ArticlePDF Available

Abstract and Figures

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in volunteers supported by a primary healthcare center in Goiania city. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated using data from a public primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil, which serves approximately 10,000 patients. Data were collected between September and October 2011 from individuals aged 20 years or older via medical records. Seven hundred and eighty-nine patients participated in the present study, 546 women (43.9 ± 16.4 years, 66.2 ± 13.3 kg, 1.6 ± 0.1 m) and 243 men (46.0 ± 17.2 years, 73.7 ± 14.7 kg, 1.7 ± 0.1 m). RESULTS: The analysis of variance indicated no significant difference in BMI distribution between genders (p = 0.0763), however, there was a significant difference between age groups (p = 0.0000) and a significant association between gender and age (p = 0.0196). The percentage of overweight and obesity was above 40% and the percentage of obese was 15% in the population studied. The results show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults, especially the elderly. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and the elderly, with a significant difference between age groups and an increase in BMI with age.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Journal of
Functional Morphology
and Kinesiology
Article
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in a Primary
Healthcare Center in Goiania City
Carlos Alexandre Vieira *, Paulo Gentil ID , Mário Hebling Campos ID ,
Wanderson Divino Nilo dos Santos ID , Gustavo de Conti Teixeira Costa ID ,
Claudio AndréBarbosa de Lira ID , Elen Cristine Gomes Prado and Tadeu João Ribeiro Baptista ID
College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias–UFG, 74690-900 Goiania, Brazil;
paulogentil@hotmail.com (P.G.); mariohcampos@gmail.com (M.H.C.); wanderson.nilo@gmail.com (W.D.N.d.S.);
conti02@hotmail.com (G.d.C.T.C.); andre.claudio@gmail.com (C.A.B.d.L.); elencristine88@gmail.com (E.C.G.P.);
tadeujrbaptista@yahoo.com.br (T.J.R.B.)
*Correspondence: vieiraca1@uol.com.br; Tel./Fax: +55-062-3521-1141
Received: 19 March 2018; Accepted: 3 May 2018; Published: 8 May 2018


Abstract:
Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and
obesity in volunteers supported by a primary healthcare center in Goiania city. Methods: The prevalence
of overweight and obesity was calculated using data from a public primary healthcare center in the city of
Goiania, Brazil, which serves approximately 10,000 patients. Data were collected between September
and October 2011 from individuals aged 20 years or older via medical records. Seven hundred and
eighty-nine patients participated in the present study, 546 women (43.9 ±16.4 years, 66.2 ±13.3 kg,
1.6
±
0.1 m) and 243 men (46.0
±
17.2 years, 73.7
±
14.7 kg, 1.7
±
0.1 m). RESULTS: The analysis of
variance indicated no significant difference in BMI distribution between genders (p= 0.0763), however,
there was a significant difference between age groups (p= 0.0000) and a significant association
between gender and age (p= 0.0196). The percentage of overweight and obesity was above 40% and
the percentage of obese was 15% in the population studied. The results show a high prevalence of
overweight and obesity among adults, especially the elderly. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence
of overweight and obesity among adults and the elderly, with a significant difference between age
groups and an increase in BMI with age.
Keywords: overweight; obesity; public health; unified health system
1. Introduction
Both overweight and obesity are continuously increasing worldwide, and in the United States
and Brazil have reached levels higher than 16% of the population [
1
]. The prevalence of obesity in
the United States in 1991 was roughly 12% and by 2001 had increased to 20.9% of the population,
which represents an augmentation of 74% [
2
]. In addition, the prevalence of overweight also increased
from 45% to 58% between 1991 and 2001 [
2
]. Ogden et al. [
3
] highlighted that the prevalence of obesity
among men increased significantly between 1999 and 2000 (27.5%) and between 2003 and 2004 (31.1%).
Among women, there was no significant increase during these periods (33.4% and 33.2%, respectively),
nevertheless, the values were still high. The prevalence of morbid obesity between 2003 and 2004 was
2.8% and 6.9% for men and women, respectively.
In a study by Gutiérrez-Fisac et al. [
4
] regarding the prevalence of overweight and obesity among
the elderly in Spain, approximately 49% of men and 39.8% of women were overweight, and 31.5%
and 40.8% were obese. This study also highlighted that the prevalence decreased with advanced age
in both sexes. Among elderly men aged 60–69 years old, the values were higher (35%) than in older
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018,3, 27; doi:10.3390/jfmk3020027 www.mdpi.com/journal/jfmk
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018,3, 27 2 of 6
subjects aged
80 years old (19.4%), and among older women the values also decreased from 43.8% to
29.2% when comparing the age ranges (60–69 and 80 years old).
Fakhouri et al. [
5
], conducted a survey on the prevalence of obesity among the elderly in the
United States. This study emphasized that for the elderly aged 65 years or older, the prevalence of
obesity was approximately 35% between 2007 and 2010, with no significant difference between the
sexes, but with significant differences between ages. The elderly aged 75 years or older had a lower
prevalence of obesity when compared with older individuals aged 65 to 74 years (27.8% and 40.8%,
respectively).
In clinical practice, overweight and obesity are often determined by the values of the body mass
index (BMI). For most cases this instrument can classify the individuals adequately [
6
], in addition to
being a practical and accessible method. Several studies have shown a positive correlation between
BMI and mortality; showing that BMI values, either above or below the normal values, are associated
with an increased risk of premature death [7].
Overweight and obesity have a strong association with chronic disorders such as diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases, and cancer [
8
13
]. The prevalence of adults with type 2 diabetes has increased
in recent decades, coinciding with the rise in obesity epidemics [
8
]. Mokdad et al. [
2
], found a higher
incidence of diabetes, high blood pressure levels, and high cholesterol levels in individuals with
overweight and obesity than in the population with a body weight within the range understood
as healthy.
This combination results in a financial burden on the healthcare system that can be relieved by
public policies that make it possible to identify, classify, and enable public access to the interventions
that can contribute to the control of and/or reduction in body weight. Thus, determining the incidence
of overweight and obesity in each population is important for the development of public health
policies. Moreover, understanding the prevalence of excessive body weight in specific regions might
be important in order to understand the scenario and also to provide data for further comparisons,
allowing insight into differences and similarities among different contexts.
Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity
in volunteers at the primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil.
2. Materials and Methods
The prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated using data from a public primary
healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil, which serves approximately 10,000 individuals from
the peripheral population. These healthcare centers are a part of a strategy of the Brazilian Health
Single System, called SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde, Goiânia, Brazil). These centers serve the nearby
population, in this case the peripheral population of the east region of Goiania City.
Data were collected between September and October in 2011 from the latest medical records of
individuals aged 20 years or older. The exclusion criteria included being less 18 years old and having
chronic diseases that could impact BMI (like cancer, AIDS, etc.). A total of 802 medical records from the
healthcare center were eligible for participation in the present study who were followed by a Family
Health Strategy team involved with 3000 to 4000 patients. After an initial data analysis of the patients’
records, 13 were excluded from further analysis due to missing data. The data used in the present study
included the age, weight, and height of 789 patients: 546 women (43.9
±
16.4 years, 66.2
±
13.3 kg,
1.6
±
0.1 m) and 243 men (46.0
±
17.2 years, 73.7
±
14.7 kg, 1.7
±
0.1 m) who were registered with the
Family Health Strategy team’s physician. The volunteers gave consent for the use of the data and the
manager of the healthcare center authorized the use of the data for scientific purposes. The study was
approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goias (CEP/CAAE:
64091717.0.0000.5083, 9 March 20117). All procedures were in accordance with recommendations from
the Declaration of Helsinki.
Weight and height were measured using a balance scale and stadiometer (Filizola PL200, São Paulo,
Brazil) with accuracy of 100 g and 0.1 cm, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018,3, 27 3 of 6
dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters and was rounded to the
nearest tenth of the last recorded weight. Overweight was defined when the body mass index was
between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m
2
, and obesity at 30.0 kg/m
2
or higher [
14
]. The participants of each
gender (women, w; men, m) were stratified into five age categories: 20–29 (20
age
29 years),
30–39
(30 age 39 years)
, 40–49 (40
age
49 years), 50–59 (50
age
59 years), and elderly
(age 60 years).
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were not normally distributed. For each
group, the median and interquartile range of the BMI are presented (Table 1). To compare the BMI
among age groups and between genders, the Ranking Transformation type RT-1 [
15
] was performed
on all data and an unbalanced two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the ranks.
For comparisons in which the null hypothesis (the groups’ medians were not different) was rejected,
the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison procedure was applied. Pearson’s linear correlation test
was used to check whether there was a linear relationship between BMI and age in each gender.
The prevalence of overweight or obesity (BMI
25 kg/m
2
) and obesity (BMI
30 kg/m
2
) in each
gender and age group are presented as bar graphs (Figure 1). The significance level was set at 5%,
and data analyses were performed using Matlab®(The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
Table 1.
Body mass index (kg/m
2
) of patients of the public primary healthcare center in the city of
Goiania, Brazil.
Variables Women Men
Age Group
20–29
30–39
40–49 50–59 Elderly
20–29
30–39 40–49 50–59 Elderly
Median
24.2 *
25.5 ** 26.3 27.6 28.0
22.0 ***
25.6 27.5 26.7 26.5
IQR 6.5 6.7 7.2 8.1 6.1 5.0 5.4 6.1 4.7 4.9
IQR–Interquartile range; * lower than women older than 39 years; ** lower than women older than 49 years; *** lower
than men older than 29 years.
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3, x 3 of 6
between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2, and obesity at 30.0 kg/m2 or higher [14]. The participants of each gender
(women, w; men, m) were stratified into five age categories: 20–29 (20 age 29 years), 30–39 (30
age 39 years), 40–49 (40 age 49 years), 50–59 (50 age 59 years), and elderly (age 60 years).
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were not normally distributed. For each
group, the median and interquartile range of the BMI are presented (Table 1). To compare the BMI
among age groups and between genders, the Ranking Transformation type RT-1 [15] was performed
on all data and an unbalanced two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the ranks. For
comparisons in which the null hypothesis (the groups’ medians were not different) was rejected, the
Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison procedure was applied. Pearson’s linear correlation test was
used to check whether there was a linear relationship between BMI and age in each gender. The
prevalence of overweight or obesity (BMI 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI 30 kg/m2) in each gender
and age group are presented as bar graphs (Figure 1). The significance level was set at 5%, and data
analyses were performed using Matlab® (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
Table 1. Body mass index (kg/m2) of patients of the public primary healthcare center in the city of
Goiania, Brazil.
Variables Women Men
Age Group 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 Elderly 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 Elderly
Median 24.2 * 25.5 ** 26.3 27.6 28.0 22.0 *** 25.6 27.5 26.7 26.5
IQR 6.5 6.7 7.2 8.1 6.1 5.0 5.4 6.1 4.7 4.9
IQR–Interquartile range; * lower than women older than 39 years; ** lower than women older than 49
years; *** lower than men older than 29 years.
Figure 1. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in women (left) and men (right), who were
patients of a primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil.
3. Results
The variance analysis indicated no significant difference between genders for BMI (p = 0.0763);
however, a significant difference among age groups was verified (p = 0.0000) since there was an
association between gender and age (p = 0.0196). For both genders, the BMI increased with age (Table
1). The median BMI was within the overweight range for every group, except for the youngest. The
BMI of women showed a linear relationship with age according to Pearson’s test (R = 0.9811; p =
0.0031), whereas that of men did not (R = 0.7084; p = 0.1805). Similar to women, the men’s BMI was
lower for the youngest group (20–29), however, it abruptly increased at ages 20–29 and 30–39 and
remained stable in the other age groups.
Among the groups analyzed, 36.1% were only overweight and 23.8% were obese, resulting in a
total of 59.9% classified as overweight or obese. The percentage of overweight and obesity was above
50% in the population studied, with the exception of young men: 25.5% (overweight and obesity) and
5.9% (obesity) (Figure 1). Greater than 50% of the population over 29 years old was overweight or
Figure 1.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in women (
left
) and men (
right
), who were patients
of a primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil.
3. Results
The variance analysis indicated no significant difference between genders for BMI (p= 0.0763);
however, a significant difference among age groups was verified (p= 0.0000) since there was an
association between gender and age (p= 0.0196). For both genders, the BMI increased with age
(Table 1). The median BMI was within the overweight range for every group, except for the youngest.
The BMI of women showed a linear relationship with age according to Pearson’s test (R= 0.9811;
p= 0.0031
), whereas that of men did not (R= 0.7084;
p= 0.1805
). Similar to women, the men’s BMI
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018,3, 27 4 of 6
was lower for the youngest group (20–29), however, it abruptly increased at ages 20–29 and 30–39 and
remained stable in the other age groups.
Among the groups analyzed, 36.1% were only overweight and 23.8% were obese, resulting in a
total of 59.9% classified as overweight or obese. The percentage of overweight and obesity was above
50% in the population studied, with the exception of young men: 25.5% (overweight and obesity) and
5.9% (obesity) (Figure 1). Greater than 50% of the population over 29 years old was overweight or
obese. The highest overweight prevalence was found in elderly women (75.9%) and men aged 50 to 59
years (74.3%). The highest obesity prevalence was found in women aged 50 to 59 years old (37.4%)
and men aged 40 to 49 years old (35.2%), as demonstrated in Table 2.
Table 2.
Overweight and obesity prevalence (%) of patients of the public primary healthcare center in
the city of Goiania, Brazil.
Variables Women Men
Age Group
20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 Elderly 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 Elderly
Overweight 26.8 32.2 36.3 34.0 45.3 19.6 48.8 37.0 51.4 45.2
Obesity 16.5 20.7 27.3 37.4 30.6 5.9 17.1 35.2 22.9 17.7
4. Discussion
The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and obesity in
volunteers from a primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil. For both genders, the central
tendencies of the five age groups were analyzed (Table 1), and the prevalence of overweight or obesity
(BMI 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI 30 kg/m2) were presented (Figure 1).
According to data generated by Vigitel [
16
] in Brazil, 54.7% of men and 47.4% of women were
overweight, and the values for obesity were 17.5% for both genders. In Goiania City, the values for
overweight and obesity in both genders are approximately 48% and 16%, respectively, which is in
good agreement.
Other studies have evaluated the level of overweight and obesity in the population of Goiania
City. Peixoto et al. [
17
], found an obesity value of over 70% in the elderly population of Goiania
city, which is larger than that found in the present research. Carnelosso et al. [
18
], studied the same
population and found 44.1% of overweight and obesity. Thus, the present study estimates an overall
increase in this health problem, demonstrating the requirement for governmental action.
Silva et al. [
19
], performed a population-based study throughout the Brazilian territory (North,
Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest) involving 81,745 adults of both genders aged between
20 and 59 years old. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in men was 30.4% and 8.1%, respectively;
and among women, the prevalence was 25.3% and 11.5% for overweight and obesity, respectively.
In the Midwestern region of the country, the prevalence of overweight was 29.5% and obesity 9.7%,
while the present study found 36.1% of adults were overweight and 23.8% were obese.
The trend of an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population has been
reported over the years [
20
]. This fact appears to be restricted to certain socioeconomic levels, as can
be seen in the study by Monteiro and Conde [
20
], in which a secular trend of obesity according to
social strata was reported following a comparison between the Northeast and Southeast of Brazil.
Between 1975 and 1989, the development of obesity increased evenly in the two regions. During the
period between 1989 and 1997, there was an increase in obesity in men in both regions, which was
most significant in the Northeast. For women, this increase was more pronounced for intermediate-
and high-income strata. In the Southeast region, there was a decline for intermediate and high-income
levels, and a significant increase for the low-income strata. The data in the present study were collected
from a low-income region and the results confirm the same upward trend.
Flegal et al. [
21
], analyzed the prevalence of adult obesity from 2009 to 2010 using the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The results showed that the prevalence of
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018,3, 27 5 of 6
obesity was 35.5% among adult men and 35.8% among adult women. The average value of obesity
prevalence in our study was 15% for both sexes, however, for women aged between 50 and 59 years
and men aged between 40 and 49 years, the results were 37.4% and 35.2% respectively, which correlates
with the findings of Flegal et al. [21].
Among elderly women, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 75.9%, and among elderly
men the prevalence was 62.9%. The present results follow the trend of other studies, as can be
seen from Gutiérrez-Fisac et al. [
4
], in which 80.5% of men and 80.6% of women were found to
be either overweight or obese. Fakhouri et al. [
5
], showed that during the periods of 1999–2002,
2003–2006, and 2007–2010, there was a linear increase in the prevalence of obesity among elderly men.
A comparison between 1999–2000 and 2007–2010 showed that the values increased by approximately
10% and 8.8% for elderly men (65–74 and 75 years or older, respectively). For women, the results were
not statistically significant over the same period or between groups.
There exists scientific evidence associating weight gain and obesity with an increased risk of
developing other diseases such as diabetes [
2
,
22
24
] cancer [
10
,
11
,
13
,
22
,
23
], metabolic syndrome,
coronary heart disease, and hypertension [
8
,
22
24
]. Moreover, there is strong evidence of the
importance of physical activity in reducing weight and maintaining a healthy weight after weight loss,
as well as the benefits of an active lifestyle for health and a good quality of life [7].
The present study has important limitations related to the lack of information regarding the level
of physical activity, socioeconomic level, and education of the population evaluated. This information
could contribute to the deepening of knowledge and reflection of the problem and provide parameters
for the creation of public policies. However, the data obtained may help to define health policies for
the community studied, and allow comparisons with other populations.
5. Conclusions
The present results show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and the
elderly, and a significant difference among age groups was verified with BMI increasing with age.
These findings make it possible to create effective public policies that can contribute to the control of
obesity and reduce the financial impact of these disturbances in public sectors, enabling accessibility
and better living conditions for this population.
Author Contributions: E.C.G.P. and T.J.R.B. study design and data acquisition; C.A.V., P.G., M.H.B., W.D.N.d.S.,
G.d.C.T.C., C.A.B.d.L., E.C.G.P. and T.J.R.B. data analysis, manuscript drafting and revision
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
1.
Linhares, R.S.; Horta, B.L.; Gigante, D.P.; Dias-da-Costa, J.S.; Olinto, M.T.A. Distribution of General and
Abdominal Obesity in Adults in a City in Southern Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica
2012
,28, 438–447.
[CrossRef]
2.
Mokdad, A.H.; Ford, E.S.; Bowman, B.A.; Dietz, W.H.; Vinicor, F.; Bales, V.S.; Marks, J.S. Prevalence of Obesity,
Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001. JAMA 2003,289, 76–79. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3.
Ogden, C.L.; Carroll, M.D.; Curtin, L.R.; McDowell, M.A.; Tabak, C.J.; Flegal, K.M. Prevalence of Overweight
and Obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA 2006,295, 1549. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4.
Gutiérrez-Fisac, J.L.; López, E.; Banegas, J.R.; Graciani, A.; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. Prevalence of Overweight
and Obesity in Elderly People in Spain. Obesity 2004,12, 710–715. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.
Fakhouri, T.H.I.; Ogden, C.L.; Carroll, M.D.; Kit, B.K.; Flegal, K.M. Prevalence of Obesity among Older Adults in
the United States, 2007–2010; National Center for Health Statistics: Hyattsville, MD, USA, 2012.
6.
Pedersen, B.K.; Saltin, B. Evidence for Prescribing Exercise as Therapy in Chronic Disease. Scand. J. Med.
Sci. Sports 2006,16, 3–63. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7.
Pedersen, B.K.; Saltin, B. Exercise as Medicine—Evidence for Prescribing Exercise as Therapy in 26 Different
Chronic Diseases. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2015,25, 1–72. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018,3, 27 6 of 6
8.
Ard, J. Obesity in the US: What Is the Best Role for Primary Care? Br. Med. J.
2015
,350, g7846. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
9.
Esposito, K.; Pontillo, A.; Di Palo, C.; Giugliano, G.; Masella, M.; Marfella, R.; Giugliano, D. Effect of Weight
Loss and Lifestyle Changes on Vascular Inflammatory Markers in Obese Women. JAMA
2003
,289, 1799.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
10.
Carmichael, A. Review Article: Obesity as a Risk Factor for Development and Poor Prognosis of Breast
Cancer. Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2006,113, 1160–1166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11.
Renehan, A.G.; Tyson, M.; Egger, M.; Heller, R.F.; Zwahlen, M. Body-Mass Index and Incidence of Cancer:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Lancet
2008
,371, 569–578.
[CrossRef]
12.
La Vecchia, C.; Negri, E.; Franceschi, S.; Talamini, R.; Bruzzi, P.; Palli, D.; Decarli, A. Body Mass Index
and Post-Menopausal Breast Cancer: An Age-Specific Analysis. Br. J. Cancer
1997
,75, 441–444. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
13.
Kushi, L.H.; Doyle, C.; McCullough, M.; Rock, C.L.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Bandera, E.V.; Gapstur, S.;
Patel, A.V.; Andrews, K.; Gansler, T.; et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical
Activity for Cancer Prevention. Cancer J. Clin. 2012,62, 30–67. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14.
World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO
Consultation; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
15.
Conover, W.J.; Iman, R.L. Rank Transformations as a Bridge Between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics.
Am. Stat. 1981,35, 124–129.
16. Vigitel. Vigitel Avaliação; Ministério da Saúde: Brasília, Brazil, 2013.
17.
Ferreira, C.C.; Peixoto, M.R.G.; Barbosa, M.A.; Silveira, É.A. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in
Elderly Individuals Treated in the Brazilian Public Health System in Goiânia. Arq. Bras. Cardiol.
2010
,95,
621–628. [CrossRef]
18.
Barbosa, M.A.; Carnelosso, M.L.; Porto, C.C.; Silva, S.A.; Carvalho, M.M.; Oliveira, A.L.I. Prevalence of Risk
Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in the East Region of Goiânia, Goiás State. Cienc. Saude Colet.
2010
,15
(Suppl. 1), 1073–1080.
19.
Silva, V.S.; Petroski, E.L.; Souza, G.I.; Silva, D.A.S. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Overweight
Adults in Brazil: A Study of Population-Based throughout the National Territory. Revista Brasileira de Ciências
do Esporte 2012,34, 713–726. [CrossRef]
20.
Monteiro, C.A.; Conde, W.L. A Tendência Secular Da Obesidade Segundo Estratos Sociais: Nordeste E
Sudeste Do Brasil, 1975–1989–1997. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. 1999,43, 186–194. [CrossRef]
21.
Flegal, K.M.; Carroll, M.D.; Kit, B.K.; Ogden, C.L. Among US Adults, 1999–2010. Am. Med. Assoc.
2012
,307,
491–497. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22.
Ogden, C.L.; Carroll, M.D.; Flegal, K.M. Epidemiologic Trends in Overweight and Obesity. Endocrinol. Metab.
Clin. N. Am. 2003,32, 741–760. [CrossRef]
23.
Ogden, C.L.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Carroll, M.D.; Flegal, K.M. The Epidemiology of Obesity. Gastroenterology
2007
,
132, 2087–2102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24.
Kumanyika, S.K.; Obarzanek, E.; Stettler, N.; Bell, R.; Field, A.E.; Fortmann, S.P.; Franklin, B.A.; Gillman, M.W.;
Lewis, C.E.; Poston, W.C.; et al. Population-Based Prevention of Obesity: The Need for Comprehensive
Promotion of Healthful Eating, Physical Activity, and Energy Balance: A Scientific Statement from American
Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Interdisciplinary Commi. Circulation
2008
,118,
428–464. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
©
2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
... Contudo, ainda pensando no formato desta racionalidade, parte-se aqui da teoria tradicional e da teoria crítica (HORKHEIMER, 1983). O fato é que o positivismo tende a não avançar da dimensão de um ser humano considerado como orgânico ou máquina, análises frequentes em estudos como os relacionado às práticas de treinamento e saúde em perspectivas biológicas, ainda que não haja um debate específico sobre o corpo (ALVES et al., 2024;MALDI et al., 2022;VIEIRA et al., 2018). ...
Preprint
Full-text available
O corpo é um tema recorrente em diversos campos de conhecimento, entre eles a filosofia, a história, a educação, entre outros. As concepções de corpo tendem a ser analisadas na produção bibliográfica, pois expressam o modo como os autores podem refletir sobre a relação do ser humano consigo, com outros e com a natureza. Deste modo, o problema desta pesquisa é identificar quais são as suas abordagens epistemológicas predominantes entre 2001 a 2018. Como metodologia realizou-se um estudo com características bibliométricas, de caráter quanti-qualitativo em periódicos da área da Educação de 2001 a 2018, considerados como presentes no estrato A-1 do Qualis CAPES (2013-2016). Como objetivo geral do estudo procurou-se examinar as concepções de corpo em periódicos brasileiros do campo da educação, aproximando-se dos paradigmas de teorias científicas principais. Como objetivos específicos estão analisar os autores que mais publicaram temas relacionados ao corpo em revistas de educação nos anos analisados, identificar as regiões do país que mais contribuíram para este debate e; apresentar como as concepções de corpo se manifestam nos diferentes textos analisados. Os resultados demonstram que entre as revistas estudadas, há uma predominância de concepções fenomenológicas, seguidas do movimento pós-moderno, do positivismo e do materialismo dialético respectivamente. Como conclusão é possível dizer que a tradição fenomenológica é muito forte nos textos pesquisados, demonstrando certa preocupação de se olhar para o ser humano como uma totalidade.
... Moreover, many of the studies have focused on nutritional deficiencies while investigating the relation between cognitive disorders especially depression and nutrition [14][15][16] . On the other hand, overweight and obesity in elderly have studied since the prevalence of both over-nutrition increased [17][18][19]. A strong association between excessive body weight and age ( OR = 2. 162, p < 0. 001) , with the prevalence of overweight and obesity increasing as age increased in both genders was found in Hu et al [20]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The prevalence of elderly population is increasing among Asian countries including Thailand during the present. Aging can affect not only the physical and mental health by causing deteriorative changes but also can lead to the problem of malnutrition in elderly. This study aimed to investigate the nutritional status of elderly individuals from Northeastern Thailand and to determine the association between nutritional status of the elderly and socio-demographic factors, lifestyle, and health conditions. A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Ubon Ratchathani province. Anthropometric measurement, health practices questionnaire, and mental health self-assessment tool were applied to 398 elderly participants aged 60 years or more. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with nutritional status. Several variables regarding socio-demographic characteristics, health-related lifestyle, and health status were included in the analysis. Results showed that the underweight in the elderly was associated with elderly age ≥ 70 years (OR = 5. 5, 95% CI 2. 3-13.0), non-married status (single, OR = 12.9, 95% CI 2.4-69.5; other non-married situation, OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.5-8.2), teeth or gum diseases (OR = 8.0, 95% CI 2.2-28.9), and appetite disorder (OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.5). The overweight was positively associated with the elderly having hypertension (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.8) and unfavorable health status (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.5). In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of nutrition and physical health problem among Thai elderly. There is a need for primary health care personals to provide nutritional knowledge and self-health care to improve the nutritional status of the elderly.
Article
Full-text available
This review provides the reader with the up-to-date evidence-based basis for prescribing exercise as medicine in the treatment of 26 different diseases: psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia); neurological diseases (dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis); metabolic diseases (obesity, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes); cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebral apoplexy, and claudication intermittent); pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis); musculo-skeletal disorders (osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, rheumatoid arthritis); and cancer. The effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis and symptoms are given and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed. We have interpreted the scientific literature and for each disease, we provide the reader with our best advice regarding the optimal type and dose for prescription of exercise.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence and factors associated with overweight (BMIt 25kg/m 2 ) among adults (81.754) in Brazil. We performed Poisson regression, crude and adjusted. The results showed highest prevalence of overweight in adults 50 to 59 years (PR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.20;1.22), males (PR=1.01, 95%CI: 1.01; 1.02), blacks (PR=1.01, 95% CI:1.00;1.02), average education level (PR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01;1.02), high income (PR=1.09, 95%CI:1.08;1.10) and in the South Region (PR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01;1.02). It concluded that, through results found, it is fundamental adopting strategic actions in public health in regard to the adult population in Brazil.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence and factors associated with overweight (BMIt 25kg/m 2 ) among adults (81.754) in Brazil. We performed Poisson regression, crude and adjusted. The results showed highest prevalence of overweight in adults 50 to 59 years (PR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.20;1.22), males (PR=1.01, 95%CI: 1.01; 1.02), blacks (PR=1.01, 95% CI:1.00;1.02), average education level (PR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01;1.02), high income (PR=1.09, 95%CI:1.08;1.10) and in the South Region (PR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01;1.02). It concluded that, through results found, it is fundamental adopting strategic actions in public health in regard to the adult population in Brazil.
Article
Full-text available
Many of the more useful and powerful nonparametric procedures may be presented in a unified manner by treating them as rank transformation procedures. Rank transformation procedures are ones in which the usual parametric procedure is applied to the ranks of the data instead of to the data themselves. This technique should be viewed as a useful tool for developing nonparametric procedures to solve new problems.
Article
Full-text available
Secular trends in the prevalence of obesity in adults (BMI ³ 30 kg/m²) are described in the two more populated Brazilian regions: the less developed Northeast and the more developed Southeast. All data utilized by this study come from three nation-wide large-scale cross-sectional surveys undertaken in 1975, 1989 and 1997. In the first period (1975-1989), obesity increased uniformly for males and females in the two regions and both the excess of the disease in the Southeast and the inverse relationship between income and obesity, existing in the two regions, were not affected. The same situation was also observed for the male population in the second period (1989-1997) except for the relatively higher increase of obesity in the Northeast and the consequent reduction of the gap existing between the two regions. Trends in the prevalence of female obesity in the second period were distinctly influenced by income in the two regions. In the Northeast, increasing trends in female obesity were modest for lower income women and intense for intermediate and higher income groups. In the Southeast, there was a decline in the prevalence of obesity for intermediate and higher income groups and an intense increase for lower income women. These contrasting trends in the prevalence of obesity determined that, in 1997, except for the low income group, female obesity was more common in the Northeast than in the Southeast. The greater difference between the two regions as regard recent trends in obesity was seen for higher income groups (the 25% richest women in each region): a dramatic increase in the Northeast - from 9.9% to 14.6% - and a non less impressive decline in the Southeast - from 13.2% to 8.2%, The declining trends in obesity documented for women living in the Southeast of Brazil were not described yet in any other developing country. In fact, declining trends in obesity as those described in this study were reported, up to now, only for Scandinavian populations. Although much more in-depth analysis is needed, a plausible hypothesis to explain declining trends in female obesity in Brazil is that an intense mass media work focused on combating a sedentary life-style and promoting better food habits has been effective in reaching at least the higher income women in the more developed parts of the country.
Article
Full-text available
KEY FINDINGS: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2010 More than one-third of older adults aged 65 and over were obese in 2007-2010. Obesity prevalence was higher among those aged 65‒74 compared with those aged 75 and over in both men and women. The prevalence of obesity in women aged 65-74 was higher than in women aged 75 and over in all racial and ethnic groups except non-Hispanic black women, where approximately one in two were obese among both age groups. Between 1999‒2002 and 2007‒2010, the prevalence of obesity among older men increased.
Article
Full-text available
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends in general and abdominal obesity in adults 20 years or older in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, using a cross-sectional population-based design, in 2010. General obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m² and abdominal obesity as waist circumference (WC) > 88 cm for women and > 102 cm for men. Interviews were held with 2,448 eligible individuals. General obesity prevalence was 21.7% in men and 29.2% in women, while abdominal obesity was present in 19.5% of men and 37.5% of women. According to multivariate analysis, lower schooling was associated with increased BMI and WC in women. Family income was inversely related to abdominal obesity in men. Prevalence of general obesity had increased 1.2 times in women and 1.5 in men, when compared to studies in 1994 and 2000. Abdominal obesity showed a small decrease in women, but remained stable in men. Prevalence of general obesity increased in the previous 10 years, while abdominal obesity remained basically stable.
Article
The increasing prevalence of obesity together with projected increases in diabetes over the next 20-30 years will put a substantial strain on the finances and resources of the US healthcare system. The best opportunity for broad scale treatment of obesity may lie in the primary care setting. This review assesses the evidence on the efficacy of treatment for obesity delivered in primary care in the United States. It summarizes an earlier systematic review, recent obesity treatment guidelines, and subsequent US based trials with a minimum follow-up of six months in which at least one member of a primary care team helped deliver comprehensive behavioral obesity treatment to adults with overweight or obesity. Overall, the evidence suggests that obesity treatment delivered in primary care has limited effectiveness. Questions remain about the optimal role of the primary care provider in the treatment of obesity and the prevention of weight gain, as well as potential systems approaches to the treatment of obesity. © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2015.
Article
In the United States, obesity among adults and overweight among children and adolescents have increased markedly since 1980. Among adults, obesity is defined as a body mass index of 30 or greater. Among children and adolescents, overweight is defined as a body mass index for age at or above the 95th percentile of a specified reference population. In 2003-2004, 32.9% of adults 20-74 years old were obese and more than 17% of teenagers (age, 12-19 y) were overweight. Obesity varies by age and sex, and by race-ethnic group among adult women. A higher body weight is associated with an increased incidence of a number of conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and with an increased risk of disability. Obesity is associated with a modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality. However, the net effect of overweight and obesity on morbidity and mortality is difficult to quantify. It is likely that a gene-environment interaction, in which genetically susceptible individuals respond to an environment with increased availability of palatable energy-dense foods and reduced opportunities for energy expenditure, contributes to the current high prevalence of obesity. Evidence suggests that even without reaching an ideal weight, a moderate amount of weight loss can be beneficial in terms of reducing levels of some risk factors, such as blood pressure. Many studies of dietary and behavioral treatments, however, have shown that maintenance of weight loss is difficult. The social and economic costs of obesity and of attempts to prevent or to treat obesity are high