *0'& )#.+%)#,: #( &#,'0 .'&5/0%2 )' xyz &/#,)%,/,.%
.'()(8eAT /,2 )"%0%*'0% ,%#)"%0 '* )"% )"0%% *'0&( '* */0% /1'$#)#', -/( /
(#:,#a./,)C.'()C)'C)"%C$'./$C142:%)=
`#0()8 'V%0#,: *0%% 0#2%( 1%*'0% )"% &'0,#,: 5%/+ )40,%2 '4) )' 1%
/ ."%/5 5'$#.?8 &'()$? 1%./4(% #) */#$%2 )' %,.'40/:% &/,? 5/((%,:%0(
)' 1%:#, )"%#0 l'40,%?( %/0$#%0= D%.',2$?8 /( %;5$/#,%2 1? $'./$ 'f.#/$(8
)"% )%&5'0/0? /1'$#)#', '* */0%( ', MM 0%:4$/0 14( $#,%( d.'() xyz "/02$?
/,?)"#,: #, )%0&( '* )#.+%)#,: #,.'&%=e >"%#0 &'2%$( 2%&',()0/)%2 )"/)
)"% :0%/) &/l'0#)? '* 5/((%,:%0( %,)%0#,: )"% d*0%%e J',% 1%)-%%, )"%
(%.',2 /,2 )"% )"#02 0#,: 0'/2 %#)"%0 1%:/, '0 %,2%2 )"%#0 l'40,%?
)0/,(*%00#,: )' / 0%:4$/0 N5/#2O 14(= G/0)#/$ */0% /1'$#)#', /$(' -'0+%2 /(
50'&')#',/$ #,()04&%,)8 /( #) %,.'40/:%2 )"% 4(% '* 541$#. )0/,(5'0)=
71'$#("#,: */0%( 1%)-%%, )"% (%.',2 /,2 )"#02 0#,: 0'/2 -/( .'&1#,%2
-#)" )"% #,)0'24.)#', '* )0/f. 0%()0#.)#',( 1/(%2 ', )"% $/() 2#:#) '*
$#.%,(% 5$/)% ,4&1%0(^ ./0( -"'(% ,4&1%0 %,2%2 #, A '0 L .'4$2 ,') 1%
4(%2 ', i',2/?8 R /,2 S ', >4%(2/?8 U /,2 T ', !%2,%(2/?8 %).= >"%
)-' 5'$#.#%( &/2% / <#(#1$% #&5/.) ', ./0 &'1#$#)?8 /( 5/((%,:%0( *0'&
,%/0$?CSQ{C'*C<%"#.$%(C0%()0#.)%2C',C/C:#<%,C2/?C(-#)."%2C)'C*0%%C14(%(=
>"#028 'V%0#,: *0%% N.'&&4,#)? 14(%(O .'()( /( $#))$% /( AL &#$$#',
9"#,%(% Z4/, /,,4/$$?8 -"#." )0/,($/)%( )' / $#))$% '<%0 uRQQ8QQQ
\bDwRPQ8QQQ]= >"#( #( / $'- .'() :#<%, )"% %.','&#. (/<#,:( :%,%0/)%2
1? .'&&4,#)? 14(%(= H5%0/)%2 1? (&/$$8 $'-I./5/.#)? <%"#.$%(8 )"%
.'&&4,#)? 0'4)%( ./, %,)%0 2%,(% ,%#:"1'40"''2( /,2 &%/,2%0 )"%#0
,/00'- ()0%%)(= H5%0/)%2 -#)" ',$? )-' '0 )"0%% $'-I./5/.#)? <%"#.$%(8
AT= 7$$C#,)%0<#%-(C-#)"C)"%C/4)"'0C.',24.)%2C1%)-%%,C74:4()C/,2C6'<%&1%08CRQAS=
Riding For Free in a Chinese Metropolis 219
)"% .'&&4,#)? 14(%( ./, 1% 4(%2 #, )-' -/?(= `#0()8 )"%? /0% 4(%2 /) %,2
(%.)#',( '* 5/0)#.4$/0$? $',: .0'((I.#)? 0'4)%(8 -"%0% )"%? 0%5$/.% 0%:4$/0
"#:"I./5/.#)? 14(%(= k, )"#( ./(% )"%? *4,.)#', /( $#,%/0 %;)%,(#',( '* )"%
14( (?()%&8 /,2 '5%0/)% ', #)( $'-I2%,(#)? *0#,:%(= D%.',28 .'&&4,#)?
14(%( ./, '5%0/)% -#)"#, 2%,(% 401/, /0%/( -#)" ,/00'- ()0%%)(8 -"%0%
)"%? "%$5 5/((%,:%0( )' .',,%.) )' )"% &/#,8 N5/#2O ,%)-'0+= >"%0%*'0%8
$'((%( *0'& /1'$#("#,: */0%( #, )"%(% 5/0)( '* )"% ,%)-'0+ /,2 2%)%00#,:
5/((%,:%0( 1? #,)0'24.#,: /22#)#',/$ )0/,(*%0( /0% (&/$$%0 )"/, :/#,(
&/2% *0'& (/<#,: ', )"% 4(% '* $/0:%0 14(%(= 7( %;5$/#,%2 1?
0%50%(%,)/)#<%( '* 9"%,:24 B4( E0'458 )"% .'() '* /1'$#("#,: */0%( #,
)"%(% 5/0)( '* )"% ,%)-'0+ #( (&/$$%0 )"/, )"% 1%,%a)( :%,%0/)%2 1? 4(#,:
(&/$$%0C14(%(=
>"4(8 )"% 50#&/0? .',.%0, '* 9"%,:24O( 5/0)#/$ *0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0)
(?()%& (%%&( )' 1% -#)" :%,%0/)#,: '5%0/)#',/$ (/<#,:(8 0/)"%0 )"/, -#)"
.401#,: ./0 &'1#$#)? '0 *'()%0#,: ('.#/$ /,2 (5/)#/$ %c4#)?@)"'4:" )"%(%
#((4%( ./, /$(' 1% 2%)%.)%2 #, )"% -/? $'./$ 'f.#/$( 2%(.0#1% )"% 5'$#.?=
F%(5#)% #)( *'.4( ', a,/,.#/$ c4%()#',(8 9"%,:24O( ./(% 50'<#2%( /,
#,)%0%()#,: /0:4&%,) )"/) */0% /1'$#)#', &/? \/) $%/() 5/0)#/$$?] *4,.)#',
#, $/0:% &%)0'5'$#)/, /0%/(= >-' *'0&( '* *0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) .',)#,4%
)' %;#() #, 9"%,:24^ *0%% /..%(( )' )"% 14( ,%)-'0+ 1%*'0% )"% &'0,#,:
5%/+8 /,2 /$$I2/? *0%% /..%(( )' /$$ N.'&&4,#)? 14(%(O= 6',%)"%$%((8 )"%0%
/0% ,' (#:,( )"/) )"% .#)?O( 5/0)#/$ ``G> (?()%& #( )' %&10/.% ')"%0
&'2%( '* )0/,(5'0)@1%?',2 )"% N.'&&4,#)? 14(%(O@/,2 1%.'&% /
*4$$Im%2:%2 *0%% )0/,(5'0) ,%)-'0+= 7( )"% *'0&%0 "%/2 '* )"% 9"%,:24
B4( E0'45 )'$2 &%8 %;5/,2#,: *0%% /..%(( )' )"% -"'$% 541$#. )0/,(5'0)
(?()%& -'4$2 d#,<%0) )"% 4(% '* 541$#. 0%('40.%( xyz 1? %;/.%01/)#,: )"%
2%&/,2 /,2 0%24.#,: %f.#%,.?= k, 04(" "'40( #) -'4$2 1% #&5'((#1$% )'
4(%C541$#.C)0/,(5'0)=e
9"%,:24O( *0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) &/? )"4( /55%/0 /( / 5'$#.? )"/)
*4,.)#',( /( / 5/0)#/$ /,2 (&/$$I(./$% &%/(40% -#)"#, / </() 541$#.
)0/,(5'0) (?()%&= o'-%<%08 )"% 50'<#(#', '* *0%% /..%(( )' N.'&&4,#)?
14(%(O ()/,2( '4) /( / 5'$#.? )"/) )' ('&% %;)%,) '55'(%( )"% &/#,
."/0/.)%0#()#.( '* )"% .#)?O( 2%<%$'5&%,)8 /( 2%(.0#1%2 #, )"% '5%,#,:
5/0/:0/5"( '* )"#( ."/5)%0= k) "/( 2%<%$'5%2 :0/24/$$? /,2 /) / ($'-
5/.%8 /( ,%- 14( 0'4)%( /0% '../(#',/$$? /22%2 )' )"% 5/#2 (?()%&=
3<%, )"'4:" #) ./, 1% *'4,2 )"0'4:"'4) )"% .#)?O( N401/, .'0%O8 */0%I*0%%
541$#. )0/,(5'0) *4,.)#',( ', )"% (./$% '* 5/0)#.4$/0 ,%#:"1'40"''2(8
/( .'&&4,#)? 14(%( /0% #,)%,2%2 )' 50'<#2% ("'0)I2#()/,.% &'1#$#)?
'5)#',( /,2 /0% '5%0/)%2 4(#,: (&/$$ <%"#.$%(= 9'&&4,#)? 14(%( "/<%
/ <%0? &4,2/,% ."/0/.)%08 $/.+ /,? (5%.)/.4$/0 %$%&%,)(8 /,2 2' ,')
()/,2 '4) *0'& / 5$%)"'0/ '* 14(%( .#0.4$/)#,: ', 9"%,:24O( 0'/2(=
`/0%I*0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) #, 9"%,:24 #( /$(' / <%0? #,%;5%,(#<% 5'$#.?
220 Free Public Transit
)"/) 2'%( ,') %,)/#$ (#:,#a./,) #,*0/()04.)40/$ #,<%()&%,)= `40)"%0&'0%8
50'<#2#,: *0%% /..%(( )' / 5/0) '* )"% 14( ,%)-'0+ #( ,') &')#</)%2 1? )"%
/&1#)#', )' .',)0#14)% )' )"% .#)?O( $/,2 </$'0#(/)#', ()0/)%:#%(= r/)"%0
)"/, %;5/,2#,: )"% ,%)-'0+ '* .'$$%.)#<% )0/,(5'0) #, '02%0 )' '5%,
,%- '55'0)4,#)#%( *'0 0%/$ %()/)% (5%.4$/)#',8 )"% :'/$ '* 5/0)#/$ */0%I*0%%
541$#. )0/,(5'0) #( )' #&50'<% #,)0/I,%#:"1'40"''2 .',,%.)#<#)?8 a$$
.04.#/$ :/5( #, )"% $/0:%I(./$% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) (?()%&8 /,2 &/+% #) &'0%
'5%0/)#',/$ /,2 m%;#1$% /) #)( *0#,:%(= `#,/$$?8 *0%% 0#2%( /0% /</#$/1$%
)' /$$ 4(%0(8 0%:/02$%(( '* )"%#0 $B1ǒ%()/)4(8 )"4( %&10/.#,: #,"/1#)/,)(
-"' 2' ,') "'$2 )"/) 50%.#'4( 401/, 0%(#2%,.? ()/)4(8 -"#." .400%,)$?
/..'4,)( *'0 /550';#&/)%$? ',% *'40)" '* 9"%,:24O( 5'54$/)#',= !"#$%
)"%? 2' ,') "/<% /..%(( )' "%/$)"./0%8 %24./)#', /,2 "'4(#,: 1%,%a)(
50'<#2%2 1? )"% &4,#.#5/$#)?8 )"%#0 4(% '* 541$#. )0/,(5'0) #( ,')
.',2#)#',%2 1? 5%0(',/$ ()/)4(= >"% /55/0%,) /&1#)#', '* */0%I*0%%
541$#. )0/,(5'0) #( )"%0%*'0% )' *'.4( ', )"% c4%()#', '* ('.#/$ %c4/$#)?8
#,.$4(#', /,2 l4()#.%8 /,2 )' d50'<#2% -%$*/0% )' )"% 541$#.e@-"%)"%0
0%:#()%0%2C#,C9"%,:24C'0C,')=
k) .'4$2 )"%0%*'0% 1% /0:4%2 )"/) */0%I*0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) #&5$#.#)$?
."/$$%,:%( )"% &/#, *%/)40%( '* 401/, 2%<%$'5&%,) #, 9"#,/ /( / 5'$#.?
2%<%$'5%2 /) / ($'- 5/.%8 ', / (&/$$ (./$%8 #, / $/0:%$? 4,(5%.)/.4$/0
&/,,%08 -#)"'4) .',)0#14)#,: )' 401/, (50/-$8 /,2 1? )/.+$#,: ('.#/$
(%:0%:/)#', 0/)"%0 )"/, %;/.%01/)#,: #)= k, )"#( (%,(%8 #) &/? 1% /0:4%2
)"/) */0%I*0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) ."/$$%,:%( )"% 5/0/2#:& '* 9"#,%(%
401/, 2%<%$'5&%,)8 /,2 .'4$2 (#:,/$ / $',:I)%0& #,)%,)#', )' ,%:')#/)%
)"% ()/0+ (%:0%:/)#', 1%)-%%, 401/, /,2 040/$ 0%(#2%,)(= k, )"#( (%,(%8
9"%,:24O( */0%I*0%% 541$#. )0/,(5'0) .'4$2 1% #,)%050%)%2 /( / &%/(40%
)"/)8 )' /) $%/() ('&% %;)%,)8 /.)( /( / (&/$$I(./$% /$)%0,/)#<% )' %;#()#,:
50/.)#.%(C'*C401/,C2%<%$'5&%,)=
Riding For Free in a Chinese Metropolis 221