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Geospatial Risk Communication and Visualization of Natural Hazards Using Augmented Reality Constructs
Abstract
GIS-based maps are currently the norm for risk visualization and communication of natural hazards. With advances in geospatial visualization and spatial interface technologies, interactive and dynamic risk visualization is now possible. Augmented reality adds another dimension to realistic visualization of natural hazards like floods and volcanic flows which can be achieved through spatial risk visualization and communication simulations in virtual reality mode. Communicating the knowledge to the most vulnerable communities which are residing in the risk zones is very useful for local stakeholders as they are mostly needful of the adaptation strategies. The current article experiments the use of an Augmented Reality Construct for developing a risk visualization interface, which delivers spatially aware geovisualization simulations. We propose the Augmented Reality Sandbox for educating and engaging the local community through simulated visualization of hazard risk and vulnerability with an aim to achieve holistic learning. This construct has a great potential for developing interactive and location-aware three-dimensional real-world simulations and visualization. We suggest that such applications be more prevalently used as we found it to be more effective than static 3D visualization constructs like hazard maps in communicating the risk potential from natural hazards like floods and volcanic lava flows.
... AR games can enhance emergency response efficacy (Duijzer et al., 2019), providing users with a deep understanding of key concepts, which in turn affects cognitive processes such as perception and motivation (Li & Been-Lirn Duh, 2013). While Virtual Reality (VR) games have been developed to simulate flood scenarios (D'Amico et al., 2023;Fujimi & Fujimura, 2020;Mol et al., 2022;Sermet & Demir, 2019), there is a notable gap in the research on AR applications for flood event management (Ancient & Teeuw, 2020;Haynes et al., 2018;Kundu & Nawaz, 2019). This highlights an opportunity for AR games to focus on location-based flash flood response training. ...
... Augmented reality (AR) has demonstrated effectiveness in raising awareness about natural hazards and enhancing motivation and learning outcomes in disaster preparedness education (Kundu & Nawaz, 2019;Lu et al., 2022). AR has also been shown to influence attitudes and behaviors related to environmental awareness, as demonstrated in Coen et al.'s study, where an AR application successfully increased awareness of environmental issues by providing interactive and detailed information (Coen et al., 2019). ...
... 6a and 7a represent the typical color-coded visualization usually employed in preparing hazard and risk maps. Presenting these visualizations to the general public or policymakers may not effectively convey the information, as such maps can be challenging to interpret by non-experts (Dransch et al., 2010;Kundu and Nawaz 2019;Pedoth et al., 2021). In contrast, the corresponding VR visualizations immerse users in virtual environments, allowing them to observe the snow avalanche, landslide, and flood in their realistic representations from various perspectives. ...
Flash floods in unconfined rivers have become more frequent and severe, causing
significant damage to infrastructure and inducing widespread evacuations. Understanding the inundation area, water depths, and flow velocities of such events
is critical for identifying flood-prone areas and developing effective communication
strategies to support vulnerable populations and river managers. Traditional
communication methods, such as reports and maps, may not be efficient or accessible to broader audiences. Digital twins, highly detailed and accurate virtual
representations of real-world flooding events often utilizing Virtual Reality (VR)
experiences, are promising communication tools. This research explores the potential of advanced visualization techniques and hydraulic models to enhance flood hazard communication and management.
To achieve this, the technical requirements and applications of visualizing hydraulic
models with computer graphic suites were investigated. This led to the development
of a framework that integrates advanced fluid solvers within these suites to visualize local flooding. To ensure a realistic visualization of flash floods, understanding
these phenomena and identifying the most suitable and efficient modeling
techniques is key. The methods were demonstrated on the 2017 flash flood in the
Norwegian mountain river Storelva in Utvik, following preliminary testing and
validation on this and other case studies. Data mining played an essential role in
retrieving calibration and validation data for a numerical model of the 2017 flash
flood in Utvik through soft data and remote sensing techniques. Utilizing on-site
and post-event information, the reach affected by the 2017 flash flood was reconstructed, revealing critical locations, main flow paths, and maximum wetted, and dry areas. The steep slope and loose material composition of the valley and riverbed contributed significantly to sediment transport during this extreme event. The dataset served as calibration and validation for the 2D IberPLUS model. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based computing and sensitivity analysis contributed to the development of a benchmark 2D numerical model in IberPLUS using the dataset obtained from data mining. GPU-computing proved to be notably faster than standard and parallelized CPU-computing, resulting in up to 99.5% reduction in computing time. Models with fewer than 150,000 cells demonstrated the best accuracy-speed balance. The flood model was optimized following the computing speed-accuracy trade-off guidelines resulting from the sensitivity analysis and further coupled into a VR-based framework for its visualization.
The VR-based framework allows for integration of data from various meshbased
Eulerian numerical models, enabling users to interact with and explore geophysical
flows in a VR environment. This versatility was demonstrated through three case studies in Norway: a virtual snow avalanche in Skogshorn, Hemsedal, the 2020 Gjerdrum quick clay landslide, and the 2017 Utvik flash flood. Intuitive menus and interactions in the VR environment allow users to read flow depth and velocity values, fostering a direct connection between numerical data and visual
representation. A flood VR prototype was further expanded into a digital twin utilizing serious gaming. To assess the effectiveness of the digital twin and its impact on users, tests were carried out to gauge emotional responses to flooding scenarios compared to safe scenarios. Findings suggest that identity priming, i.e., providing cues to influence the users’ perception of their identity and social role, and emotional state, i.e., fear or sense of safety, significantly impacted user involvement
and experienced realism in the VR environment. Additionally, identity and fear
considerably affected cognitive workload and frustration when users were tasked
with locating a safe spot in the flooding scenario.
Steep rivers respond quickly to extreme hydrologic conditions, requiring thorough
monitoring, data collection, and modeling tools to recreate flash floods. Utilizing
GPU-equipped PCs enables near real-time hydrodynamic information, making
flood data more accessible and facilitating efficient hazard management. Integrating
advanced fluid solvers within computer graphics suites and serious gaming
through a VR-based framework offers a powerful solution for achieving realistic
visualizations of reliable hydrodynamic simulations. This combination of technologies
encourages collaboration and resource sharing among different disciplines and audiences, enhancing the effective study and communication of natural hazards. Testing a flood prototype on users revealed the impact of factors such as identity and emotions when visualizing natural hazards in VR. These findings emphasize the importance of designing hazard communication tools that are usercentered, engaging, and effective.
... 6a and 7a represent the typical color-coded visualization usually employed in preparing hazard and risk maps. Presenting these visualizations to the general public or policymakers may not effectively convey the information, as such maps can be challenging to interpret by non-experts (Dransch et al., 2010;Kundu and Nawaz 2019;Pedoth et al., 2021). In contrast, the corresponding VR visualizations immerse users in virtual environments, allowing them to observe the snow avalanche, landslide, and flood in their realistic representations from various perspectives. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive Virtual Reality (VR) based framework for visualizing numerical simulations of geophysical flows in a realistic and immersive manner. The framework allows integrating output data from various mesh-based Eulerian numerical models into a VR environment, enabling users to interact with and explore the terrain and geophysical flows through the VR experience. Three case studies, including a snow avalanche, quick clay landslide, and flash flood in Norway, demonstrate its versatility. The VR environment offers intuitive menus and user interactions, allowing users to read flow depth and velocity values, facilitating a direct link between numerical data and their visual representation. This framework can reshape geophysical flow hazard identification and disaster management by integrating physics-based numerical modeling results into VR Environments, thus enhancing knowledge dissemination among experts, the general public, non-expert stakeholders, and policymakers. The paper also highlights challenges and opportunities identified during the integration, guiding future developments.
... In this context, [44] propose geographic information systems from an interface that allows visualizing risks, offering simulations that educate and involve the local community through the interactive visualization of risk and vulnerability. The objective is to achieve integral learning. ...
Augmented Reality (AR) has been used successfully in several industries; one of these is education. A systematic understanding of how AR contributes to education still lacks studies about the content type and its effects on learning outcomes. This article systematically analyzes the AR state-of-the-art in education, determines productivity and publication indicators in this field, and identifies research works that have studied how content type affects the learning outcomes. The methodology was performed through a bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database, focusing on AR's educational uses. Engineering education is the primary research trend, followed by simulation, tracking, and virtual reality. Education and e-learning also have leading roles within this analysis, along with gamification and human-computer interaction, whose impacts are further explored. There is no preferred design methodology for creating AR content. In its absence, most of the works suggest a design based on the developers' and researchers' experience.
... Some studies explored the role of narratives and stories in appealing to discrete emotions, as well their ability to make messages easier to comprehend and more engaging (Dahlstrom, 2014 (2013), for instance, found that narrative versus nonnarrative messages resulted in female sun bed users reporting higher feelings of skin cancer risk. Numerous other studies examined the role of feelings for various visualizations like photographs, pictograms, graphs, maps, videos, and augmented/virtual reality (Kundu & Nawaz, 2017;Niederdeppe, Roh, & Dreisbach, 2016;Rickard, Schuldt, Eosco, Scherer, & Daziano, 2017a;Xie, Wang, Zhang, Li, & Yu, 2011). In a literature review, Downs (2014) concluded that videos can be powerful risk communication tools for changing behavior, although they can be costly and may produce unintended consequences. ...
The 40th Anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis presents an apt time to step back and review the field of risk communication. In this review, we first evaluate recent debates over the field's current state and future directions. Our takeaway is that efforts to settle on a single, generic version of what constitutes risk communication will be less productive than an open‐minded exploration of the multiple forms that comprise today's vibrant interdisciplinary field. We then review a selection of prominent cognitive, cultural, and social risk communication scholarship appearing in the published literature since 2010. Studies on trust in risk communication messengers continued to figure prominently, while new research directions emerged on the opportunities and critical challenges of enhancing transparency and using social media. Research on message attributes explored how conceptual insights particularly relating to framing, affective and emotional responses, and uncertainty might be operationalized to improve message effectiveness. Studies consistently demonstrated the importance of evaluation and how varying single attributes alone is unlikely to achieve desired results. Research on risk communication audiences advanced on risk perception and multiway engagement with notable interest in personal factors such as gender, race, age, and political orientation. We conclude by arguing that the field's interdisciplinary tradition should be further nurtured to drive the next evolutionary phase of risk communication research.
... In the model, the texture changes when other categories of markers are close to the terrain markers, such as hydrographic or soil markers. In addition, some researchers have also used a projector to project river or flood textures onto a sandbox surface to represent the relationship between floods and the terrain (Vaughan, Vaughan, and Seeley 2017;Harmon et al. 2018), which could effectively improve the flood awareness of the participants (Kundu and Nawaz 2017). Although the above approaches are feasible to provide an overarching perspective on AR flood visualization, there are still some problems that need to be solved. ...
Flood visualization is an effective and intuitive tool for representing flood information from abstract spatiotemporal data. With the growing demand for flood disaster visualizations and mitigation, augmented flood visualizations that support decision makers’ perspectives are needed, which can be enhanced by emerging augmented reality (AR) and 3D printing technologies. This paper proposes an innovative flood AR visualization method based on a 3D-printed terrain model and investigates essential techniques, such as the suitable size calculation of the terrain models, the adaptive processing of flood data, and hybridizing virtual flood and terrain models. A prototype experimental system (PES) based on the proposed method and a comparison experimental system (CES) based on a virtual terrain are developed to conduct comparative experiments, which combine the system performance and questionnaire method to evaluate the efficiency and usability of the proposed method. The statistical results indicate that the method is useful for assisting participants in understanding the flood hazard and providing a more intuitive and realistic visual experience compared with that of the traditional AR flood visualization method. The frame rate is stable at 60 frames per second (FPS), which means that the proposed method is more efficient than the traditional AR flood visualization method.
Several socio-environmental conditions (economic, ecological, geopolitical, institutional, psychological, or engineering vulnerability, among many others) are putting at risk and violating numerous communities. In this panorama, technology is assuming more and more the potentiality to become (1) one of the main drivers for change or (2) a creator of greater and deeper socio-environmental gaps. Moreover, technology adaptation is a process which takes difficulties, risks, and complexities that must be considered and addressed by all the actors, who participate in those processes of sustainable transformation. To take into account the challenges and opportunities that the processes of transfer and adaptation may have in vulnerable communities, this paper conducts a systematic review of the main existing scientific and academic literature on the role of technological resources in vulnerable communities (impacts, benefits, risks, etc.). In order to achieve this purpose, a bibliographic
study is carried out in the most important bibliographic databases under the methodological proposal Scoping Review. A first analysis focuses on: annual behavior, disciplines, main addressed issues, institutions, and countries funding and supporting research on these topics. The research analyses also the main dimensions of vulnerabilities considered by academic literature and the technological resources, which usually these research projects refer to. The research conclusions aim to guide future research on the technological implications in vulnerable communities and to identify research opportunities, with a particular focus on design and architecture studies.
This article describes an interactive holographic visualization of volcanic eruption application for Microsoft HoloLens device. The aim of the project is to use this technology to visualize different eruptive phenomena on an active volcano for public education, emergency training, preparedness planning purposes, and raising awareness among tourists. We have selected La Fossa volcano on Vulcano island (Italy) as a case study and, thus, the application is named HoloVulcano. Unity game engine and Microsoft Visual Studio were used to develop the HoloVulcano augmented/virtual reality visualization application. The current version of HoloVulcano visualizes volcanic phenomena typically associated with unrest (fumaroles) and explosive eruptions (e.g. eruptive plumes, ejection of ballistic blocks, bombs, and pyroclastic density currents). The eruption types are developed based on existing literature using Unity game engine's particle systems component. HoloVulcano is a Microsoft HoloLens device application. Wearing the HoloLens, users can interact with the application through voice, gazing, and gestures and view different volcanic phenomena from different sites and angles on the island. HoloVulcano can be used by emergency managers and teachers for training, emergency exercises, and public education.
Developing strategies to mitigate or to adapt to the threats of floods is an important topic in the context of climate changes. Many of the world’s cities are endangered due to rising ocean levels and changing precipitation patterns. It is therefore crucial to develop analytical tools that allow us to evaluate the threats of floods and to investigate the influence of mitigation and adaptation measures, such as stronger dikes, adaptive spatial planning, and flood disaster plans. Up until the present, analytical tools have only been accessible to domain experts, as the involved simulation processes are complex and rely on computational and data-intensive models. Outputs of these analytical tools are presented to practitioners (i.e., policy analysts and political decision-makers) on maps or in graphical user interfaces. In practice, this output is only used in limited measure because practitioners often have different information requirements or do not trust the direct outcome. Nonetheless, literature indicates that a closer collaboration between domain experts and practitioners can ensure that the information requirements of practitioners are better aligned with the opportunities and limitations of analytical tools. The objective of our work is to present a step forward in the effort to make analytical tools in flood management accessible for practitioners to support this collaboration between domain experts and practitioners. Our system allows the user to interactively control the simulation process (addition of water sources or influence of rainfall), while a realistic visualization allows the user to mentally map the results onto the real world. We have developed several novel algorithms to present and interact with flood data. We explain the technologies, discuss their necessity alongside test cases, and introduce a user study to analyze the reactions of practitioners to our system. We conclude that, despite the complexity of flood simulation models and the size of the involved data sets, our system is accessible for practitioners of flood management so that they can carry out flood simulations together with domain experts in interactive work sessions. Therefore, this work has the potential to significantly change the decision-making process and may become an important asset in choosing sustainable flood mitigations and adaptation strategies.
Vulnerability to natural hazards has many components. It is about exposure to various natural disasters, but a place’s vulnerability also depends on its capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from shocks resulting from natural extreme events. To avoid increased place vulnerability due to the anticipated negative effects of climate change, local authorities need to know which places are the most vulnerable and what makes these areas vulnerable. We have developed ViewExposed to provide this information. Knowing where the most vulnerable areas are is very useful for local stakeholders, since these places may be most in need of adaptation strategies. However, stakeholders also need to have an understanding of what makes these areas vulnerable. ViewExposed provides this information using a parallel coordinates plot, a table view, sparklines, and a profile report. Although vulnerability assessment data are complex, ViewExposed has an easy-to-use interface facilitating a high degree of user interaction through multiple and linked views. An improved understanding of the many aspects of vulnerability has a far-reaching potential to inform users efficiently
about factors that influence the overall vulnerability and, as a consequence, can help raise people’s awareness of what makes places vulnerable to natural threats.
Although the physical world is three-dimensional, mostly we prefer to use two-dimensional media in education. The combination of AR technology with the educational content creates new type of automated applications and acts to enhance the effectiveness and attractiveness of teaching and learning for students in real life scenarios. Augmented Reality is a new medium, combining aspects from ubiquitous computing, tangible computing, and social computing. This medium offers unique affordances, combining physical and virtual worlds, with continuous and implicit user control of the point of view and interactivity. This paper provides an introduction to the technology of augmented reality (AR) and its possibilities for education. Key technologies and methods are discussed within the context of education.
Mixed Reality (MR) visual displays, a particular subset of Virtual Reality (VR) related technologies, involve the merging of real and virtual worlds somewhere along the 'virtuality continuum' which connects completely real environments to completely virtual ones. Augmented Reality (AR), probably the best known of these, refers to all cases in which the display of an otherwise real environment is augmented by means of virtual (computer graphic) objects. The converse case on the virtuality continuum is therefore Augmented Virtuality (AV). Six classes of hybrid MR display environments are identified. However quite different groupings are possible and this demonstrates the need for an efficient taxonomy, or classification framework, according to which essential differences can be identified. An approximately three-dimensional taxonomy is proposed comprising the following dimensions: extent of world knowledge, reproduction fidelity, and extent of presence metaphor.
Tangible augmented reality (AR) systems imbue physical objects with the ability to act and respond in new ways. In particular, physical objects and gestures made with them gain meaning that does not exist outside the tangible AR environment. The existence of this new set of possible actions and outcomes is not always apparent, making it necessary to learn new movements or gestures. Addressing this opportunity, we present visual hints, which are graphical representations in AR of potential actions and their consequences in the augmented physical world. Visual hints enable discovery, learning, and completion of gestures and manipulation in tangible AR. Here, we discuss our investigation of a variety of representations of visual hints and methods for activating them. We then describe a specific implementation that supports gestures developed for a tangible AR user interface to an electronic field guide for botanists, and present results from a pilot study.
The authors describe the design and prototyping steps they have
taken toward the implementation of a heads-up, see-through, head-mounted
display (HUDset). Combined with head position sensing and a real world
registration system, this technology allows a computer-produced diagram
to be superimposed and stabilized on a specific position on a real-world
object. Successful development of the HUDset technology will enable cost
reductions and efficiency improvements in many of the human-involved
operations in aircraft manufacturing, by eliminating templates,
formboard diagrams, and other masking devices
Field trips are fundamental to natural science courses and provide a mode for action learning where students observe the artifacts of nature created over long periods of time. Field trips enhance advanced learning skills of the students that cannot be achieved in a classroom. Field trips are constrained by availability of time and funds and by risks from weather, health and safety. As a result, we are exploring the option of deploying Virtual Field trips (VFTs), to replicate the experience of field trips without stepping outside of the classroom. This article looks through designing and dissemination of a VFT design and assesses its effectiveness as an eLearning tool, discussing ways to enhance its effectiveness and relevance.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to focus on improving the monitoring and evaluation of DRM capacity development initiatives.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper first explores the complexities and challenges presented in the literature, before using empirical data from a research project in six countries (Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Philippines, Haiti and Mozambique) to discuss current approaches to M & E of DRM capacity strengthening interventions.
Findings
– This is generally an area of technical weakness in the initiatives studied, with poor understanding of terminology, little attention to outcomes or impact and few independent evaluations. The need for greater inclusion of participants in M & E processes is identified and one programme from the fieldwork in Mozambique is presented as a case study example.
Originality/value
– The paper ends by presenting a unique M & E framework developed for use by DRM programmes to track the outcomes of their interventions and ultimately raise standards in this area.
The present study demonstrates the use of gridded bathymetry in the form of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a geographic information system (GIS) in geomorphic characterization of the seafloor in the Western Indian offshore around Bombay High region and presents the salient findings. The variography of bathymetry and its derivatives and their spatial correlation provides a technique to measure the presence of seafloor features and provides an insight into the processes involved. The current study utilizes tools available within a GIS for processing of a DEM and its derivatives involving spatial techniques like spatial correlation and variography studies for geomorphic characterization. A broad regional analysis for the study area comprising the near shore coast to the deep waters is discussed, followed up by a detailed study limiting to the coastal region around Bombay High.
The present perspective summarizes and projects the results of a two-day workshop held in 2013 with the presence of 21 known disaster risk specialists from academia and practice. Faced with the disconnect between ever-increasing and even-accelerating disaster losses and the declared progress in disaster risk management (DRM) practice over the last eight years, the document attempts to explain the current situation and project future needs in order to increase the saliency and effect of DRM. A review of current conceptual problems and their impact on knowledge and action, of the current role of DRM in society, of governance aspects and of the notion of transformative development and its relationship to DRM is provided. The critique of current practice and understanding of disaster risk then leads to an attempt to identify key needs for the future and changes that must be introduced in order for DRM to become more mainstream and effective. Among the more central concerns, the document points to the way in which disasters are still many times seen as exogenous happenings as opposed to social constructions, product of skewed development practices. This then is reflected in much governance practice and action that are flawed. The difficulty in moving from a reactive and corrective DRM practice to a more prospective, risk avoidance practice is also highlighted.
Abstract The 2010 Horizon Report: Museum Edition examines emerging technologies for their potential impact on and use in education and interpretation within the museum environment. The report is based on conversations and dialogues with technology and museum professionals from more than two-dozen countries.
A descriptive study was performed to better understand the possible utility of immersive virtual reality simulation for training first responders in a mass casualty event.
Utilizing a virtual reality cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) and high-fidelity human patient simulator (HPS), a group of experts modeled a football stadium that experienced a terrorist explosion during a football game. Avatars (virtual patients) were developed by expert consensus that demonstrated a spectrum of injuries ranging from death to minor lacerations. A group of paramedics was assessed by observation for decisions made and action taken. A critical action checklist was created and used for direct observation and viewing videotaped recordings.
Of the 12 participants, only 35.7% identified the type of incident they encountered. None identified a secondary device that was easily visible. All participants were enthusiastic about the simulation and provided valuable comments and insights.
Learner feedback and expert performance review suggests that immersive training in a virtual environment has the potential to be a powerful tool to train first responders for high-acuity, low-frequency events, such as a terrorist attack.
Rapid and effective medical intervention in response to civil and military-related disasters is crucial for saving lives and limiting long-term disability. Inexperienced providers may suffer in performance when faced with limited supplies and the demands of stabilizing casualties not generally encountered in the comparatively resource-rich hospital setting. Head trauma and multiple injury cases are particularly complex to diagnose and treat, requiring the integration and processing of complex multimodal data. In this project, collaborators adapted and merged existing technologies to produce a flexible, modular patient simulation system with both three-dimensional virtual reality and two-dimensional flat screen user interfaces for teaching cognitive assessment and treatment skills. This experiential, problem-based training approach engages the user in a stress-filled, high fidelity world, providing multiple learning opportunities within a compressed period of time and without risk. The system simulates both the dynamic state of the patient and the results of user intervention, enabling trainees to watch the virtual patient deteriorate or stabilize as a result of their decision-making speed and accuracy. Systems can be deployed to the field enabling trainees to practice repeatedly until their skills are mastered and to maintain those skills once acquired. This paper describes the technologies and the process used to develop the trainers, the clinical algorithms, and the incorporation of teaching points. We also characterize aspects of the actual simulation exercise through the lens of the trainee.
Triage, establishing the priority of care among casualties in disaster management, is generally practiced using constructive tabletop or live exercises. Actual disasters involving multiple casualties occur rarely, offering little opportunity for gaining experience and competency assessment. When they do occur, response needs to be rapid and well-learned. In the Iraqi medical education environment where the need for triage is immediate, but the ability to stage practice is nearly impossible, blending didactic learning with simulation-based triage offers an alternative training methodology.
Risk Communication: Aiming at Mutual Understanding and Better Decision Making
- T Kikkawa
Augmented Reality Sand Box
- O Kreylos
Virtual simulation-enhanced triage training for Iraqi medical personnel
- P N Kizakevich
- A Culwell
- R Furberg
- PN Kizakevich
Making Coastal Flood Hazard Maps to Support Decision-Making-What End Users Want
- J Schubert
- W H Cheung
- A Luke
- T Gallien
- A Aghakouchak
- D Feldman
- R Matthew
- B F Sanders
Recent Advances in Augmented Reality
- R Azuma
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- B Macintyre
org: A Developer’s Perspective on Immersive 3D Computer Graphics
- Doc-Ok