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Link Duration, Path Stability and Comparesion of MANET Routing Protcols
Abstract and Figures
We propose a framework for routing protocols in wireless multi-hop Networks (WMhNs). In
this framework we model, simulate and compare impact of link availability probability , path
stability and route stability. For this analysis, we select most widely used routing three reactive
protocols; AODV, DSR, DYMO and three proactive protocols; DSDV, FSR and OLSR. Number
of connections, number of nodes (node density) and relative velocity of nodes are the performance
evaluation parameters. A novel contribution of this work is to improve the efficiency of protocols
as MOD-AODV, MOD-DSR, MOD-DYMO, MOD-FSR and MOD-OLSR. The comparison-based
on simulation of both default and modified routing protocols is carried out under the performance
parameters; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay (AE2ED) and Normalized
routing Overhead (NRO). Further we analyze the impact of both factors; routing protocols (default
and modified) and node density in performance parameters using 2k Factorial method that how they
are affecting them with different variations. From extensive simulations, we observe that MODDSR,
DSR, MOD-DYMO and DYMO outperform all the remaining routing protocols in terms of
link availability probability, path duration and route stability at the cost of higher values of NRO.
While analyzing with 2k Factorial method, it is observed that MOD-DSR and DSR performing
good enough by showing higher values in PDR, whereas low values in AE2ED at the cost of high
value of NRO. For the simulation work we use Network Simulator NS-2 and Matlab to verify the
results observed from NS-2.
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A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic network of autonomous mobile devices with capability
to rearrange themselves in a number of ways without any wired infrastructure. MANET presents a very challenging
task – the design of a multicast routing protocol to achieve efficient dissemination of multicast data over the network.
A number of routing protocols for MANETs have been proposed and evaluated for their performances. In this paper,
we plan to analyze and evaluate the performance of MOSPF, ODMRP, DVMRP, and MAODV protocols. The parameters
we used for evaluating performances are: packet delivery ratio, throughput, average end-to-end delay, and average
jitter. We evaluate the effect of multicast group size on these parameters using extensive simulations.
The past few years have seen an increasing interest in the development of vehicular ad hoc networks resulting in many routing protocols proposals. This paper presents the results of a detailed performance evaluation of three of these protocols selected from different categories: geographic routing (i.e., GPSR), geographic opportunistic routing (i.e., GOSR), and trajectory based routing (i.e., SIFT). We used VanetMobiSim/NS-2 simulation environment to compare the protocols performance under different node densities, speed and distance between source and destination nodes in urban traffic scenarios. We further extend SIFT to enable vehicle to infrastructure communications and show that it outperforms the other studied routing protocols for most of the performance metrics used in this paper.
In ad hoc networks the broadcast nature of the radio channel poses a unique challenge because the wireless links have time-varying characteristics in terms of link capacity and link-error probability. In mobile networks, particularly in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the topology is highly dynamic due to the movement of the nodes, hence an on-going session suffers frequent path breaks. In this paper we present a method that uses the available knowledge about the network's topology to improve the routing protocol's performance through decreasing the probability of path breaks. We propose a scheme to identify long duration links in VANETs, which are preferentially used for routing. This scheme is easily integrated in the existent routing protocols. We describe how to integrate it in the Optimized Link-State Routing Protocol <sup>1</sup>. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our method with the original protocol. Simulation results show that our method exhibits better end-to-end path delay (almost one magnitude order lower) and packet delivery ratio (between 25% and 38% higher) than the original protocol. This observation is even more evident when the node's density increases.
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a challenging network environment in which communication between vehicles in highly fading environments, like an urban scenario, is unpredictable and difficult. In order to analyze the performance of protocols and applications, network simulators like NS-2 use deterministic two ray ground radio propagation model. This model, however, poorly reflects the channel characteristics of real world conditions. In this paper, probabilistic Nakagami radio propagation model is used to represent channel fading characteristics of urban scenarios. The performance analysis of two routing protocols, AODV and OLSR using Nakagami propagation model under high obstacle urban environment is presented. It is observed that both routing protocols fail to provide acceptable packet delivery ratio. Overall, OLSR, with short interval of control messages, performed better than AODV in urban environments.
This dissertation endeavors to contribute enhancements in goodputsof the IEEE 802.11-based Wireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs).By performing exhaustive simulations, for the deep analysis and detailed assessment of both reactive (AODV, DSR, DYMO) and proactive (DSDV, FSR, OLSR) protocols for varying mobilities, speeds, network loads and scalabilities, it is observed that a routing link metric is a significant component of a routing protocol. In addition to finding all available paths, the fastest end-to-end route is selected by a link metric for the routing protocol. This study aims the quality routing. In the class of quality link metrics, Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is extensively used. Thus, the most recently proposed ETX-based metrics have been analyzed. Though, newly developed metrics over perform ETX but still they can be improved. By profound analysis and particularized comparison of routing protocols depending upon their classes (reactive and proactive) and ETX-based metrics, we come to realize that users always demand proficient networks. In fact, WMhNs are facing several troubles which they expect to be resolved by the routing protocol operating them. Consequently, the protocol depends upon the link metric for providing quality paths. So, we identify and analyze the requirements to design a new routing link metric for WMhNs. Because, considering these requirements, when a link metric is proposed, then : firstly, both the design and implementation of the link metric with a routing protocol become easy. Secondly, the underlying network issues can easily be tackled. Thirdly, an appreciable performance of the network is guaranteed. Keeping in view the issues of WMhNs, increasing demands of users and capabilities of routing protocols, we propose and implement a new quality link metric, Interference and Bandwidth Adjusted ETX (IBETX). As, MAC layer affects the link performance and consequently the route quality, the metric therefore, tackles the issue by achieving twofold MAC-awareness. Firstly, interference is calculated using cross-layered approach by sending probes to MAC layer. Secondly, the nominal bit rate information is provided to all nodes in the same contention domain by considering the bandwidth sharing mechanism of 802.11. Like ETX, our metric also calculates link delivery ratios that directly affect throughput and selects those routes that bypass dense regions in the network. Simulation results by NS-2 show that IBETX gives 19% higher through put than ETX and 10% higher than Expected Throughput (ETP). Our metric also succeeds to reduce average end-to-end delay up to 16% less than Expected Link Performance (ELP) and 24% less than ETX
Vehicular traffic congestion in metropolitan cities during disaster is a challenge which presents dire consequences for transporting VIPs, life saving drugs, patients, accident victims in need of immediate medical assistance etc. With better navigation system and real-time traffic congestion updates, the vehicles can overcome delays. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANETs), transmits the real time congestion information to the vehicles from a centralized database to avoid unexpected congestion and follow the shortest path to the destination. In this paper a proposed prototype which can be modified to work for the requirement with different models, such as general traffic prediction and re-routing during emergencies in case of fire, accidents etc. along the route is worked out. IEEE 802.11p which has been introduced exclusively for vehicular environments has been implemented at the Physical and Medium Access Control(MAC) layers of the WAVE protocol stack which was considered for a metropolitan city over an unpredictable high density of vehicles. Evaluation of the performance of IEEE 802.11p, Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) communication standard against IEEE802.11a for the vehicular environment for multiple scenarios has been simulated and the results are encouraging.
A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a relatively new term for an old technology - a network that does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure. When integrated into the intelligent transportation systems (ITS), it can provide direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, thereby can greatly improve the safety and efficiency of road traffic. The emerging and promising VANET technology is distinguished from mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and wireless sensor networks (WSN) by large-scale deployed autonomous nodes with abundant exterior assisted information, high mobility with an organized but constrained pattern, frequently changed network topology leading to frequent network fragmentation, and varying drivers behavior factors. Without the presence of centralized entities such as base stations, mobile hosts also need to operate as routers in order to maintain network connectivity. Therefore, various ad hoc routing protocols have been proposed, but there have previously been few studies on how the specific mobility patterns of vehicles may influence the protocols performance and applicability. In this paper, we compare and evaluate the performance of following routing protocols: AODV, DSDV, and DSR. A variety of highway scenarios, characterized by the mobility, load, and size of the network were simulated. Our results indicate that those routing protocols dedicated for MANET is unsuitable for VANET scenarios in terms of packet delivery ratio, routing load, and end-to-end delay.
One critical issue for routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is how to select a stable path that can last longer since mobility may cause radio links to break frequently. In this paper, a link stability prediction model is proposed firstly, it uses the relative motion and the distance between two neighbor nodes to evaluate the mean link duration, which is used to predict link stability. Then a link stability prediction-based routing (LSPR) algorithm is proposed. In LSPR algorithm, the mid-nodes forward RREQs after delay which is decided by the mean link duration predicted. Furthermore a forwarding rule which can reduce the number of RREQs forwarded by receding neighbor nodes is designed. Taking advantage of simulation, LSPR algorithm is compared with AODV routing algorithm and other two stability-based routing algorithms. The simulation results show that LSPR algorithm is better than other three routing algorithms, and can improve route stability and network performance effectively.