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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
... Our primary aim is to reconstruct the traditional PEA through the lens of Hamka's ideologies, thereby introducing "Hamka accounting" as a new variant of the political economy of accounting. Our methodological approach incorporates a revised Kuhnian deconstruction framework, drawing inspiration from Kuhn (1970) and Ambarwati et al. (2021), to forge a philosophical underpinning for Hamka's version of PEA, which promises significant theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, this research contributes to broadening the scope of accounting research beyond the positivist paradigm to embrace diverse scholarly perspectives. ...
... Practically, it illuminates the pervasive influence of accounting practices across various sectors, particularly those integral to financial accounting, such as the capital market and taxation, thus offering a critical examination of accounting's hegemony in these areas. Kuhn (1970) delineates that scientific revolutions are precipitated through a process of deconstruction. This process commences when an established paradigm exhibits resistance to change in the face of anomalous events within mainstream or conventional science, leading to deviations from expected outcomes (Matthews, 2022). ...
... Source: Kuhn (1970), Tinker (1980), Qadri et al. (2023), Ambarwati et al. (2021) This investigation incorporated an array of Hamka's seminal works, including "The Muslim Way of Life" (Hamka, 1967), "Social Justice in Islam" (Hamka, 2015), "Religion Revolution through State" (Hamka, 1952a), "The Sinew of Pancasila" (Hamka, 1952b), "Reflections on Sufism" (Hamka, 1985), "The History of Islam in Sumatra" (Hamka, 1969), and "Tafsir Al-Azhar Volume 2" (Hamka, 2001). Each of these texts was meticulously reviewed to distill key themes pertinent to the objectives of this research, ensuring a comprehensive and nuanced analysis of Hamka's contributions to political and economic thought. ...
This research introduces "Hamka's Political Economics of Accounting," reconceptualizing the Political Economy of Accounting (PEA) through Hamka's political and economic philosophies. Hamka's perspectives were profoundly integrated with his Islamic convictions, promoting social justice, economic parity, and political frameworks that adhere to Islamic principles. By utilizing literature documentation for data collection and a Kuhnian deconstruction process for analysis, the study identifies three core traits in Hamka's revision of PEA: the imperative of addressing social conflicts and power dynamics in accounting, the importance of contextualizing accounting within specific cultural and organizational settings, and advocating for a more liberated perspective on the societal role of accounting. Hamka posits a universal principle that transcends national and cultural boundaries, advocating for a shared pursuit of justice and truth. This principle serves as a cornerstone, linking the political economy with societal issues and offering a novel lens for understanding the interplay between accounting practices and socio-political dynamics. This study contributes to the discourse on the political economy of accounting by providing a unique theoretical framework that integrates accounting practices within their broader socio-political contexts.
... The lack of definitions presents a kind of storytelling where a story exemplified by statistics is told. The scholarly and scientific storytelling is what Kuhn (1970) defined as a prescientific situation where anything might be equal in importance or what Popper (1973) described as the situation for psychology as a field. Kuhn (1970) called this "something less than research." ...
... The scholarly and scientific storytelling is what Kuhn (1970) defined as a prescientific situation where anything might be equal in importance or what Popper (1973) described as the situation for psychology as a field. Kuhn (1970) called this "something less than research." The lack of problemitis makes it challenging to make progress and accumulate Knowledge; as Nonaka (2018) noted, there had yet to be any progress in understanding and performing tacit Knowledge. ...
... We may sum up Kuhn (1970) in this way: ...
The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare all the academic papers in the proceedings of ECKM in 2017 (Barcelona), 2018 (Padua), 2019 (Lisbon), and the digital conferences in 2020 and 2021. In 2022, the conference was arranged in Naples as a digital conference. The study classifies the papers according to methodology, analysis, discussion, and conclusion regarding their contribution to the four paradigmatic boxes. The approach uses the five philosophy of science framework and compares this to the content of the research papers. We will use the findings in four representations of knowledge, two typologies of concepts, four paradigmatic classifications, and the concluding framework for knowledge management research. The five conferences heavily emphasize knowledge-itis and instrumental itis and much less on problem-itis. The papers are mostly centered around existing knowledge and accepted methodology and are less related to new problems. The results indicate a conference based upon as-is knowledge and less upon new and often unsolvable issues. The ECKM academic papers in 2017, 2018, and 2019 have relatively low complexity and are presented in an empirical and materialistic paradigmatic framework through definitive concepts representing a form of atomistic research. The papers in 2020, 2021, and especially 2022 are delivered within a more robust, clarified subjectivity and action research-based framework through definitive and sensitizing concepts. What would ECKM have been with more complexity in action and subjective paradigmatic framework through sensitizing concepts representing holistic research? A more creative, engaged, and relevant conference. It will also be a more scientific conference discussing what is acceptable or not acceptable and what is adequate. Studies concerning sustainability, digitalization, and globalization might require another research approach. The more critical and green papers in the 2020 and 2021 conferences are open to new perspectives on methodology, problems, and knowledge. The 2021 and 2022 conferences represent a turning point for critical sustainability and digitalization papers that clarify subjectivity through action-based research. The 2021 and 2022 papers represent the turning point of ECKM into improved relevance through more critical and constructed studies based on the societal climate crisis and sustainable strategies and business models.
... Guided by Kuhn's (1962) iterative view of scientific revolutions, CiteSpace 2 is a Java-based knowledge visualization tool designed by Professor Chaomei Chen from Drexel University (Li & Chen, 2017: 2). Its main function is to "emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature" in a visualized manner (Chen, 2006: 359). ...
... Even nicer than when I saw you last." To this, you reply: (Chen & Yang, 2010: 1961-1962, with adaptions of format and font). ...
In the previous chapters, we went through five essential topics in pragmatic inquiry: deixis, presupposition, implicature, speech act, and (im)politeness. Having learned these theoretical concepts, one may still wonder how to put these abstract notions in practice. In this chapter, we will focus on the commonly used research methods in pragmatics.
... In the past few years, scientists have become increasing critical of the epistemological views underlying the 1960s reform. The tendency to separate content and process, evident in much of the curriculum development work during the 1960s, is harder to justify in light of the epistemological views set forth by Kuhn (1970Kuhn ( , 1977, Toulmin (1961Toulmin ( , 1972, and others. It now appears that the relationship between content and process is more complex and interactive than originally thought. ...
... Revolutionary science is akin to Piaget's notion of accommodation, in which an individual's cognitive structure is modified to fit new information. Normal science (Kuhn 1970), in contrast, is less dramatic (although no less important); it is analogous to the process of assimilation-the incorporation of new information into an existing structure. Teachers who have a conceptual-change view of disciplinary knowledge are more inclined to think of the learner in constructivist or interactive terms. ...
Teachers are viewed as important agents of change in the reform effort currently under way in education and thus are expected to play a key role in changing schools and classrooms. Paradoxically, however, teachers are also viewed as major obstacles to change because of their adherence to outmoded forms of instruction that emphasize factual and procedural knowledge at the expense of deeper levels of understanding. New constructivist approaches to teaching and learning, which many reformers advocate, are inconsistent with much of what teachers believe-a problem that may be overcome if teachers are willing to rethink their views on a number of issues. This article seeks to advance this cause by identifying important aspects of current thinking that may get in the way of teachers adopting a constructivist approach to teaching and learning.
... Interestingly, the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis is a prime example for an idea presented by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn on Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 08 frontiersin.org trajectories of scientific paradigms (Kuhn, 1970). Kuhn's discerns three key phases in science and in the evolution of scientific progress: ...
The amyloid-cascade-hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was introduced 32 years ago, in 1992. From early on, this clear and straight forward hypothesis received a lot of attention, but also a lot of substantial criticism. Foremost, there have always been massive doubts that a complex age-associated disorder of the most intricate organ of the human body, the brain, can be explained by a linear, one-dimensional cause-and-effect model. The amyloid-cascade defines the generation, aggregation, and deposition of the amyloid beta peptide as the central pathogenic mechanism in AD, as the ultimate trigger of the disease, and, consequently, as the key pharmacological target. Certainly, the original 1992 version of this hypothesis has been refined by various means, and the ‘formulating fathers’ followed up with a few reappraisals and partly very open reflections in 2002, 2006, 2009, and 2016. However, up until today, for the supporters of this hypothesis, the central and initial steps of the cascade are believed to be driven by amyloid beta—even if now displayed somewhat more elaborate. In light of the recently published clinical results achieved with anti-amyloid antibodies, the controversy in the field about (1) the clinical meaningfulness of this approach, (2) the significance of clearance of the amyloid beta peptide, and last but not least (3) the relevance of the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis is gaining momentum. This review addresses the interesting manifestation of the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis as well as its ups and downs over the decades.
... Furthermore, when a student is confronted with information or models about the world that strongly conflict with a student's prior paradigmatic interpretation of the world this new information is discarded more easily and therefore might inhibit learning. This process, associated with the psychological notion of the confirmation bias, is important in transformative learning theory as well as in paradigmatic theory, as learning is understood as a process of integration within a paradigm or as the transformation of a whole paradigm (post-normal science in Kuhnian terms) (Kuhn 1962;Jurin and Hutchinson 2005;Calleja 2014). ...
Universities have a fundamental role in enabling students to cope with sustainability challenges, such as climate change. They are expected to educate a comprehensive understanding of the complex biophysical, social and political facets of the ongoing climate crisis. This task entails more than transferring factual knowledge through courses. We argue that normative paradigms and worldviews about how we relate to the natural world, what climate change is and how to possibly cope with that-are underlying the design of university curricula, the content of courses, and the way students learn about and understand climate change. While the relevance of normative paradigms is recognized in literature, there are no specific tools can help educators and universities reflect on the paradigm that is (tacitly) conveyed to their students when participating in a course. By building on literature, this chapter proposes a taxonomy of paradigms influencing education for climate change, which can be used as a tool to reflect upon (or even transform) paradigms embedded in university climate change courses. The different ways of socially constructing nature and the world, and the role of humans in interacting with nature and the world is articulated across the presented paradigms. Drawing from course guides of a Dutch university, this chapter also includes examples of how those paradigms are embedded in climate change course content.
... Our data indicate several important conclusions for research in marine sciences: Cryptodiversity represents a new frontier in marine science and a novel scientific paradigm in the sense of Kuhn (1962) (Ocaña in prep.). The number of species in the sea will increase significantly in the near future. ...
Researchers have been using the name Carijoa riisei and its invasive behaviour without accurate evidence of either. Nevertheless, cryptodiversity is a very difficult subject, and thanks to these articles and their scientific information, a real interest about Carijoidae merged. Although the populations of Carijoidae distributed in Tenerife and Gran Canaria share a similar appearance, the discovery of six new species and three new genera demonstrates the necessity for further research to elucidate the cryptodiversity concealed within the Carijoidae family (see McFadden, van Ofwegen & Quattrini, 2022). According to our observations, these species have not shown invasive behaviour in Canary Islands. This is, also confirmed by genetic research (see Rosales et al., 2024, in revision). However, they do constitute a potential threat to the Canarian marine ecosystem. Therefore, an urgent monitoring program to search for the expansion of these populations and any other yet to be studied populations, should be performed by the marine protected authorities
... History offers a plethora of examples of humans ignoring particular bits of information because they did not mesh with existing narratives or sometimes due to cultural narratives about who espoused the information (cf Keller 1985;Miller 2019;Gándara-Chacana 2022). This phenomena is the basis for Kuhn's (1962) famous treatise on paradigm shifts and it is why it is possible to find evidence of 'modern' thinking in historic, even ancient, materials. ...
Humans exist as part of social-ecological systems (SES) in which biological, physical, chemical, economic, political and other social processes are tightly interwoven. Global change within these systems presents an increasingly untenable situation for long-term human security. Further, knowledge that humans possess about ourselves and SES represents a complex amalgamation of individual and collective factors. Because of various evolutionary pressures, people often reject this complex reality in favor of more simplistic perceptions and explanations. This thought paper offers an overview of how and where people acquire knowledge and how that knowledge acquisition process reflects and influences narratives, which subsequently affect efforts to address challenges in SES. We highlight three narratives as examples of constraints on finding ways forward toward a more resilient future. Our focal narratives include tendencies to conflate tame and wicked problems; to posit a false human-nature duality; and to resist the explanatory evidence from biocultural evolution. We then discuss the human cognitive propensity to create narratives to think about how we might intentionally develop narratives that are more appropriate for living in coevolving SES.
... Root-Bernstein (2002) believes that scientists use their senses, emotions, desires, and intuitions to create rational explanations of nature. This view is in contrast to the idea of 'epistemic relativism' presented by Kuhn (1962) and Feyerabend (1975) and the 'epistemic realism' advocated by Popper (1972) andPutnam (1983). ...
Science plays a central role in propelling social progress and evolution as it serves as a source of knowledge that catalysts innovation and fosters critical thinking. In this essay, the author expounds some reflections that aim to elucidate the nature of scientific knowledge and the limits of what we can comprehend about the physical world. Historically, one of the key questions in the philosophy of science has been whether or not we can truly comprehend everything about the physical world. This enquiry delves into the very essence of scientific knowledge. While scientific discovery is typically the result of planned causal research, historical exceptions to this rule exist. In our pursuit of knowledge, it is essential to differentiate between ‘truth’ and ‘reality’. Ultimately, the historical perspective highlights the importance of ongoing critical reflection and debate within the philosophical theory of human knowledge.
... Jones, синхронізується з «маркетинговою революцією» за R.J. Keith. E.H. Shaw і D.G.B. Jones оперують терміном «парадигма», і у цьому прослідковується потужний вплив видатного філософа та історика науки Т. Куна [8], який розглядав розвиток знання як зміну парадигм в процесі наукових революцій. R.J. Keith, праця якого вийшла в 1960 році, не міг передбачити появу social marketing та societal marketing concept, що намітилися майже одночасно на початку 1970-хх рр., започаткувавши еру, яку, слідуючи логіці R.J. Keith, ми називаємо ерою маркетингу просуспільної орієнтації. ...
The article investigates the pro-societal branches in marketing based on a historical approach and analysis of the contribution of different schools of marketing thought that formed their theoretical foundations. It also analyses the origins and differentiation of social marketing and societal marketing as two main fields. These present further investigations of this topic by the author initiated in connection with the diversity of pro-societal fields in marketing marked with lots of terms denoting them both in the national and international research space. It is necessary to analyse how they relate and to determine their place and role in university programs for educating marketers. Societal marketing, recognised in Ukraine as socially ethical marketing, is taught as an academic discipline within the marketing bachelor’s program. In this regard, the relevant issue concerns theoretical foundations, modern content and the role of societal marketing in forming the competencies of a marketer. The article identifies the pivot points in the historical paths of marketing as a practical activity and a scientific discipline, allowing for a clear picture of the development of pro-societal ideas. It substantiates the paradigmatic nature of the changes in marketing that took place in the last quarter of the 20th century, qualifying it as the second paradigm shift – from the individual to societal values. In contrast, the first paradigm shift in 1950th meant moving from a company-centric to a customer-centric focus. The role of the school of marketing systems, the school of macro-marketing, and the exchange school in developing pro-social marketing is characterised. Societal marketing (including its derivatives like sustainable marketing, environmental marketing, and socially responsible marketing) is compared with social marketing based on established criteria. Then, the content of the discipline "Socially Ethical Marketing" of the marketing study program is developed to form the marketer’s competencies needed for harmonising the interests of business and society, considering social expectations regarding responsible business and marketing.
... This is exactly what puts the romanticist at perpetual odds with the establishment, which, like the Grand Inquisitor 68 , holds the keys to this very truth, relativist by nature, in its hands. Paralleling the intense emphasis on constructivist, psychological effects in sciences, sociologically inclined philosophers of science of the 1960s and the 1970s, including, most prominently, Thomas Kuhn, were busy pointing out the relativism of truth in science 69 , specifically how what is true and what is not is predominantly determined by the degree of acceptance by the scientific community 70 , a process that favors those who are skilled at bowing to the mob as opposed to the nonconformists who always find themselves at odds with it. However, rather than humanizing natural sciences, the proliferation of these relativistic attitudes has taken the energetic enthusiasm that is romanticist in essence and diluted it in the bland waters of pervasive pliancy and "anything goes" 71 attitudes. ...
Lying halfway between science and art, chess presents an excellent model for instructing the new generation of scientists about the merits of artistic senses for the exhibitions of scientific creativity. With this goal in mind, a course for intermediate to advanced chess enthusiasts and aspiring scientists was designed and taught in a condensed form to a group of K-12 students as a prototype for a course that could be included to higher education curricula in the near future. As per the course design, each of the twenty weekly lectures in the semester elaborates a single chess game in a chronological order of their play, starting with the mid-19th century games played in a romantic style and ending with the recent computer engine games, where the romanticism of chess playing styles is being rediscovered, thus closing the circle of dominant chess playstyles throughout the history. This closed circle is interpreted in the context of the author’s lifelong effort to romanticize modern science. According to this effort, science, which has garnered over time increasingly unromantic traits and is associated today with managerial entrepreneurship, exploitative capitalism, cutthroat competition and fake elitism more than with quixotic ideals of arts, beauty and poetry, must be actively infused with lyricism and inspirational ideas and challenged for its retrograde reductionism. Each game in the course is explained in the context of the cultural zeitgeist of the decade in which it was played and also tied with famous experiments or general trends in natural sciences of the time. As the class proceeds along the 180-year long timeline encompassed by the course, it becomes increasingly obvious that developments in chess have closely reflected the trends in arts and natural sciences of the corresponding times, which is a parallel that is being drawn in this paper for the first time in the history of this board game. Because the major trends in chess and in natural sciences appear to have mirrored each other throughout the history, familiarizing oneself with the chess history up to the present times can be used as a means of evidencing the nascent and predicting the upcoming trends in sciences, and vice versa. Correspondingly, one major objective of the course has been to accustom students to recognize in chess games analogies for phenomena in distant domains, including those where their creativity in scientific research is being exhibited. The satisfaction of the students expressed in surveys distributed at the end of the condensed course attested to their finding in it a useful stop in their quest for the sources of inspiration for the further tracks of their scientific careers.
... In his view, philosophy feeds on experience, which means that philosophical hypotheses, such as those regarding technological determinism, may be tested by empirical studies. Kuhn (1962) broadened the scope of the philosophy of science by suggesting that, in order to grasp the nature of science, philosophers should consider its practice and the role of external factors, which led to the importance of social studies in this field. Second-generation philosophers of technology did the same thing and began paying attention to the actual practices of engineers and the social studies of technology. ...
Carl Mitcham has recently pointed out that the current approach to the ethics of technology has failed to solve large-scale socio-ethical challenges in the technological world, such as climate change. He then suggests that, in the face of an iceberg of issues regarding technological development, philosophers should recognize the intellectual heritage of the classical philosophers of technology to better deal with the escalating crises that threaten humankind. While Mitcham’s proposal is inspiring, there are several lacunae in his work. In this paper, we contribute to Mitcham’s idea by developing it and filling the important gaps. Our efforts have led to a new style of holistic thinking about the ethics of technology, according to which it is necessary to focus on the system of technologies as a whole (while not ignoring individual technologies, of course) to understand and address issues related to technology development.
... Nella mente degli ideatori il nuovo corso avrebbe dovuto incorporare una parte consistente di riferimenti storici rispetto a un normale corso di fisica. Alla radice di questa impresa sta il valore culturale e pedagogico assegnato alla storia della scienza, nonché un ampio retroterra filosofico che emerse anche nei lavori pubblicati da Thomas S. Kuhn in quegli anni (Kuhn, 1962). Il testo fu suddiviso in sei unità: Il moto, Moto nei cieli, Il trionfo della meccanica, Luce ed elettromagnetismo, I modelli dell'atomo, Il nucleo. ...
... However, third-order changes include not only changes in instruments and the setting of policy instruments, but also changes to overarching policy goals. Referring to Thomas Kuhn's work on paradigms in scientific research (Thomas, 1962), Hall considers third-order changes to be more radical policy shift. Such radical shifts occur in the face of anomalies in the current paradigm, such as policy failures related to major economic setbacks. ...
This study explores the recent shifts in urban policy in Shenzhen, China, through the analytical lens of Peter Hall’s policy paradigm theory. China has experienced rapid urban development since the Chinese economic reform in 1978, resulting in the creation of urban villages (UVs) in the large metropolitan areas with specific civil rights for its inhabitants. Recently a shift is occurring in Chinese urban policy from demolition and reconstruction towards preservation and renewal of these urban villages. By applying Hall's framework, we aim to understand whether these changes in urban policy in Shenzhen signify merely a shift in tactics or represent a broader paradigm shift in response to evolving economic conditions and policy perspectives in China. While our study is centred on Shenzhen, we suggest that similar changes are likely to occur in other Chinese cities in the near future. Through this lens, we offer novel insights into the complex dynamics of urban development and their relationship between changing social and economic conditions. This research is particularly relevant for policymakers, urban planners, and scholars in urban studies.
... Scholars that work within these newly emerging evolutionary fields can best be understood to be in Kuhn's paradigmatic stage (Kuhn 1996). They do not question the validity of their epistemic framework, rather, they are confident that the methodologies used (i.e. the selectionist approach) will be able to provide adequate answers to the problems set out in the research program. ...
... Like any scientific model, a literary work bears the signs of the era of creation, it can become outdated, but it can remain attractive and heuristic. In a certain sense, the history of literature can be viewed through the prism of "paradigms" and "scientific revolutions", which Kuhn, et al. wrote about [16]. ...
The article is devoted to the search for the nature of the ontology of an art work on the example of a literary work. Tradition viewed a work of art as the discovery of a higher truth. Analytical philosophy deprived literature of the status of truth in general, and thereby deprived it of any ontological dimension. Heidegger’s attempt to return this dimension to literature through its relationship with being did not find continuation in philosophy. The author proposes to consider a literary work as a model of the world, primarily the social world. This approach makes liken a literary work to a mathematical theory. A mathematical theory is built as a correlation of simple elements; in a literary work such elements are characters (sometimes things). A mathematical theory is built on clearly defined axioms, a literary work is also built on axioms, but they do not have an explicit expression within the work and cannot always be perceived intuitively. The author shows that the mathematical theory never fully meets the specified conditions, and the mathematicians themselves note that in the future they will largely lose their strength. Thus, a literary work is of the same nature as a mathematical theory, only it presents a more complex case. The problem of truth serves as the way to find the ontological dimension. Analysis shows that in mathematics it is solved not by reducing a hypothesis to axioms, but by recognizing a theory through its effectiveness or applicability. For a work of art, such a criterion is its perception by its readers. In both cases, the ontological dimension is in the mind of the reader
... One of the central arguments in this literature refers to the discontinuity in change, and the long-term legacies of major historical events. Changes in the ideational plane are not always gradual but often abrupt and asymmetric and can leave longstanding legacies (Kuhn 1962;Hay 2011). Political and social developments across time alternate periods of stasis with others of radical change, following what has been termed in the literature as a 'punctuated equilibrium' model (Krasner 1984, 242-242;Baumgartner and Jones 2010, 9-14). ...
This article presents a quantitative method for mapping semantic spaces and tracing political frames’ trajectories, that facilitate the analysis of the connections between changes in ideas and socio-political phenomena. We test our approach in Spain, where the Catalan conflict fostered a competition in terms of decontestation of meanings of key political concepts. Using unsupervised machine learning, we track the salience, level of semantic fragmentation and fluctuations in meanings of 216 frames in the two largest Spanish newspapers, El País and El Mundo, throughout 8 years. This is achieved via the extraction, vectorization, and comparison of over 70,000 words. We apply Latent Semantic Analysis, an innovative methodology for the alignment of semantic spaces, and new institutional theory. Our exploratory study suggests that the evolution of many nationalism-related frames resembles a punctuated equilibrium model, and that political events in Catalonia, acted as critical junctures, altering the meanings reflected in the Spanish press.
... More recently Foucault (1972) provided a framework for analyzing myth based on the changing conditions for truth discourses across time and culture. At about the same time Kuhn (1962) wrote about the paradigms in scientific research. This awareness of the role of changes in the criteria used to understand phenomena seems to have been part of a movement that occurred in the second part of the previous century. ...
Purpose
The process of elaboration of the symbolic universe leads to important insights into the role of symbols in understanding human reasoning. Symbols become explanatory axes of universal global realities. Myths were constructed on these explanatory paths forming a superstructure of all belief systems with paraconsistent logic for the symbolism and a symbolic syntax. Myths and symbols are to be found in all cultures. Some of the most powerful and influential ones occur in popular culture since these often have the greatest immediate social impact.
Design/methodology/approach
Semiotic and logical development of the symbols is in mythical systems. The dissolution of the myth and the degradation of the myth's symbols constitute a long-drawn-out process in modern Western society and wherever s influence reaches. Myth is a story that may contain symbolic elements, but compared to the symbols or images of the exceptional, myth is characterized by a “story.”
Findings
Starting from a minimal definition to define myths and propose the following definition: Myth is a traditional tale that relates memorable and exemplary actions of extraordinary personages in prestigious and distant times, and myths have various forms and functions, perhaps some more clearly defined with a signifier than others, and different approaches can be combined for a better understanding of the myths. Dispensing with such simplistic assertions, and starting from a minimal definition to define myth, myth is a traditional tale that relates memorable and exemplary actions of extraordinary personages in prestigious and distant times.
Originality/value
Any symbol F originates in a unit that has two aspects and functions when the unit is restored. Thus, the symbol is rather “for something” than “of something” and the symbolic objects express the objects' correspondence in one unit or hendiadys. One semantic characteristic of symbols is “recognition”. The symbol F reveals a reality by means of the homogenous association of the signifier and significance in the symbol's constitution; although reality is separate, there is a homogeneous relation between the symbolizing and symbolized in symbolization.
... The analysis proposed in this paper is based on the hypothesis that innovations in transport systems take place at different speeds and have impacts of different magnitude in different historical moments, similar to what is assumed in the so-called punctuated equilibria theory of evolution of the species (Gould & Eldredge, 1977) or the theory of scientific revolutions (Kuhn, 1970). Innovations in transportation systems include changes in traction power sources and vehicles, infrastructures, and service organization, all which may bring about significant changes in the availability of transportation services in space and/ or time, reliability, commercial speed and costs. ...
Over the course of history there have been several and significant changes in the methods and technologies used to move people and things. Innovations typically follow the distributive and social needs of their time but in some cases they drive or at least contribute to the social and economic evolution of human communities. The paper is based on the hypothesis that transport system innovations occur with different speeds and have impacts of different magnitude in different historical moments. Changes can thus be classified as revolutions or as evolutions depending on weather they (contribute to) change societal, economic and/or territorial systems in a relatively short time period or not. In this paper, analysing the history of humanity, six transport revolutions and several evolutions following over time have been identified, extending and re-defining the ideas of Gilbert and Pearl (2010). We suggest that transportation systems are undergoing a seventh revolutionary phase due to the combined effects of three main drivers. These are innovations in energy sources and their transmission, developments of connected and autonomous vehicles for all transportation modes, and new smart mobility services. As for past revolutions it's impossible anticipate the extent of change it will bring about, both in the transportation market and in society at large. According to the “law of unintended consequences” of previous revolutions, the combined effects of the three drivers will likely further amplify the scope of possible changes. These changes can have positive, neutral or negative effects on short to medium term for environmental, social and economic sustainability of freights and passengers transportation. The paper starts with a synthetic description of previous transport revolutions, as proposed by the Authors. The main elements of the seventh transport revolution are then discussed together with some possible interactions among them. Finally the paper analyses some opportunities and risks connected to the ongoing innovation with respect to environmental, social ed economic sustainability. The perception of the current time as a revolutionary phase should change the approach of researchers and practitioners in the wide field of transportation system analysis with respect to the last evolutionary decades. Future research, in addition to sector specific evolutions, should focus on the actual holistic deployment of the seventh revolution trying to continuously update its combined effects and anticipate as much as possible its trajectory in order to reduce undesirable ones while boasting desirable ones. Future transport policies, especially in urban areas, will have to take into account the opportunities and risks deriving from the ongoing transport revolution as well as the resulting level of uncertainty.
... The analysis proposed in this paper is based on the hypothesis that innovations in transport systems take place at different speeds and have impacts of different magnitude in different historical moments, similar to what is assumed in the so-called punctuated equilibria theory of evolution of the species (Gould & Eldredge, 1977) or the theory of scientific revolutions (Kuhn, 1970). Innovations in transportation systems include changes in traction power sources and vehicles, infrastructures, and service organization, all which may bring about significant changes in the availability of transportation services in space and/ or time, reliability, commercial speed and costs. ...
... uncertainty is the nature of science and risk (Althaus 2005;Kuhn 1970). Science and technology underlie most of the major public issues relating to risks, many of which involve varying degrees of uncertainty (Einsiedel and Thorne 1999); therefore, it is impossible to talk about risk without relating it to uncertainty (Althaus 2005;Rosa 2003). ...
This study investigates the effect of dread and unknown risks on individuals’ cognitive and affective responses and decision-making related to particulate matter (PM) air pollution. In particular, we investigate how dread and unknown risks play different roles in forming the cognitive and affective routes that affect the South Korean public’s intentions to reduce PM air pollution by adopting risk mitigation behaviors. One thousand South Korean adults participated in the study via a professional research company in 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using PROCESS Marco. Indirect effects and their significance were estimated using bias-corrected bootstrap (n = 5,000 resampling) confidence intervals (CIs). According to the results, perceived dread of PM air pollution had significant and positive associations with perceived health risks and negative emotion, and perceived risks had a significant and positive association with negative emotion. Moreover, the perceived unknown-ness of PM air pollution had a significant and positive association with perceived uncertainty, which had a significant and negative association with negative emotion. Our mediation models demonstrate that the cognitive and affective routes associated with the two risk dimensions had different effects on behavioral intentions to reduce PM air pollution. These distinct cognitive and affective routes have significant theoretical implications for the effective application of the psychometric paradigm in addressing various risk-related issues. The findings also imply that an appropriate level of negative emotion is crucial to motivate the public’s engagement in risk-reduction behaviors. While employing campaign messages that integrate perceived risk and negative emotional appeals derived from dread can be effective, caution should be taken not to diminish the public’s negative emotions when addressing the risk-related uncertainty in campaigns or interventions. Overall, our findings not only have several practical implications for environmental communication strategies but also make important theoretical contributions to the literature on risk perceptions and the psychometric paradigm.
Keywords: particulate matter (PM), air pollution prevention, the psychometric paradigm, dread risk, unknown risk, negative emotion
... To do so, we defined a set of words that would indicate an article's conceptual contribution. Although the language used for describing conceptual domains might change (Kuhn 1987(Kuhn , 1991, we argue that the operators that researchers use for describing how they contribute are likely to remain stable. For instance, introducing a novel concept, delineating a novel relationship, or differentiating two conceptual domains are all ways of contributing that stay unaffected by possible changes in the lexicon of specific theories. ...
This article analyzes the nature and temporal change of conceptual contributions in marketing scholarship with two complementary studies. First, based on a computer-aided text analysis of 5,922 articles published in the four major marketing journals between 1990 and 2021, we analyze how conceptual contributions have changed over time using the MacInnis (2011) framework. Results indicate that over the past three decades, theorizing efforts have strongly favored “envisioning” and “explicating” at the expense of “relating” and “debating,” with this imbalance increasing over time. Second, drawing on 48 in-depth interviews with editors, department heads, and authors, we seek to validate these patterns and uncover their underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicate that a prevalent thought style has developed in the field—defined by the research ideals of novelty, clarity, and quantification—that shapes the collective view of how marketing scholars, in their roles as authors, reviewers, and mentors, can make a valuable contribution to marketing scholarship. This thought style favors envisioning and explicating contributions and disfavors relating and debating contributions. Jointly, the two studies point to several rebalancing options that can reinvigorate relating and debating contributions while preserving the current strengths of the marketing field.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami pemikiran Thomas Kuhn tentang paradigma pendidikan Islam. Penelitian ini juga mencoba mengevaluasi komponen pemikiran Thomas Kuhn tentang pendidikan Islam dari sudut pandang filsafat ilmiah. Studi ini merupakan proyek penelitian kepustakaan yang mengumpulkan data tentang paradigma pendidikan Islam Thomas Kuhn. Menurut kesimpulan penelitian ini, tidak ada kebenaran mutlak dalam dinamika keilmuan, namun selalu ada kemungkinan informasi baru muncul dengan epistemologi ilmiah baru yang terkadang lebih dapat diterima secara sosial. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan paradigma baru untuk memahami Islam, yang tidak hanya bertumpu pada metode normatif, tetapi juga pada perspektif historis, sosiologis, dan antropologis, antara lain. Hasilnya, masyarakat dapat menerimanya menjadi sebuah buki bahwasanya Islam sebagai agama rahmat dapat diakui sepanjang tahun dan tidak dibatasi oleh tempat dan waktu.
Originally published as Paper #8, Occasional Paper Series, December, 1976*Reprinted with permission of The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College.Preparation of this paper has been supported in part by grants from the Russell Sage Foundation and the National Science Foundation, Grant Number SOC-7103704-03. A version of this paper was presented to the Visegrad, Hungary, Conference on Social Psychology, May 5-10, 1974.
Purpose
This paper aims to examine Holacracy as a self-management system and its implications for organizational theory. By exploring its distinctive ontology and epistemology, the paper explains how Holacracy redefines organizational structures and contributes to organizational change.
Design/methodology/approach
Adopting a conceptual approach, this essay draws upon existing literature to explore Holacracy’s departure from conventional organizational theories.
Findings
The paper discusses how Holacracy challenges traditional organizational concepts, defining its holarchical approach, and emphasizing dynamic hierarchies and role-based organization. It also highlights Holacracy’s focus on emergent intelligence, continuous feedback loops and structured knowledge acquisition through roles and organization spaces. By examining its unique ontology and epistemology, the paper offers insights into how Holacracy aligns with an emergent paradigm known as integral, metamodern or teal.
Research limitations/implications
Further empirical research is needed to assess its practical implementation and long-term effects on organizational performance and employee well-being. Future studies could also explore challenges and limitations associated with adopting Holacracy in different organizational contexts.
Practical implications
Organizations considering alternative ways of working should examine Holacracy. Implementing Holacracy requires understanding its principles and may involve significant changes, with potential benefits such as increased agility and employee engagement.
Social implications
Holacracy’s departure from traditional structures and approach to power can have broader social implications and contribute to more democratic and participatory cultures.
Originality/value
This paper is a pioneering contribution to the under-researched domain of alternative organizational models. It sheds light on the originality and distinctiveness of Holacracy, highlighting its unique approach to hierarchy, role-based organization and consciousness within organizations.
This article delves into Dudley Shapere's approach to addressing semantic incommensurability, focusing on the "chain of reasoning connection." We will start by reviewing the concept of incommensurability and its various types. Then, we will take a closer look at semantic incommensurability. Before examining Shapere's solution, we will explore his thoughts on the history and philosophy of science. To understand the chain of reasoning connection, we introduce the traditional theory of meaning and the causal theory of reference and Shapere's criticisms of them. We will investigate how reasoning chains originating from existing theories can create a connection between them and alternative theories, potentially bridging the gap between their terms. Shapere suggests that two distinct usages of a term in existing and new theories are linked through a chain of reasoning. While some or all descriptions may alter in this process, all changes are traceable through reasons. Lastly, we will present two historical examples that illustrate the challenges faced by the chain of reasoning solution. Shapere emphasizes that a chain of reasoning links existing and new theories to prevent incommensurability. However, issues arise when a new theory emerges from a rejected one. We will present a case in the history of optics. Also, we will demonstrate that the "chain of reasoning" solution to semantic incommensurability relies on scientific consensus and challenges its efficiency by presenting a case in the history of chemistry. Finally, we will highlight how Shapere's argument is an obstacle to identifying concept relations in a theory or paradigm.
In the late 1660s the Royal Society of London investigated the laws of collision. The contributions by Wren, Wallis and Huygens have long been studied by internalist historians of physics as a telling moment in the gestation of classical physics, between the earlier work of Galileo and Descartes and the later synthesis of Newton. This study examines the institutional and cognitive dynamics of this episode at the intersection of two novel historiographical dimensions: (1) The rules of collision project is analysed by applying techniques and insights first developed by Alan H. B. Taylor and then by Taylor and Schuster for understanding the Royal Society’s organizational patterns of management of investigations. (2) Classical mechanics is viewed as a domain that in this period was in the process of diverging from the larger field of natural philosophising and crystallizing as the hegemonic discipline in the emerging ecology of new scientific fields. The rules of collision project displays the processes and tensions involved in this larger trajectory. It will be shown that (1) and (2) are closely related and jointly frame an historiographically innovative account of the rules of collision project.
Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk memberi respon terhadap kasus dan lebih pada kajian untuk menganalisis studi kasus yang akan dibahas dengan mengaitkan kasus dengan berfokus kepada sudut pandang dan pemahaman Larry Laudan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Studi kasus secara sederhana diartikan sebagai proses penyelidikan atau pemeriksaan secara mendalam, terperinci, dan detail pada suatu peristiwa tertentu atau khusus yang terjadi. Analisis data menggunakan deskripsi, dan interpretasi pada kasus yang terjadi. Hasil temuan penelitian, pertama, sudut pandang dan pemikiran Larry Laudan mengenai kasus top up game online tidak dapat menilai baik buruk atau benar salahnya suatu masalah tanpa melakukan analisis atau melihat masalah tersebut lebih dalam. Kedua, dalam tingkat tertentu yang lebih luas, tiap level masing-masing bersifat mandiri atau independen. Terakhir, mengarah atau menyatakan secara relatif kepada suatu tujuan tertentu yang sudah ditetapkan. Rekomendasi penelitian, pada kasus ini, seharusnya menempatkan posisi orang tua untuk dapat berperilaku dan berpikiran lebih bijak lagi dalam menyelesaikan suatu masalah.
The title inspired by Bertrand Russell’s and Alfred North Whitehead’s seminal "Principia Mathematica", the philosophical enterprise "Principia Ontologia" can be described as a genealogically-cognizant, structurally-conscious, and phenomenologically-competent fundamental ontological inquiry. It is designed to answer the question Martin Heidegger’s 1927 tour de force "Being and Time" intended to but—owing to various reasons—fall short of answering. The question—standing at the core of Heideggerian oeuvre, both before and after "die Kehre"—the project is keen on catalyzing an acumen into is concerned with the truth of Being and its meaning. The latter is something enterprise metaphorically describes—à la Cicero’s ethical writings—as a "summum bonum" of ontological investigation. An investigation that began in fifth-century BCE Greece where sagacious pre-Socratic philosophers—such as Parmenides and Heraclitus—summoned enough courage and open-mindedness to ask "What is Being?". Thanks to their bravery, pre-Socratic thinkers commenced the precise inquiry the tradition great British process philosopher safely characterized as footnotes to Plato couldn’t help but forget, Heidegger revived, and principia ontologia intends to take to a higher, more inclusive and encompassing level. Appreciating the fact that, as Heidegger underscored, "the essence of Being is never conclusively sayable"—an acumen that, in lieu of an end, is exclusively the beginning of authentically fundamental ontological inquiry—the enterprise employs different terms in the interest of pointing towards the same summum bonum that principia ontologia, besides "Being", also describes as Ursprung; Urphanomen; Primordial Clearing/Ground/Unconcealment, not to mention other terms, all meant to encourage advancement towards the truth the Messkirch-born ontologist—in his essay, titled "The Origin of the Work of Art"—disclosed as "unconcealment of Beings (Being)", where "Beings can be as beings only if they stand within and stand out within what is cleared in this clearing. Only this clearing grants and guarantees to us humans a passage to those beings that we ourselves are not, and access to the being that we ourselves are. Thanks to this clearing, beings are unconcealed" (Heidegger, M. 1929)."
From the outset, "Sein und Zeit" declares that the question concerning ontological summum bonum, "today been forgotten", nonetheless, the "question we are touching upon is not just a n y question. It is one which provided a stimulus for the researches of Plato and Aristotle, only to subside from then on as a theme for actual investigation" (Heidegger, M. 1927). Rather than just "any" inquiry, the foregoing, by account of Heidegger, has begun "the ek-sistence of historical man" who through "asking: what are beings?" facilitated disclosure of Primordial Aletheia "for the first time". In light of the latter's immense philosophical significance, according to principia ontologia, only deepened fundamental ontological inquiry that marries original contemplation, investigation, and research with the meticulous, careful, and patient integration of numerous invaluable breakthroughs of pre-modern, modern, and post-modern epochs can facilitate progress towards the truth of Being. Exclusively the enterprise that preserves noteworthy advancements, acumens, and realizations while simultaneously negating numerous partial viewpoints, inaccurate conclusions, and misguided observations of each major epoch can defend itself from myriad enemies of ontological advancement. Anything less than the preceding will inescapably yield to what the German thinker delineated as "the path of metaphysics" where oblivion of Being reigns supreme, permitting throngs of beings to obscure the very unconcealment that permits these beings to arise in the first place. Fortunately, principia ontologia is exactly such enterprise that, on grounds of its chosen modus operandi, can "supersede", à la Hegel, its predecessors, including—the greatest influence upon the project—Heideggerian fundamental ontology, the terminology of which the enterprise utilizes in its every undertaking, ranging from deepening Heidegger’s investigation of death to rescuing Heideggerian-animal ontology from erroneous criticisms to unveiling the genealogical roots, structural make-up, and farther reaches of an uncommon entity whose essence lies in its existence to disclosing hidden patterns governing phenomena that inescapably influence Being-in-the-world, not to mention to other missions genealogically-conscious project is keen on fulfilling on its way to an insight into the meaning of Being.
Besides the Messkirch-born ontologist’s body of work acting as an indispensable substratum, from which principia ontologia intends to facilitate an acumen into the truth of Being and its meaning, the enterprise has been profoundly influenced by Husserlian phenomenology, Derridean deconstruction, and Wilber’s integral meta-theory, to say nothing of a host of other Western intellectuals the project does not discuss as explicitly, comprehensively, and intensely as Heidegger, Husserl, Derrida, and Wilber, yet whose shadow falls on the text's every page. Via the careful utilization of selected methodology, namely, "principal ontological triad", materialized in the form of phenomenology, structuralism, and genealogy, the project will not only provide a rigorous analysis of its forerunners’ contributions—tapping into their strengths while evading their weaknesses—but more importantly, principia ontologia, if successful, will save fundamental ontological inquiry as a whole in the post-post modern epoch, where in spite of tradition’s invaluable accomplishments, the question of Being has been left unanswered and, more often than not, forgotten, or worse still, abandoned as unanswerable at best or nonsensical at worst. By unconcealing that "If the power of the intellect in the field of inquiry into the nothing and into Being is thus shattered, then the destiny of the reign of “logic” in philosophy is thereby decided. The idea of “logic” itself disintegrates in the turbulence of a more original questioning". (Heidegger, M. 1929), the Messkirch-born ontologist—in "What Is Metaphysics?"—was able to achieve the ostensibly impossible mission of catalyzing an insight into Nothing. Likewise, if the reign of numerous valid but incomplete perspectives is permitted to disintegrate in the turbulence of a more original philosophizing, while as Schopenhauer accentuated, the tendency of taking the limits of one’s vision as the limits of the world is overcome, akin to Heidegger attaining what previously was deemed unattainable, principia ontologia can also access what each and every genealogically, phenomenologically, and structurally incompetent standpoint, theory, and methodology—across pre-modern, modern, and post-modern epochs—felt obliged to give upon as inaccessible.
According to the standard formulation, natural selection requires variation, differential fitness, and heritability. I argue that this formulation is inadequate because it fails to distinguish natural selection from artificial selection, intelligent design, forward-looking orthogenetic selection, and adaptation via the selection of nonrandom variation. I suggest adding a no teleology condition. The no teleology condition says that the evolutionary process is not guided toward an endpoint represented in the mind of an agent, variation is produced randomly with respect to adaptation, and selection pressures are not forward looking.
Pidato pengukuhan Guru Besar berjudul: Kebebasan Akademik dan Resiliensi Otoritarianisme di Indonesia
The fundamental ontology of the phenomenon of education remains an insufficiently developed scientific problem. However, it serves as the foundation for the science of education, enabling it to transcend its purely applied and quotidian nature and finally attain the genuine status of a science. Fundamental ontology provides the support and substantiation for the concepts developed by science for its own purposes. This is precisely what characterizes science as science. Previously, I developed a part of the fundamental ontology of education, which I termed the instituting ontology. It includes such basic structural forms as ontological essence and relation to truth, primary constituents (universals), and non-Kuhnian paradigms, which comprise three dimensions: justificatory, universal, and paradigmatic. In the present work, the subject of my research is the anthropo-positing ontology of the phenomenon of education, in which two dimensions are distinguished: the existential-transcendental and the human-world dimensions. This article briefly examines the first dimension, which characterizes the educational movement of humans toward their essence, designated as the path to oneself. The starting point is the question of choosing authentic methods of scientific-cognitive activity for various groups of students. It is demonstrated how an individual’s problem-cognitive program illuminates the path to oneself in the sense of seeking and constructing the human foundation. Explanations are provided for the essence of the concepts “problem-cognitive program” and “non-Kuhnian paradigms,” which are necessary for understanding the presented ontological conception. The article outlines the fundamental categories of the existential-transcendental dimension of the phenomenon of education, which are defined as self-knowledge, self-expression, the spiritual, and the moral . In the category of self-knowledge, the opposition between individualization and individuation is presented, while in the category of self-expression, the opposition between reproductive and productive cognition is explored. The category of the spiritual characterizes the essence of the sphere of the spiritual in the individual and the sphere of the spiritual in the nation. It is shown that the spiritual represents the constitutive principle of personality, but not of the human being as such. The highest essential principle of the human being as such is the moral, which plays a unifying role in the quaternary of the existential-transcendental dimension of the fundamental ontology of education.
This paper was written partially in response to a paper by Betty Hoskins presented to the same study group one year prior. For that reason, these two related papers were published together (in 1985) in a volume titled, "Edge of the Wave." Both papers are included here.
The paper by Jay Atkinson links Bernard Loomer's idea of "relational power" to the topics of religious tolerance and feminist ethics, and argues that all three notions may be understood as examples of a process/relational view of human relationality.
The main focus of the research is to describe the main concepts of transactional learning and transformational learning. Research was carried out through literature studies, with data collection using a "thematic" or "conceptual categories" approach where the results of the study of various references were organized according to topics or issues. The results of the research show that in transactional learning, the existence of the teacher has complete authority, occupies a central position, has advantages and knows everything, while students are in a position of not knowing, and therefore learning is indoctrinative, top down, centralized, prioritizing intellectual aspects, success learning is measured on the knowledge mastered by students cognitively. Transformative learning places greater emphasis on social and cultural transformation in students, so that they have the ability and insight to face and solve problems. The existence of teachers in transformative learning is actually parallel to the existence of students. Teachers and students are learning subjects and the object is reality. Transformative learning places dialogue as the main method in learning, and therefore the existence of teachers and students learn from each other.
This study seeks to provide a social philosophical (sociological) perspective on economic behaviour, moving past paradigmatic-methodological issues pertaining to an atomistic-individualistic pattern that sees human existence as merely an economic creature (homo economicus). This study obtains a philosophical explanation of related themes through descriptive-analytic methods. The data was inventoried from several reading sources (libraries) and analysed inductively to coherently produce a new paradigm regarding Islamic economic behaviour, which is conceptualised as 'amal iqtishâdiy, where this concept is read in the frame of social interaction, which is conceptualised as shilat al-rahim. This idea shows a change in perspective in understanding human existence from an individual one to an interactional one. Methodologically, there is a change from methodological individualism to methodological interactionism.
The rich calendar of initiatives organized by SISFA throughout 2021 to celebrate the first forty years of activity of the Italian community of Historians of Physics and Astronomy concluded with a Workshop, the Proceedings of which are presented here. In 1981, our community embarked on the common path that led to the foundation of the current Society in 1999. Already during our XLI National Congress held in Arezzo in September 2021, a special session commemorated the important anniversary. In that context, it was decided to organize a Workshop on December 15 and 16, 2021, to discuss and reflect more deeply on what happened in the past forty years. The organization was entrusted to members Fabio Bevilacqua, Ivana Gambaro, Pasquale Tucci and President Salvatore Esposito. The Proceedings of the two days are collected in these pages.
The lack of scientific literature in Kurdish language on research paradigms in the social sciences creates complications for new researchers. This paper attempts to discuss some of the basic issues of social science research in order to provide a clear presentation for researchers in this field. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the different research paradigms. especially the feminist paradigm. The paper reviews the literature on the feminist paradigm and explains its ontological, epistemological and methodological positions. It also defines and explores different research methods in detail. It emphasizes that we need to be mindful of issues related to women in our choice of research paradigm and to design our research with a clear connection between the nature of the paradigm and the theoretical framework of research. The decision to choose a philosophical perspective for the study of a phenomenon or topic related to women's issues is important to be guided by the demands and needs of a study. It is important that researchers adopt an appropriate approach to the choice of research methods or combination of methods, but the choice of any research method should not be interpreted as indicative of an ontological or epistemological position, in the sense that the choice of research paradigm takes precedence.
The lack of scientific literature in Kurdish language on research paradigms in the social sciences creates complications for new researchers. This paper attempts to discuss some of the basic issues of social science research in order to provide a clear presentation for researchers in this field. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the different research paradigms. especially the feminist paradigm. The paper reviews the literature on the feminist paradigm and explains its ontological, epistemological and methodological positions. It also defines and explores different research methods in detail. It emphasizes that we need to be mindful of issues related to women in our choice of research paradigm and to design our research with a clear connection between the nature of the paradigm and the theoretical framework of research. The decision to choose a philosophical perspective for the study of a phenomenon or topic related to women's issues is important to be guided by the demands and needs of a study. It is important that researchers adopt an appropriate approach to the choice of research methods or combination of methods, but the choice of any research method should not be interpreted as indicative of an ontological or epistemological position, in the sense that the choice of research paradigm takes precedence.
En este artículo, a pesar de la hipótesis del pleno empleo en las teorías económicas, se evalúa el trabajo de las amas de casa que no tienen empleo, pero que realizan un trabajo no remunerado mientras satisfacen las demandas de sus familias, con el enfoque de la independencia entre trabajo y empleo. A partir de las estadísticas sobre las amas de casa en Turquía, se calcula el impacto del trabajo no remunerado de las amas de casa en la economía y el bienestar social en los años seleccionados. En el enfoque de la independencia trabajo-empleo, se acepta que las amas de casa que satisfacen las demandas de sus familias se alejan de la racionalidad y se convierten en "individuos racionales limitados" (Simon, 1997), su trabajo no remunerado está determinado por el fenómeno de la "igualdad laboral" (Kumcu, 2019) y existe un nuevo tipo de trabajo definido como "trabajo de ama de casa" (Kumcu, 2022 b). El hecho de que el trabajo de las amas de casa, que se cree que ha alcanzado un nivel notable con el crecimiento de la población, sea un factor de producción independiente del empleo se calcula utilizando el "Modelo del efecto del trabajo de las amas de casa en los cálculos del PIB", que permite un análisis normativo. Los resultados muestran que cuando se tiene en cuenta el valor económico del trabajo de las amas de casa, éste tiene un efecto creciente sobre el PIB y un efecto decreciente sobre la desigualdad de ingresos. Se cree que el estudio, que demuestra que el trabajo puede valorarse independientemente del empleo, contribuirá a las teorías heterodoxas necesarias en la solución de los problemas económicos en los esfuerzos por garantizar la desigualdad social y económica.
A description is given of the three top levels of classification of domain's objects of informatics, which is positioned as that part of the system of scientific knowledge that covers the wide range of information and computer sciences. With such its positioning, the boundaries of the domain expand significantly and largely correspond to the concept of polyadic computing by Paul Rosenbloom. All entities of informatics in the proposed scientific paradigm are divided into two global classes: objects and their transformations. For each class, in the process of creating the paradigm, its own classification is constructed. The paradigm's creation began with the formation of these classifications. This paper discusses the three top levels of only the classification of domain's objects of informatics. The basis for constructing the highest level is the division of the domain of informatics into the media: the mental medium, sensory, digital and a number of other media. The basis for constructing the second level of objects' classification is the division of sensory perceived objects of informatics into data and sign information which is the outcome of transformation of human cognitive structures into a sign form. The basis for constructing the third level of classification of objects is the typology of sign systems by A. Solomonick. The aim of the paper is to describe the approach to constructing the three top levels of classification of domain's objects of informatics and compare it with previously used approaches to describing its subject domain. Also, based on the proposed approach, answers to those questions of Thomas Kuhn about the basic entities of the subject domain that the paradigm of any science, not just informatics, should contain are partly formulated.
Astrobiocentrism is a vision that places us in a scenario of confirmation of life in the universe, either as a second genesis or as an expansion of humanity in space. It manages to raise consistent arguments in relation to questions such as what would happen to knowledge if life were confirmed in the universe, how would this change the way we understand our place in the cosmos? Astrobiocentrism raises a series of reflections in the context of confirmed discovery, and it develops concepts that work directly with what would happen after irrefutable evidence has been obtained that we are not alone in space. Unlike biocentrism or ecocentrism, the astrobiocentric view is not limited to the Earth-centric perspective, and for it incorporates a multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary understanding. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to make a reflection on the astrobiocentric issues related to the challenges and problems of the discovery of life in the universe and the expansion of mankind into space. Here we explore some aspects of the transition from biogeocentrism to astrobiocentrism, astrobiosemiotics, homo mensura , moral community, planetary sustainability and astrotheology.
In addition to the new Hubble lawṘ = HR, Cosmic Center Mechanics bases itself on two other fundamental laws: those expressing the classicalR and the conserved angular momentum L of any galaxy/group/cluster, whose radial distance from the Cosmic Center is R at epoch t. Within that scenario, only L remains constant while both Einstein's Λ and Newton's G vary over time. In particular, Λ/3 is simply identified with the quadratic angular velocity of our rotating/expanding Universe. A further derivation ofṘ = HR gives 3 limits to our epoch t 0 , corresponding to 3 limits ofR. The most unlikelyR = 0 leads both to t 0 = 1/H 0 and L 2 = GM R, which produces (−Ġ 0 /G 0) = H 0 , henceĠ 0 < 0 withṀ /M ≡ 0 assumed. Coincidently, giving Hubble's constant a value based on the historic data of the very close Universe by Sandage & Tammann (1975a), H 0 ≡ 70 ± 3 km s −1 Mpc −1 = (7.16 ± 0.31) × 10 −11 yr −1 (cf. 1999 ECM paper II), the age t 0 = 1/H 0 = (14.0 ± 0.6) × 10 9 yr is almost the same as in Standard Cosmology. The two other positions ofR, < or > 0, if combined with dR/dt, > or = or < 0, give 8 solutions to the canonical variation of G. The astronomical scenario withR 0 < 0 and t 0 < 1/H 0 is consistent with the Hubble ratio dipole at very low depths towards the Bahcall & Soneira Huge Void Center (1982: α V C ≈ 9 h , δ V C ≈ +30 0). Furthermore a model independent value of (−Ġ 0 /G 0) , in accordance with the Shapiro limit (1976) (Narlikar 1993) and two other model independent upper bounds (Corsico et al. 2013), obliges its positioning within a narrow range: H 0 < (−Ġ 0 /G 0) ≤ 10 × 10 −11 yr −1. Consequently, one finds also (dR/dt) t=t 0 > 0. Here is a reconfirmed Expansion Center Model (cf. ECU&ECM research:1989-2020), which gives (−Ġ 0 /G 0) = 9.4 +0.7 −0.9 × 10 −11 yr −1 (cf. ECM paper VII Table 2),as well asḢ = −3H 2 ,R = −2H 2 R, ρ 0 > 3H 2 0 2πG 0 , t 0 = 1 3H 0 (cf. ECM papers I-III-VII), in good accordance with Dirac's LNH (1937-38).
Eurocentrism is a form of knowledge that is rooted in the ontic and epistemic foundations of modernity/coloniality. It is a hegemonic mode of knowing and representing, claiming universality for itself.
La rotación de personal en las empresas ha surgido como un desafío crucial en la actualidad, y comprender las causas detrás de esta problemática se ha convertido en una tarea fundamental para los departamentos de recursos humanos. La capacidad de realizar un diagnóstico para identificar las razones por las cuales los empleados abandonan sus puestos de trabajo, así como elaborar planes de acción efectivos para retener al personal clave, se ha vuelto de vital importancia para las organizaciones. Esta investigación se adentra en las causas que llevan a un empleado a abandonar su empleo, centrándose en dos aspectos principales: la falta de compromiso (engagement) y un proceso de retención deficiente. Además, se exploran las diferencias en los estilos de liderazgo que también influyen en la decisión de los colaboradores de buscar nuevas oportunidades laborales en busca de satisfacción más allá de lo económico. Se reconoce que somos seres sociales y una vez satisfechas nuestras necesidades básicas (fisiológicas y de seguridad), buscamos un sentido de pertenencia. El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar a las empresas herramientas y conocimientos para encontrar formas efectivas de retener al personal. Se propone realizar un diagnóstico como punto de partida, permitiendo a las compañías comprender las causas subyacentes y tomar medidas adecuadas para abordar la rotación de personal. Al identificar los factores clave que influyen en la retención, las organizaciones podrán implementar estrategias que promuevan un compromiso más sólido y satisfagan las necesidades de pertenencia de sus empleados.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.