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Sinapsis de la Psicología en su Profesionalización e Investigación para la Comunidad
Abstract
El libro presenta diversos trabajos en relación a la profesionalización e investigación de la psicología en México, desde los siguientes tópicos: 1) Intervención psicólogica y casos clínicos; 2) Psicología social, violencia y género; y 3) Psicología y salud.
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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los estilos de negociación del conflicto y la satisfacción sexual. Material y Métodos: El estudio corresponde al diseño no experimental, transversal de tipo correlacional. La población estáconstituida por personas casadas de la religión adventista cuyas edades fluctúan entre 24 y 75 años. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó con procedimientos no probabilísticos ascendiendo a 67 sujetos. Se aplicó el Inventario de Estilosde negociación del conflicto de Levinger y Pietromonaco que cuenta con 30 ítems y mide cuatro estilos; asimismo, se aplicó el Inventario de satisfacción sexual de Álvarez-Gayou, Honold y Millán, con 29 ítems y clasificada en tres niveles. Resultados: Se encontró que existe algún tipo de asociación (F=4.793, p<0.05) entre la variable dependiente (satisfacción sexual) y la variable independiente (estilos de negociación del conflicto). El estilo de resolución de conflicto de colaboración y evitación tiene relación significativa con la satisfacción sexual (r = 0.441, p < 0.01; r= 0.235, p <0.05); mientras que el estilo de acomodación y de competencia no están asociados con la satisfacción sexual (r = 0.055, p > 0.01; r = -0.032, p > 0.01). Conclusiones: Ambas variables de estudio tienen algún tipo de relación. Específicamente el estilo de colaboración y de evitación se correlaciona positivamente con la satisfacción sexual; a diferencia de los estilos acomodación y competencia que no presentan relación con la satisfacción sexual.
An illustration of one Mexican-American family headed by a single-parent mother is explored to depict the application of Structural Family Therapy. Familism and marianismo are examined as factors impacting healthy family functioning of Mexican and Mexican-American families. Interventions used with the family were joining, structural mapping , enactment and addressing disability and medical related concerns. Learning to create healthy boundaries between parent and children, addressing maternal depression and family economic stressors, and nurturing sibling relationships were areas that impacted this family. Further research is suggested into the application of Structural Family Therapy as a model when working with Mexican and Mexican-American families who have a child with a disability .
Background
Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience significant inequalities in health and well-being. They are the group in the UK at the highest risk of acquiring a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Guidance relating to both HIV infection prevention, in general, and individual-level behaviour change interventions, in particular, is very limited.
Objectives
To conduct an evidence synthesis of the clinical effectiveness of behaviour change interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviour among MSM after a negative HIV infection test. To identify effective components within interventions in reducing HIV risk-related behaviours and develop a candidate intervention. To host expert events addressing the implementation and optimisation of a candidate intervention.
Data sources
All major electronic databases (British Education Index, BioMed Central, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Educational Resource Index and Abstracts, Health and Medical Complete, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed and Social Science Citation Index) were searched between January 2000 and December 2014.
Review methods
A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of individual behaviour change interventions was conducted. Interventions were examined using the behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy, theory coding assessment, mode of delivery and proximity to HIV infection testing. Data were summarised in narrative review and, when appropriate, meta-analysis was carried out. Supplemental analyses for the development of the candidate intervention focused on post hoc realist review method, the assessment of the sequential delivery and content of intervention components, and the social and historical context of primary studies. Expert panels reviewed the candidate intervention for issues of implementation and optimisation.
Results
Overall, trials included in this review ( n = 10) demonstrated that individual-level behaviour change interventions are effective in reducing key HIV infection risk-related behaviours. However, there was considerable clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the trials. Exploratory meta-analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in behaviours associated with high risk of HIV transmission (risk ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 0.91). Additional stratified analyses suggested that effectiveness may be enhanced through face-to-face contact immediately after testing, and that theory-based content and BCTs drawn from ‘goals and planning’ and ‘identity’ groups are important. All evidence collated in the review was synthesised to develop a candidate intervention. Experts highlighted overall acceptability of the intervention and outlined key ways that the candidate intervention could be optimised to enhance UK implementation.
Limitations
There was a limited number of primary studies. All were from outside the UK and were subject to considerable clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity. The findings of the meta-analysis must therefore be treated with caution. The lack of detailed intervention manuals limited the assessment of intervention content, delivery and fidelity.
Conclusions
Evidence regarding the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions suggests that they are effective in changing behaviour associated with HIV transmission. Exploratory stratified meta-analyses suggested that interventions should be delivered face to face and immediately after testing. There are uncertainties around the generalisability of these findings to the UK setting. However, UK experts found the intervention acceptable and provided ways of optimising the candidate intervention.
Future work
There is a need for well-designed, UK-based trials of individual behaviour change interventions that clearly articulate intervention content and demonstrate intervention fidelity.
Study registration
The study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42014009500.
Funding
The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Este estudio tiene como objetivos: 1) describir el funcionamiento familiar, comparando entre factores de funcionamiento y ambos sexos; y 2) describir el número y qué funciones son asumidas como responsables por 4 personas, comparando entre responsables y ambos sexos. A una muestra no probabilística de 460 participantes se les aplicó una escala de funcionamiento familiar. El 52% de los participantes fueron mujeres y 48% hombres. El 58% estaban casados, 35% solteros, 4% en unión libre y 3% separados/divorciados. Un tercio de las familias fueron disfuncionales. Violencia y falta de reglas y apoyo presentaron las medias más bajas entre los factores de funcionamiento familiar; satisfactoria con la pareja y cohesión mostraron las medias más altas. Compartir tareas domésticas y organización fueron funciones diferenciales entre ambos sexos. Ambos padres asumieron la mayoría de las funciones. Las madres fueron señaladas como responsables de más funciones. Se percibió mayor responsabilidad en la propia persona o el progenitor del mismo sexo. En sostén familiar, reparaciones y toma de decisiones se les reconoció más responsabilidad a los padres; en alimentación, cuidado y educación a las madres. Se concluye que el porcentaje de familias disfuncionales es significativo, por lo que se sugiere hacer intervenciones para reducirlo.
A descriptive study was conducted with a non-experimental design, which sought to identify patterns that maintain family relationships in families attending therapy in an urban area of Mexico State. We interviewed four different families at the stage of their life cycle: A divorce in another stage of the arrival of children, with one more school-age children, and finally, one with teenagers. We used an interview guide that was used to identify four main factors: structure, sociocultural characteristics, main problems, symptoms and key principles. The results suggest that the structure represents differences if not by number of members within a family, but they are present in terms of functionality patterns identified as characteristics of each stage of the life cycle of the family. A diagnostic strategy and therapeutic strategy supported by the systemic and structural model is working with the family life cycle.
The purpose of this article is to provide culturally sensitive interventions through a Structural Family Therapy model with a Mexican-American family. In the past few decades, there has been an increasingly great need for mental health services within the Latino population. The Latino population is becoming the largest and fastest-growing minority group in the United States, which makes it imperative that we provide high quality mental health care (Davis & Liang, 2015). Research found that when working with Latino families, it is crucial to take the culture's values, themes, and gender stereotypes into consideration. The clinical implications of the research consist of always including the family system in therapy, having culturally sensitive and aware therapists, and recognizing the effectiveness of Structural Family Therapy.
Antonovsky (1987) enfatiza lo salugénico -en contraste con lo patogenético– intentando dirigir a los cientificos a identificar caminos y mecanismos de promoción de la salud, aumento del bienestar y de la satisfacción vital. La Psicologia de la Religión y la Espiritualidad, surgida a comienzos del siglo XX en Europa y en Estados Unidos, ha investigado en las últimas dos décadas, modos en que los sujetos religiosos se relacionan con la salud y con el afrontamiento de situaciones de vida negativos. Por ello, la misma podría ser pensada como un área cuyos enfoques pueden ser complemetarios con los de la Psicología Positiva. Dentro de la Psicología de la Religión y la Espiritualidad, Pargament y Koenig (1997) tomaron la noción de “afrontamiento” (Lazarus y Folkman,1986) y desarrollaron el concepto de “afrontamiento religioso” como “aquel donde se utilizan creencias y comportamientos religiosos para prevenir y/o aliviar las consecuencias negativas de sucesos estresantes, así como para facilitar la resolución de problemas”. Los credos religiosos estimulan la superación de las pérdidas de seres queridos por medio de la fe, la plegaria, la meditación, los rituales, las creencias sobre la vida y la muerte; buscando ayudar a los que sufren a superar su malestar y aumentar los sentimientos positivos y el bienestar psicológico, afectivo y espiritual. Los representantes de credos religiosos son entrenados en prácticas, conocimientos y habilidades específicas para brindar consuelo, apoyo y ayudar a los que sufren a enfrentar mejor las pérdidas de sus seres queridos. Los grupos religiosos pueden brindar distintos tipos de sostén: emocional, práctico, intelectual, espiritual. Ser y sentirse parte de una comunidad religiosa puede ayudar a aquellos en duelo a disminuir sus sentimientos de soledad, como también a aumentar una mayor conexión con la vida, con sus sentimientos positivos y con la posibilidad de hacer proyectos nuevos.