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Antiviral activity of prickly pear ( Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller) extract: Opuntin B, a second antiviral protein
Abstract
We previously showed that aqueous extract of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladode has significant antiviral activity against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV: family Bromoviridae). Antiviral activity of the extract was retained for a period of 9 days on treated faba bean leaves. This activity was considerably decreased at concentrations lower than 30 mg mL −1 , and by washing the treated leaves of faba bean plants 2 h after application of cactus extract, and was ineffective when applied 24 h after virus inoculation. No inhibitory effect was found against agro-inoculated strain of Beet curly top virus (BCTV: family Geminiviridae) on faba bean plants. Prickly pear extract reduced the efficiency of CMV transmission by Aphis gossypii on treated cucumber seedlings. An antiviral protein designated Opuntin B was isolated from the extract by heat treatment and differential centrifugation, and bulk protein precipitation by ammonium sulfate followed by cation and anion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis in the presence of 2-ME revealed that Opuntin B is made of four protein components, in the molecular weight (Mr) range of 29-32 kDa, while in the absence of 2-ME, only two bands in the range of 26-28 kDa were visible. Native PAGE of the protein also showed 2 bands. Purified Opuntin B completely inhibited CMV on faba bean and zucchini plants at concentration of 40 μg mL −1 and had an IC 50 of 0.75 μg mL −1 for inhibition of the virus on faba bean leaves. The isolated antiviral protein exhibited inhibitory activity against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV: family Potyviridae) Squash mosaic virus (SqMV: family Secouviridae) and Tobacco mosaic virus, (TMV: family Virgaviridae), as well.
... A rich review has been carried out on the use of antiviral agents from natural sources against the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which is common among tobacco, cucumber, pepper, and ornamentals [51]. Some of these botanicals include Picrasma quassioides [136], Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [137], Arundina graminifolia [138], Tithonia diversifolia [139], Cephalotaxus sinensis [140], Actinidia chinensis [141], and prickly pear [142]. Similarly, Salix alba [48], Tanacetum vulgare [143], C. sinensis [140], prickly pear [144], and A. chinensis [141] showed an antiviral activity against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolated from cucumber and watermelon. ...
... uja orientalis extract was effective against eggplant blister mottled virus (EBMV) isolated from eggplant [146], fig leaf mottle-associated virus-1 (FLMaV-1) was identified in fig trees [147], and watermelon mosaic potyvirus (WMV) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were common to watermelon [148,149]. Prickly pear has also exhibited a notable antiviral activity against zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and squash mosaic virus (SqMV) isolated from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) [142]. ...
... ese include alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids amongst others. Alkaloids: 1-methoxycarbonylβ-carboline from methanolic extract of P. quassioides wood [136], drupacine and cephalotaxine from methanolic extract of C. sinensis leaves and branches [140], Opuntin B from aqueous extract of prickly pear cladode [142,144]; flavonoids: Liquiritin from methanolic extract of G. glabra root [137,150]; phenolics: gramniphenol C from a chromatographic fraction of A. graminifolia whole plant extract [138] and salicylic acid from aqueous extract of S. alba leaves and bark [48]; terpenoids: 1β-methoxydiversifolin-3-0-methyl ether and tagitinin C isolated from methanol extract of T. diversifolia whole plant part [139], rhodoxanthin from ethanol extract of T. orientalis leaves and fruits [151,152], spathodic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 5-methoxycoumarin-7-O-β-D-glycosidase (coumarin) from ethyl International Journal of Agronomy acetate extract of A. chinensis root bark [141]; and a variety of phytochemicals have been detected in methanol extract from T. vulgare flower [143] and ethanol extracts of S. speciosus leaves and fruits [145]. e use of microbes as effective producers of antiviral agents has also been exploited in the eradication of plant viruses. ...
The increase in demand for agricultural produce necessitates the continuous search for affordable, ecofriendly, readily available crop protectors, and food preservatives. Historically, the use of various chemicals was employed in controlling plant diseases and to maintain food quality. In the past few decades, several natural product-based alternatives have been discovered and projected as better alternatives to synthetic pesticides and other synthetic agrochemicals. Recent studies focusing on the application of different botanicals in crop protection and food preservation were carefully selected and reviewed. The application of plant extract in the biogenic preparation of nanoparticles was also reviewed. This review confirms that several natural products can be used as a safe replacement for synthetic agrochemicals. Different plant extracts have also served as feed for the synthesis of nanoparticle, which is increasingly applicable in crop protection and food preservation.
... It exhibited ribonuclease activity against total RNA extract from CMV-infected plants and against CMV RNAs. A second antiviral protein, Opuntin B, was also isolated from prickly pear by the authors [12]. In contrast to Opuntin A, Opuntin B was adsorbed on CM-Sephadex C-50, was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol and was made of four protein components in the Mr range of 29-32 kDa. ...
... Prickly pear cladode extraction, extract clarification and protein precipitation were carried out as previously described [11]. Opuntin B was purified by heat treatment of the extract, bulk protein precipitation using ammonium sulfate followed by further protein purification using ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50 (Sigma-Aldrich) and DEAE-cellulose columns, as previously described [12]. ...
... Overall, these results, viral RNA mobility shifting and no amplification of Opuntin B-treated viral RNAs indicate that Opuntin B is an antiviral protein that targets viral genomic RNA, not the virus particles. It exhibited CMV inhibition activity as pretreatment and post-treatment [12]. Therefore, it may enter plant cells along virus particles and affect viral RNAs after virus un-coating. ...
An antiviral protein, designated Opuntin B, was purified from Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller) Cladode by heat treatment of the extract, protein precipitation by ammonium sulfate treatment followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Assessment of enzymatic activity of the purified protein showed that it degrades total plant genomic RNA, while causing electrophoretic mobility shifting of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNAs. However, heat-denatured viral RNA became sensitive to degradation upon treatment with antiviral protein. Opuntin B had no DNase activity on native and heat-denatured apricot genomic DNA, and on PCR-amplified coat protein gene of CMV. Using CMV as prey protein and Opuntin B as bait protein, no interaction was found between the antiviral protein and viral coat protein in far western dot blot analysis.
... Opuntia ficus extract also reported as being antiviral especially inhibits intracellular replication of DNA and RNA viruses such as HIV-1, Influenza virus, Pseudorabies virus, Equine herpes virus, Herpes simple virus [156,157]. Rasoulpour et al. (2018) isolated an antiviral protein from Opuntia ficus indica and confirmed its antiviral activity against cucumber mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus [158]. Kumar et al. (2014) reported that methanol extract of Opuntia dellenii flowers possesses antiviral activity against vaccinia and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 [154]. ...
... Opuntia ficus extract also reported as being antiviral especially inhibits intracellular replication of DNA and RNA viruses such as HIV-1, Influenza virus, Pseudorabies virus, Equine herpes virus, Herpes simple virus [156,157]. Rasoulpour et al. (2018) isolated an antiviral protein from Opuntia ficus indica and confirmed its antiviral activity against cucumber mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus [158]. Kumar et al. (2014) reported that methanol extract of Opuntia dellenii flowers possesses antiviral activity against vaccinia and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 [154]. ...
Background:
Opuntia species, locally known as prickly pear was used for various purpose as food, medicine, beverage, source of dye and animal food. Many studies revealed its pharmacology activity time to time. This review is a collection of chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacology and bioapplications of cactus family.
Method:
Many source were used to collect the information about Opuntia species such as Pub med, Google scholar, Agris, science direct, Embase, Merk index, Wiley online library, books and other reliable sources. This review contains studies from 1812 to 2019.
Result
The plants from cactus family were offer various pharmacological active compound including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, betalains, vitamins, steroids, sugar, amino acids, minerals and fibers. These bioactive compound were served various pharmacological activity such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-diabetic, Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiulcer and alcohol hangover. According to various studies Opuntia species were offer many bioapplications such as fodder for animal, soil erosion, prevention, human consumption and waste water decontamination. Finally different parts of plants were used in various formulation that offer many biotechnology applications.
Conclusion
Different parts of Opuntia plant (fruits, seeds, flowers and cladodes) were used in various health problems include wound healing, anti-inflammatory and urinary tract infection from ancient time. Nowadays, researches were extended several pharmacological and therapeutic used of Opuntia species as discussed in this review. Many in-vitro and in-vivo model were also discussed in this review as the proofs of research finding. Various research gaps were observed in current studies that need attention in future.
... Our results showed that application of alligator plant extract can significantly inhibit TMV activity in five plant species. Similar to the previous studies emphasizing the investigation of antiviral effects in both systemic and local lesion hosts (Rasoulpour et al., 2017;Rasoulpour et al., 2018), antiviral effects were assesed using two viruses. Results indicate infection rate in Nicotiana tabacum var. ...
... Reduced TMV inhibition was associated with reduced concentration of alligator plant extract which has been previously reported about other antiviral extracts (Rasoulpour et al., 2017;Rasoulpour et al., 2018). The virus inhibition, however, was found to be different among the plant hosts which might be due to variations in host response to the viral infection. ...
Here we showed that aqueous extract of alligator plant, Bryophyllum daigremontianum L., is able to inhibit systemic and local infection of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV: family Virgaviridae) in broad bean, Vicia faba L., nettle-leaved goosefoot, Chenopodium murale L., and tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum var. Turkish, N. tabacum var. Xanthi and N. glutinosa L., hosts. Antiviral activity of the extract was retained for a period of 8 days on treated broad bean and tobacco leaves. This activity was negatively correlated with the extract concentration, and it was completely lost by washing the treated leaves of tobacco plants 2 h post application, and was ineffective when applied 24 h post inoculation. No inhibitory effect was found against agro-inoculated strain of Beet curly top virus (BCTV: family Geminiviridae) on sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L., seedlings. To determine the antiviral agent, Bryophyllum bulk protein designated BBP was isolated from the extract. BBP exhibited RNase activity against total RNA of TMV-infected tobacco tissues and genomic RNA of TMV while it failed to degrade genomic DNA of BCTV. Additionally, BBP completely inhibited TMV on N. glutinosa leaves at concentration of 40 μg/ml. These results suggest that a ribonuclease is mainly responsible for antiviral activity of alligator plant extract. To our knowledge, this is the first report on inhibitory effect of alligator plant extract on a plant virus. This plant species can be considered as a promising source for antiviral proteins in order to develop plant-derived compounds for effective control of plant mosaic diseases caused by TMV.
... ficus indica (L.) Miller) extract, concluding that it is responsible for such effects. Nevertheless, the molecule's origin is confusing, given that it could come from the microbiomemetabolism plant and not from the extract (Rasoulpour et al. 2018). ...
This chapter describes the health and biotechnological properties of some Cactaceae. It represents a bibliographic review of the use, functional effects, and their application in biotechnological. Accordingly, Cactaceae is a highly diversified family of xerophytes that are dominant throughout drylands of the Americas, which is its center of origin and diversification. Despite investigations into the biology of many cacti species, the reproductive biology of only 2% of cacti species has been studied. Microorganisms directly affect the environment, and with the availability of metagenomics technology today, the people can know what inhabits cacti's interior and surroundings. Humans have been in touch with nature since ancient times. Studies have shown that Cactaceae members are good sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds. It is considered one of the main sources of natural coloring worldwide, which has a tremendous economic impact. Nutritional and pharmacological research needs to be done to identify the specific molecules with biological activity that will improve human well-being.
... Antiviral proteins have been separated from many higher plants, effective against many invading plant and animal viruses. Antiviral proteins have been reported, e.g., in Phytolacca (Irvin 1975; Barbieri e al. 1982;Kubo et al. 1990;Dutt et al. 2003a;Taniguchi and Goto 1976;Balasubrahmanyam et al. 2000;Park et al. 2017;Iglesias et al. 2015;Rasoulpour et al. 2017;Rasoulpour et al. 2018;Gholizadeh 2019). Antiviral proteins exposed a very high level of inhibitory effect on viruses, and they may be used to control a broad spectrum of plant viruses such as Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus X (PVX), Sunn hemp rosette virus (SRP), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Citrus ringspot virus (CRSV), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Gholizadeh 2019;Zhao et al. 2017). ...
Plant viral pathogens cause damaging diseases in many agriculture systems, and emerging viral infections are a serious threat for providing adequate food to a continuously growing population. Recent studies of biogenic substances have provided new opportunities for producing novel antiviral agents. The present work has been conducted to evaluate the antiviral activity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds crude extract. The antiviral activity was retained in different buffer solutions of various pH ranges (5.2–8.5) and remained after the diafiltration process. The putative virus inhibitor was sensitive to treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and trichloroacetic acid. An antiviral protein with ~ 25 kDa molecular weight was isolated from the seed quinoa extract using ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion and cation exchange chromatography. The purified protein (Quinoin-I) significantly inhibited TMV on tobacco leaves with an IC50 value at a 6.81 μg/ml concentration. Enzyme activity assay revealed the RNase activity of Quinoin-I, and this feature was retained in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. This antiviral protein has been shown as a promising leading molecule for further development as a novel antiviral agent.
... It is cultivated in dry regions as a crucial source of nutrients (El Mannoubi et al. 2009). Over centuries, prickly pear was a medicinal plant endemic to Mexico and currently being introduced to several parts of the planet (Rasoul Rasoulpour et al. 2018), including North Africa, Europe, Mediterranean countries, and also the Middle East (Coşkuner and Tekin 2003). Thanks to its ability to adapt in several environmental conditions, the cactus grows in plains, coastal regions, and plateaus (Lahsasni et al. 2004). ...
The present study focuses on the effect of temperature and extraction methods on the yields, chemical quality, fatty acids, and tocopherols of the oil extracted from the seeds of Opuntia ficus-indica, collected in the eastern region of Morocco. Our results revealed the effect of temperature that when we increase the temperature used, the yields also increase; the results also showed that this high temperature does not affect the physicochemical properties, fatty acids, and tocopherols. Thus, the results of this study revealed that the prickly pear is a rich source of oil; the obtained oil yields varied from 12.49%±0.09 for mechanical extraction, 11.46±0.10 for chemical extraction, and 10.52%±0.09 for maceration. The main fatty acids founded in Opuntia ficus-indica are linoleic acid 75.80%±0.10 (chemical), 74.07%±0.14 (maceration), and 71.59%±0.14 (mechanical) and palmitic acid 17.32%±0.02 (chemical), 22.419%±0.06 (maceration), and 26.58%±0.00 (mechanical); prickly pear oil could be classified as a linoleic acid. The physicochemical properties of Opuntia ficus-indica seed oils such as acid index mgKOH/g oil (4,376±0.10, 5.854±0.03, 5.667±0.07), saponification value mgKOH/g oil (181.12 ±0.18, 183.77±1.23, 179.08±3.45), and peroxide value 20milieq/Kg (5.75±0.08, 6±0.06, 5.97±0.04) for mechanical, chemical, and maceration extraction, respectively, density, and refractive index were all found to be in good accordance with quality criteria for both pure and fresh oils. Among the tocopherols found, a high value of γ-tocopherol was detected in mechanical extraction with 502.04±0.76 mg/kg, followed by chemical extraction and maceration with 430.12±0.61mg/kg and 315.47±0.96 mg/kg, respectively.
Graphical abstract
... The exponential increase after the 1960s, however, was related to the purification of PAP (Phytolacca antiviral protein), peaking in the 1970s/1980s with several studies related to AVP properties, purification and activity [22,24,27,29,50,55,57,62,105]. Despite a sharp decline in the 1990s, the discovery of AVP inhibitory activity at ribosome inactivation led to the isolation and characterization of numerous ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) [34,45,89], and in the 2000s and 2010s, researchers endeavored in cloning of RIPs, as well as to understand the mode of action of AVP, focusing primarily on the N-glycosidase activity of RIPs [37,38,46,52,65,66,84]. Plant extracts from different species were tested in several pathosystems; however, the role of these antiviral proteins (AVPs) in the induction of resistance/protective mechanisms has yet to be elucidated [108]. ...
Caryophyllales is one of the largest orders in eudicots and comprises 39 families with approximately 12,500 species. Although extracts from species of this order have been considered potential inhibitors of plant virus infection since the early 20th century, few species have actually been investigated. In this review, we present an exhaustive analysis of published papers that investigate this inhibitory effect, organized into one table with more than 100 species. In addition, the main hypotheses regarding the mode of action by which the compounds inhibit viral infection are discussed, providing several examples. The proteinaceous nature of antiviral proteins (AVP) produced by Caryophyllales, as well as the role of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) as plant-defense inducers have received considerable attention. It is worth mentioning that data concerning the role of AVPs produced by species of Caryophyllales as signaling plant defense against viruses are scarce. Finally, this review proposes a model for the main mode of action hypotheses of viral infection inhibitors, and highlights the importance of surveying Caryophyllales species as an excellent strategy for controlling a broad spectrum of plant viruses from different taxonomic groups.
... Overloading gibberellins during plant growth, inhibits the growth of other predatory herbs, and acts as the enhanced, new generation herbicides (Dayan and Duke 2014). These are also used as pesticides, enhance seed germination, and as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents to protect plants from microbes, as well as to elevate nutrient uptake in soil and in soil remediation (Liu et al. 2013;Altunok et al. 2015;Rasoulpour et al. 2018). ...
Algae possess inherent complex physiological photosynthetic mechanisms, which enable beneficial transformation of solar energy into other energy forms, for food and active metabolite synthesis. A number of active metabolites derived from algae, many of which demonstrate bioactive properties, have found profound, multifunctional applications in biofuels, nutraceuticals and functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. In spite of the evolving global interests and market demand of algal biomass and metabolites, studies and applications pertaining to sustainable agriculture challenges, such as soil nutrient deficiency, drought stress, soil toxicity, leaf discoloration and plant growth stunts, are limited. The generation and functional determination of novel bioactive compounds from algal biomass may offer innovative opportunities to address some of the aforementioned challenges. This chapter profiles and discusses the prospects of key algal metabolites in addressing plant growth challenges. Additionally, research findings from specific studies based on the use of algal metabolites and phytohormones as biostimulants, their influence in host animal physiology, and protective mechanisms against adventitious organisms or foreign pathogens, have been discussed. The chapter lays down progressive perspectives for optimal exploitation of algal metabolites and phytohormones in enhancing agricultural outputs.
Extraction of phenolic compounds and betalains from plant matrices represent a real challenge to researchers due to the complexity and diversity of bioactive compounds. In this study we used the response surface methodology to address the effect of three important extraction factors; Temperature, time and solvent content on extraction yield from the barbary fig fruit, Opuntiaficusindica. Temperature range was between 0 and 80°c, Time between 0.36 and 96 h and methanol content between 0 % and 100 %. The goal was to identify the impact of each parameter on extraction yield. Our results show that pulp had the highest betalain content and peel exhibited the highest total phenolic compounds. Polyphenols and betalains from pulp are more extractable using methanol solvent and from peel using water. Optimal condition for betalain content of 19.6 mg/100 g was obtained from pulp using 1.37 °C, 100 % methanol for 0.36 h. However, Optimal condition for total phenolic compounds of 2.77 mg GAE g-1 was obtained using 2.38 °C, 0 % methanol content for 96 h.
Opuntia , a genus of the Cactaceae family, has been used for centuries as a medicinal plant, with different parts of the plant, including whole fruit, pulp, flowers, seeds, peels, and cladodes. Opuntia spp., cultivated or wild, can be found in various agro‐climatic conditions, although often associated with warm climate. A dozen species are cultivated for fruit production ( O. ficus‐indica, O. amyclae, O. xoconostle, O. megacantha , and O. streptacantha ), although O. ficus‐indica is the most known, as prickly pear fruit, and is available across the five continents from early summer until late autumn. The peculiar general Opuntia anatomy and physiology, and O. ficus‐indica specifically, make it a multipurpose dryland crop destined to become more important in view of an ever increasing world population and water and land scarcity. Opuntia fruits contain polyphenols and betalains, promising protective agents against inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic‐related diseases. Cladodes are not only rich in polyphenols but also contain polysaccharides and soluble fibers that are able to counteract hyperglycemia and related physiological disorders. This chapter reports the latest finding on the health properties of fruit, cladode, flower, and seed from Opuntia plants, related to the bioactive compounds, and the mechanisms of action so far identified or hypothesized. Moreover, the potential uses of Opuntia fruit and cladode are reported, not only for health and disease but also for food applications.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (OFI) is a plant with numerous beneficial properties known in traditional medicine. It has been a domesticated plant in Latin America, Africa, Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, India and Australia. Nowadays, the research concentrates his efforts on natural compounds to lower cost and the possible side effects exerted by synthetic compounds. The use of nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds of vegetable origin with important nutritional values, is encouraged. OFI has shown numerous activities due to its high content of antioxidants, including flavonoids and ascorbate, pigments, including carotenoids and betalains, phenolic acids and other phytochemical components, such as biopeptides and soluble fibers. The most important effects exerted by OFI are represented by the activity against acne, arthrosis, dermatosis, diabetes, diarrhea, fever, high blood pressure, prostatosis, rheumatism, stomachache, tumor, wart, allergy, wound, colitis and some viral diseases. Moreover, a promising role has been suggested in inflammatory bowel disease, colitis and metabolic syndrome. The most recent studies were addressed to the role of OFI for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease. In the light of the above, in this review the biological activities and health benefits that this plant may exert are summarized.
There has been a growing interest in extracting essential oils from aromatic plants as potential sources of biorational pesticides. In the present study, essential oil emulsions of Satureja bakhtiarica (SEO), Oliveria decumbens (OEO), Trachyspermum ammi (TEO) and Zataria multiflora (ZEO) were prepared. Their major chemical compositions were characterized and their antiviral effects were evaluated against two important plant viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). SEO and ZEO indicated higher antiviral activity in comparison with OEO and TEO (p < 0.05). In systemic bioassay, the pre-treatment test of ZEO and SEO showed a reduced level of TMV accumulation in TMV-infected tobacco, with rates of 26.75% and 23.97%, respectively. Also, the two essential oils had mechanisms by which plant resistance acted against plant viruses. These mechanisms involved the activities of several defense-related enzymes (PAL and POD) and genes (ICS1, NPR1, and PR-1a). These results indicate that the essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Satureja bakhtiarica have the potential to be used as sources of effective antiviral agents and eco-friendly pesticide.
In Brazil, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) is a socioeconomically important vegetable affected by damage caused primarily by zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Although the occurrence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is less frequent, in C. pepo ‘Caserta’ plants it can cause symptoms such as mottle, mosaic, leaf and fruit distortion, as well as reduced plant development. To minimize the damage, the most widely used management technique is the preventive, albeit inefficient, application of insecticides, aimed at controlling aphids, the vectors of this virus. Thus, the search for more effective and less environmentally harmful control methods has been the target of investigations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the action of the extracts of four native Caryophyllales species, as inhibitors of infection by CMV and ZYMV in C. pepo, in addition to evaluating the possible induced resistance in this species. Fresh leaf extracts (LEs) of Guapira opposita, Pisonia ambigua (Nyctaginaceae), Gallesia integrifolia and Seguieria langsdorffii (Phytolaccaceae), previously assessed in the tobacco mosaic virus / Nicotiana glutinosa pathosystem, were submitted to progressive dilutions sprayed on cotyledonary C. pepo leaves 30 min before inoculation with CMV and ZYMV. Leaf extracts of G. integrifolia did not induce inhibition in any of the pathosystems assessed. Guapira opposita LEs inhibited the infection of plants inoculated with ZYMV below 50% but inhibited CMV infection by 70% at a concentration of 1:40. Given that leaf extracts of P. ambigua and S. langsdorffii induced high percentage inhibition, evident in the number of asymptomatic plants and confirmed by serological tests, these species were selected to assess induced resistance in pre-treatment experiments. The LEs were efficient in inhibiting ZYMV and CMV infection in C. pepo when applied up to 48 h before inoculation. The LEs of S. langsdorffii and G. opposita, also tested for this system, were efficient when applied up to 72 h before CMV inoculation. The LEs can be prepared from dry leaves and maintained at -20°C for at least three years, conserving their inhibitory activity. These results expand the possibilities for producers and consumers alike in the sustainable management of the main zucchini viruses, without damaging the environment.
This study focuses on yields, chemical quality, composition, and the stability of the fatty acids of the oil extracted from Opuntia ficus indica seeds, collected from the eastern region of Morocco, regardless of the temperature and the extraction method used. The results of this study reveal that prickly pear is a rich source of oil. The obtained oil yields varied from 12.49%±0.09 for the mechanical extraction, 11.46±0.10 for the chemical extraction, and 10.52%±0.09 for the maceration. The main fatty acids found in O. Ficus indica are linoleic acid 75.80%±0.10 (Chemical), 74.07%±0.14 (Maceration) and 71.59%±0.14 (Mechanical), and palmitic acid 17.32%±0.02 (Chemical) 22.419% ±0.06 (Maceration) and 26.58% ±0.00 (Mechanical). So the oil of prickly pear could be classified as a linoleic.
Among the Tocopherols founded, a high value of b-tocopherol has been detected in the mechanical extraction with 502.04±0,76 mg/kg followed by the chemical and the maceration extraction with (430.12±0.61mg/kg, 315.47± 0.96 mg/kg) respectively. The findings of the present study reveal that the oil of O. ficus indica could be used in cosmetics and pharmacological products.
Nowadays, both of academic scientists and food industry have presented great interest in the Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) (OFI) fruits. On the basis of previous studies, a various group of bioactive compounds is reported in OFI, whole fruit, pulp, flowers, seeds, and peels. They include, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, betalains, sterols, lignans, saponins, vitamin E and vitamin C. The identified OFI bioactive compounds have demonstrated to be endowed with biologically relative activity such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemic, rheumatic pain, antiulcerogenic activity, gastric mucosa diseases and asthma. The purpose of this chapter to present the major classes of bioactive compounds in various part of OFI plants.
Opuntia
species have been used for centuries as food resources and in traditional folk medicine for their nutritional properties and their benefit in chronic diseases, particularly diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. These plants are largely distributed in America, Africa, and the Mediterranean basin.Opuntiaspp. have great economic potential because they grow in arid and desert areas, andO. ficus-indica, the domesticatedO. species, is used as a nutritional and pharmaceutical agent in various dietary and value-added products. Though differences in the phytochemical composition exist between wild and domesticated (O. ficus-indica)Opuntiaspp., allOpuntiavegetatives (pear, roots, cladodes, seeds, and juice) exhibit beneficial properties mainly resulting from their high content in antioxidants (flavonoids, ascorbate), pigments (carotenoids, betalains), and phenolic acids. Other phytochemical components (biopeptides, soluble fibers) have been characterized and contribute to the medicinal properties ofOpuntiaspp. The biological properties ofOpuntiaspp. have been investigated on cellular and animal models and in clinical trials in humans, allowing characterization and clarification of the protective effect ofOpuntia-enriched diets in chronic diseases. This review is an update on the phytochemical composition and biological properties ofOpuntiaspp. and their potential interest in medicine.
Geminiviruses cause curly top disease, in dicotyledonous plants which constrains host crop production. Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is a widespread Becurtovirus (family Geminiviridae) in numerous areas within Iran. In this study, we isolated and analyzed a full-length genomic DNA of a new variant of BCTIV from pepper crops in the Kaftark region, east of Shiraz (proposed acronym: BCTIV-Kaf [IR: Kaf:2016:Pepper]). Infected pepper plants showed shortening of internodes, severe interveinal chlorosis, upward leaf rolling and leaf curling. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed this BCTIV variant grouped with sugar beet isolates of BCTIV and has the highest similarity to a sugar beet BCTIV isolate from Negar town in Kerman province, Iran. It was more distantly related to a bean isolate of BCTIV from northeast region of Iran. A tandem repeat partial dimmer of BCTIV was constructed and found to be infectious in pepper, tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Results of this study indicated that BCTIV-Kaf is a new variant of BCTIV infecting pepper plants in Shiraz and that geographic location rather than the type of host plant has more effect on genetic diversity of BCTIV in Iran.
Melon seedlings showing systemic chlorotic spots and mosaic symptoms were collected in central part of Iran, and a virus was isolated from diseased plants by mechanical inoculation. The virus systemically infected the most inoculated test plants by inducing mosaic symptoms, while, in the members of Fabaceae family and Chenopodium quinoa induced local lesions. Agar gel diffusion test using a polyclonal antiserum against a squash Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolate showed the presence of CMV in the mechanically inoculated plants (designated CMV-Me). The virus was purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation and differential centrifugation. A polyclonal antiserum was produced against the virus that reacted specifically with virus antigen in ELISA and agar gel diffusion tests. The virus was molecularly characterized by PCR amplification of the full length of the coat protein gene using cucumovirus genus specific primer pair CPTALL-3/CPTALL-5 and sequence analysis of the resulting product. No RNA satellite was detected using the primer pair CMVsat3H/sat5T7P. Phylogenetic analysis based on the coat protein amino acid sequences showed that CMV-Me belongs to Subgroup IB. These results may be helpful in melon breeding programs, focusing on plant resistance to plant viruses including CMV.
Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) has been used in traditional folk medicine because of its role in treating a number of diseases and conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemic, rheumatic pain, gastric mucosa diseases and asthma, in many countries over the world. Nowadays, the cactus, fruits and cladodes, is the focus of many studies because they contain bioactive (phytochemicals) compounds, well known for their health-related properties. It has been revealing a positive correlation between a diet rich in prickly pear cactus and a reduced risk of diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The Opuntia ficus-indica exhibits diverse pharmacological actions through its antioxidant activity: protects cells against oxidative damage, acts as radical scavengers, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases GSH levels. So far, there is no report about the adverse/toxic effects on humans. This review provides clinical and experimental evidences about the most important phytochemical that contribute to its action hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hipocholesterolemic and neuroprotective in order to give the basis of their use in the prevention and cure of some chronic diseases. More studies on Opuntia ficus-indica could help better understand its pharmacological mechanism of action to provide clear scientific evidence to explain its traditional uses, and to identify its therapeutic potential in other diseases.
The term ‘Antiviral agents’ has been defined in very broad terms as substances other than a virus or virus containing vaccine or specific antibody which can produce either a protective or therapeutic effect to the clear detectable advantage of the virus infected host. The herbal medicine has a long traditional use and the major advantage over other medicines is their wide therapeutic window with rare side effects. There are some disadvantages of synthetic drugs like narrow therapeutic window and more importantly the various adverse side effects which occur quite frequently. Due to these disadvantages and other limitations, there is an increasing trend in the field of research for discovering new and noble drugs based on various herbal formulations. This review attempts to address the importance of developing therapeutic herbal formulations from various medicinal plants using the knowledge based on traditional system of medicines, the Ayurveda. Although natural products have been used by civilization since ancient times, only in recent decades has there been growing research into alternative therapies and the therapeutics use of natural products, especially those derived from plants. Plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used for various scientific investigations. Therefore, medicinal plants proved to be a major resort for the treatment of diseases and sicknesses by traditional healers in many societies.
Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the family Cactaceae. Family Cactaceae is reported to contain about 130 genera and nearly 1500 species. This plant is native of Mexico and it is widely distributed in Mexico and in all American hemispheres as well as in Africa and in the Mediterranean basin. It has been used in traditional folk medicine because of its role in treating a number of diseases and conditions, including anti-inflammatory effects hypoglycemic effects inhibition of stomach ulceration, neuroprotective effects Through antioxidant actions and also used for treating diabetes, burns, bronchial, asthma and indigestion in many countries over the world. It is also used in Pharma industry as a pharmaceutical agent. The fruit, as well as cactus stem are used to prepare value-added products, such as jam, squash, wine, pickle, body lotions, shampoo, creams, etc. It also has several medicinal and industrial uses. Its seeds can be used as flavouring agents. Due to the remarkable biological activity of Opuntia and its constituents, it will be appropriate to develop them as a medicine.
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
The overzealous and indiscriminate use of most of the synthetic fungicides has created different types of environmental and toxicological prob-lems. Recently, in different parts of the world, attention has been paid towards exploitation of higher plant products as novel chemotherapeu-tants in plant protection. The popularity of bo-tanical pesticides is once again increasing and some plant products are being used globally as green pesticides. Pyrethroids and neem prod-ucts are well established commercially as bo-tanical pesticides and recently some essential oils of higher plants have also been used as an-timicrobials against storage pests because of their relatively safe status and wide acceptance by the consumers. Some of the volatile oils, which often contain the principal aromatic and flavouring components of herbs and spices, have been recommended as plant based antim-icrobials to retard microbial contamination and reduction in spoilage of food commodities. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized coun-tries but can play a much greater role in the production and post harvest protection of food products in developing countries.
Methanolic extracts from 30 species of marine algae were assayed for antiviral activity against Potato virus X (PVX) in local lesion assays, using Chenopodium quinoa L. as host. Extracts from six algal species (Fucus gardneri Silva, Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht, Ralfsia sp. (Berkeley), Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, Fragilaria oceanica Cleve, and Egregia menziesii (Turner) J.E. Areschoug) inhibited PVX infectivity by more than 80%. Most extracts with antiviral activity came from algae that belong to the phylum Heterokontophyta. Fractionation of a crude extract from F. gardneri resulted in identification of the polysaccharide alginate as an antiviral component. Alginate inhibited PVX infectivity by 95%, and the mode of action may be via aggregation of virus particles. The present study is the first to investigate New World algae for compounds with activity against plant viruses and the first report that extracts of F. gardneri, Ralfsia sp., and Fragilaria oceanica are sources of antiviral activity.
A glucose specific lectin (STA) was isolated from Sesbania aculeata stem by using Sephadex G-50 affinity column chromatography. The lectin is a glycoprotein having 29 kDa subunit molecular weight. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the lectin existed in two isomeric forms with varied carbohydrate content as analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and N-terminal sequence (LDSLSFTYNNFE) analysis of this lectin showed 95% homology with stem lectin SL-I (accession no. AJ585523) from peanut plant. The nucleotide sequence of the lectin (STA) was submitted to the gene bank (accession no. EU263636).
The mechanisms of viral diseases are a major focus of biology. Despite intensive investigations, how a plant virus interacts with host factors to cause diseases remains poorly understood. The Rice dwarf virus (RDV), a member of the genus Phytoreovirus, causes dwarfed growth phenotypes in infected rice (Oryza sativa) plants. The outer capsid protein P2 is essential during RDV infection of insects and thus influences transmission of RDV by the insect vector. However, its role during RDV infection within the rice host is unknown. By yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we report that P2 of RDV interacts with ent-kaurene oxidases, which play a key role in the biosynthesis of plant growth hormones gibberellins, in infected plants. Furthermore, the expression of ent-kaurene oxidases was reduced in the infected plants. The level of endogenous GA1 (a major active gibberellin in rice vegetative tissues) in the RDV-infected plants was lower than that in healthy plants. Exogenous application of GA3 to RDV-infected rice plants restored the normal growth phenotypes. These results provide evidence that the P2 protein of RDV interferes with the function of a cellular factor, through direct physical interactions, that is important for the biosynthesis of a growth hormone leading to symptom expression. In addition, the interaction between P2 and rice ent-kaurene oxidase-like proteins may decrease phytoalexin biosynthesis and make plants more competent for virus replication. Moreover, P2 may provide a novel tool to investigate the regulation of GA metabolism for plant growth and development.
The infectivity of three RNA plant viruses belonging to the genera Cucumovirus, Potyvirus and Tobamovirus was inhibited by an aqueous extract of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller) cladode. This antiviral activity was not dialyzable, and not related to isolated plant polysaccharides, but was sensitive to heating and extract treatment with trichloroacetic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate. An antiviral protein with MW of 28.3 kDa was purified from cactus extract by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by ion exchange chromatography. The isolated protein inhibited Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus at a concentration of 40 μg mL⁻¹. An IC50 of 2.8 μg mL⁻¹ was calculated for isolated protein for CMV inhibition on faba bean plants. It was demonstrated that the antiviral protein has RNase, but not DNase and protease activity. It interacted with viral nucleic acid in far Western dot blot analysis, was resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and was active in the pH range of 4–10. To our knowledge, this is the first report on inhibitory effect of prickly pear extract on members of Tobamovirus, Potyvirus and Cucumovirus, as well as isolation and characterization of an antiviral protein from prickly pear cladode. This plant can be regarded as an encouraging source of antiviral protein to develop environmentally-friendly compounds for management of plant viral diseases.
A nonphytotoxic, systemic resistance-inducing agent present in Clerodendrum aculeatum leaves was purified. A specific basic protein (C. aculeatum-systemic resistance inducing [CA-SRI]) with a molecular mass of 34 kDa was observed consistently in leaf extracts by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Treatment of plants with the purified protein preparation induced a very high level of systemic resistance against virus infection. Resistance was detectable a few hours after challenge-inoculation with virus and resulted in lesions that were fewer in number or totally absent. The minimum time required for induction of systemic resistance in nontreated leaves of susceptible host plants was 5 to 30 min depending on the host. The resistance-inducing activity of CA-SRI was not affected by protease treatment. After digestion of CA-SRI with endoproteinase Arg-C, the eluted protein fragments from SDS-PAGE were biologically active. An antiserum to the 34-kDa protein was highly specific for CA-SRI, and Western blots of the purified protein recognized the 34-kDa protein band. The isoelectric point of the protein was 8.65. Treatment of susceptible healthy test hosts with purified CA-SRI consistently resulted in the accumulation of a virus inhibitory agent in the resistant leaves. An extract prepared from resistant leaves reduced the infectivity of added virus, with an average reduction in the number of lesions by more than 90%. The specific 34-kDa protein was observed consistently in the leaves of plants with induced resistance and was highly active in reducing the infectivity of the virus. There seems to be a causal relationship between induced resistance and accumulation of the 34-kDa protein based on gel electrophoresis. The protein was present naturally in very low amounts in nontreated healthy plants.
Quantitation of the amount of protein in a solution is possible in a simple spectrometer. Absorption of radiation in the near
UV by proteins depends on the Tyr and Trp content (and to a very small extent on the amount of Phe and disulfide bonds). Therefore
the A
280 varies greatly between different proteins (for a 1 mg/mL solution, from 0 up to 4 for some tyrosine-rich wool proteins, although
most values are in the range 0.5–1.5 [1]). The advantages of this method are that it is simple, and the sample is recoverable. The method has some disadvantages,
including interference from other chromophores, and the specific absorption value for a given protein must be determined.
The extinction of nucleic acid in the 280-nm region may be as much as 10 times that of protein at their same wavelength, and
hence, a few percent of nucleic acid can greatly influence the absorption.
Determination and location of cystine residues are essential to protein characterization since their disulfide bonds stabilize chainfolding and multichain structure responsible for physical and biological properties. Reduction with mercaptans, such as dithiothreitol, in dissociating solvents is the choice procedure for attaining disulfide cleavage, since other methods may cause undesirable side reactions. Under selected conditions the resulting sulfhydryls can be specifically alkylated with α,β-unsaturated compounds to prevent their reoxidation. Determination of alkylated cysteine residues supplements the cysteic acid method for cystine-cysteine analysis. Reoxidation studies on reduced proteins indicate that positions of formation of both intra- and interchain disulfide bonds are governed by amino acid sequences as well as by concentration, solvent, and pH. Location of disulfide bonds in peptides obtained by chromatography of proteolytic digests of proteins has been accelerated by automatic analysis with specific reagents. Disulfide interchange may change physical properties of proteins and must be avoided in characterization work.
Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown
proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been
identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the
head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the
precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate
structure.
An extract of the cactus plant Opuntia streptacantha inhibited intracellular virus replication and inactivated extracellular virus. Inhibition of virus replication also occurred following pre-infection treatment--a favourable finding in terms of in-vivo limitation of virus disease. There was inhibition of both DNA and RNA virus replication, for example, herpes simplex virus, equine herpes virus, pseudorabies virus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human immunodeficiency virus, with normal protein synthesis in uninfected cells at extract concentrations which were 15-fold in excess of 50% viral inhibitory concentrations (1 mg/ml). The active inhibitory component(s) of the extract appeared to be protein in nature and resided mainly in the wall of the plant rather than in the cuticle or inner sap. The extract was non-toxic on oral administration to mice, horses and human patients; the non-toxicity of intravenous administration of 70 mg to a mouse representing at least fifty tissue culture 50% viral inhibitory dosages encourages clinical trial of this extract in virus disease of human and veterinary species.
Although the type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (SNA-I, SNA-V, SNLRP) from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) are all devoid of rRNA N-glycosylase activity towards plant ribosomes, some of them clearly show polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity towards tobacco mosaic virus RNA. This particular substrate specificity was exploited to further unravel the mechanism underlying the in planta antiviral activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun NN) plants expressing the elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins were generated and challenged with tobacco mosaic virus in order to analyze their antiviral properties. Although some transgenic plants clearly showed antiviral activity, no clear correlation was observed between in planta antiviral activity of transgenic tobacco lines expressing the different ribosome-inactivating proteins and the in vitro polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity of the respective proteins towards tobacco mosaic virus genomic RNA. However, our results suggest that the in planta antiviral activity of some ribosome-inactivating proteins may rely on a direct mechanism on the virus. In addition, it is evident that the working mechanism proposed for pokeweed antiviral protein cannot be extrapolated to elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins because the expression of SNA-V is not accompanied by induction of pathogenesis-related proteins.
Infectivity of the cloned genome of Iranian isolate of Beet severe curly top virus in experimental hosts
- Ebadzad Sahraei
- G Behjatnia
- S A A Izadpanah
Ebadzad Sahraei, G., Behjatnia, S.A.A., Izadpanah, K., 2008. Infectivity of the cloned
genome of Iranian isolate of Beet severe curly top virus in experimental hosts. Iran. J.
Plant Pathol. 44, 176-183.
Potency of Plant Products in Control of Virus Diseases of Plants. in: Natural Products in Plant Pest Management. CAB International
- H N Verma
- V K Baranwal
Verma, H.N., Baranwal, V.K., 2011. In: Dubey, N.K. (Ed.), Potency of Plant Products in
Control of Virus Diseases of Plants. in: Natural Products in Plant Pest Management.
CAB International, pp. 293.