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Window and wall penetration loss on-site measurements with three methods
... In general, two methods are used to measure the penetration loss (PL) of a material: anechoic chamber measurements [4], [9], [11] and on-site measurements [3], [7], [12]. Usually, in a nonreflection chamber, the effects of reflections on measurements can be eliminated, allowing more accurate measurements. ...
... The results were mainly affected by distance, not by the ground reflections. In 2018, three on-site measurement methods, channel, far-field, and near-field measurements were compared to measure the PLs of office windows and walls [12]. The measurement results showed approximately the same PLs in the three cases. ...
... results of the PLs of windows with double-glazed glass panes, it was reported that the PL did not increase linearly with increasing frequency; despite the different thicknesses and relative dielectric constants of the glass panes, similar oscillatory characteristics were observed, with high losses at 5 GHz and low losses at 10 GHz [7], [14], [18], [19]. These characteristics are due to the frequency dependence of an input impedance at the air-to-dielectrics interface [14] or to multiple internal reflective effects [12], [18]. Several simulations have been attempted using numerical models [14], Monte Carlo methods [19] or three-dimensional (3-D) tools [7] to analyze these phenomena, and the results can help researchers analyze nonlinear frequency dependence. ...
We investigated the impact of window penetration loss (WinPL) on the frequency dependence of building entry loss (BEL) from 3.5 to 24 GHz. The WinPL characteristics of an ideal double-glazed glass and a real double-glazed window were simulated and measured on-site, respectively, and both results showed almost the same oscillatory characteristics with respect to the frequency changes that occurred due to the impedance oscillation of the double glass-like multilayer dielectrics. Two BEL measurement scenarios were performed to analyze the frequency dependence of BEL in a traditional office building with double-glazed windows identical to those analyzed in the on-site WinPL measurements; the experiments included a complex propagation route (the first scenario) from the facade of the building to the corridors through windows and offices and a simple propagation route (the second scenario) through only windows lateral to the building. Two main aspects can be observed from measurement results. First, BEL showed strong frequency-dependent behavior regardless of the propagation route. Second, the WinPL characteristics of the outer double-glazed window were a main contributor to the frequency dependence of BEL.
... Polymers, typically used as matrix in composites, incur low electromagnetic attenuation in terms of dielectric loss-especially for frequencies below the gigahertz-regime. For the higher frequencies, already the type and grade of the polymer blend must be well optimized [25,26]. Reinforcing fibers are generally not especially advantageous in terms of signal penetration-carbon fibers and all conductive fibers lead to very high attenuation. ...
... Large cutouts for signal windows (covered by a non-reinforced polymer) make the GFRP pole even lighter. Any other than composite/polymer design could be an obstacle for receiving (indoor/outood) devices [26] and to fit the 5GP for individual customer needs. The attenuation measurements indicated a 90-175% increase of signal attenuation due to a surface treatment on radome materials-this means that as large cutouts and as thin as possible radomes are needed in 5GPs, even when using GFRP for the pole shaft. ...
The multiplicity of targets of the 5G and further future technologies, set by the modern societies and industry, lacks the establishment of design methods for the highly multidisciplinary application of wireless platforms for small cells. Constraints are set by the overall energy concept, structural safety and sustainability. Various Smart poles and Light poles exist but it is challenging to define the design drivers especially for a composite load-carrying structure. In this study, the design drivers of a composite 5G smart pole are determined and the connecting design between finite element modelling (FEM), signal penetration and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for thermal analysis are reported as an interdisciplinary process. The results emphasize the significant effects of thermal loading on the material selection. The physical architecture, including various cutouts, is manipulated by the needs of the mmW radios, structural safety and the societal preferences of sustainable city planning, i.e., heat management and aesthetic reasons. Finally, the paint thickness and paint type must be optimized due to radome-integrated radios. In the future, sustainability regulations and realized business models will define the cost-structure and the response by customers.
... In lower frequency bands, the authors of [11] defined three measurement methods termed outdoor-to-indoor, far-field, and near-field penetration loss, and compared these results. They claimed that the three methods gave similar penetration loss results. ...
Please check published version: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9313000 ...............................
Future cellular systems will make use of millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Many users in these bands are located indoors, i.e., inside buildings, homes, and offices. Typical building material attenuations in these high frequency ranges are of interest for link budget calculations. In this paper, we report on a collaborative measurement campaign to find the attenuation of several typical building materials in three potential mmWave bands (28, 73, 91 GHz). Using directional antennas, we took multiple measurements at multiple locations using narrow-band and wide-band signals, and averaged out residual small-scale fading effects. Materials include clear glass, drywall (plasterboard), plywood, acoustic ceiling tile, and cinder blocks. Specific attenuations range from approximately 0.5 dB/cm for ceiling tile at 28 GHz to approximately 19 dB/cm for clear glass at 90 GHz.
Future wireless systems are envisaged to be deployed in various scenarios and across a wide range of frequencies which include below 6 GHz with massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) configurations and above 6 GHz in the millimeter wave frequency band and extending to the Tera Hertz (THz) band. Successful deployment requires a range of models informed by measurements and extraction of appropriate channel parameters for high data rates and dense deployment. Starting from the deployment scenarios which include traditional cellular deployment, short range and long-range links, and more recent high-speed scenarios including vehicular communication e.g. vehicle to infrastructure and vehicle to vehicle, and high speed train scenarios, on body networks and challenging industrial deployment. Measurements in typical environments are reported for outdoor, indoor, outdoor to indoor and clutter loss with estimated channel parameters such as path loss model coefficients and wideband parameters such as RMS delay spread. Simulations of propagation using ray tracing tools are compared with measurements in various frequency bands. The specifics of propagation in the millimeter wave band including the impact of blockage such as human and vehicular blockage and the impact of precipitation are studied from measurements and simulation. Massive MIMO channel measurements in various frequency bands are assessed and modelled.
This chapter provides overview of fundamental definitions, tools and new methods towards improved channel modeling reported in the Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST)-Inclusive Radio Communications (IRACON) Action for future wireless communications and networks. The overview first covers definitions of propagation environments as they determine most relevant propagation mechanisms to consider and model, and furthermore, guide approach to channel modeling methods. This chapter then introduces new insights into popular approaches of channel modeling, i.e., site-specific and geometry-based stochastic channel modeling, where the latter particularly features canonical and standardized channel modeling approaches taken by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), COST, and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) communities. Finally, this chapter shed lights on new modeling approaches to small-scale radio propagation behaviors, covering plane wave propagation paths and distributed diffuse scattering.
Future cellular systems will make use of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands. Many users in these bands are located indoors, i.e., inside buildings, homes, and offices. The typical building material attenuations in these high-frequency ranges are of interest for link budget calculations. In this article, we report on a collaborative measurement campaign to find the attenuation of several typical building materials in three potential mm-wave bands (28, 73, and 91 GHz). Using directional antennas, we took multiple measurements at multiple locations using narrow-band and wideband signals and averaged out residual small-scale fading effects. The materials include clear glass, drywall (plasterboard), plywood, acoustic ceiling tile, and cinder blocks. The specific attenuations range from approximately 0.5 dB/cm for ceiling tile at 28 GHz to approximately 19 dB/cm for clear glass at 91 GHz.
To progress cost-effective deployment of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless networks for indoor users, the prediction of indoor-to-indoor (I2I) and outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage based on field measurement studies is of great interest to the future generation mobile communication system. First, measurements in I2I and O2I scenarios, which have advantages in terms of achieving a fair comparison of channel characteristics across different mmWave bands and bandwidths, are performed. Next, the developed dual-slope path loss model with a break-point distance is found to well fit omnidirectional and directional measured I2I data, especially at 39.5 GHz, revealing that the transition from lit or shadow regions to totally blocked regions is abrupt. Combined with space-time propagation characteristics, the indoor blockage effect on path loss and angular spread is investigated, therein being essential for the design of beam-steering and tracking algorithms. Double-directional measurement results show that most dominant paths arrive along the line-of-sight path, and only a few in-building reflections can be detected in higher frequency bands. Based on the joint analysis of channel measurement and modeling results, several mmWave network design and in-building coverage enhancement insights are presented.
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