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Bamboo: A rich source of natural antioxidants and its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry
Abstract
Background: Bamboo is a multipurpose plant known mostly for its industrial uses but is now being recognized as a potential source of bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants. All the parts of the bamboo plant such as rhizome, culm shaving, leaves, roots, shoots and seeds have clinical applications. Studies have revealed that bamboo is a rich source of antioxidants and regular consumption of bamboo-based products may reduce the risk of age-related chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer and diabetes. Scope and approach: This review article reports a comprehensive insight concerning antioxidants and antioxidant properties of bamboo shoots and leaves and their prospects for utilization in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Antioxidants are vital constituents in the food and pharmaceutical industry as they scavenge free radicals that cause deterioration of products during processing and storage. They also promote human health by neutralizing cell damage caused by free radicals. Key findings and conclusion: Antioxidants are known to confer health benefits such as prevention of cancer and degenerative diseases, slowing down the aging process and promotion of cardiovascular health. The main antioxidants in bamboo leaves and shoots are phenols, vitamin C & E and mineral elements such as selenium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese. At present, natural antioxidants are in great demand as synthetic antioxidants being used in food and pharmaceuticals may be deleterious to health. Hence, bamboo a fast growing plant with huge biomass can serve as an alternative for the production of natural antioxidants.
... Studies of essential trace elements conducted to date have indicated notable concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn in bamboo shoots (Bajwa et al., 2019). These investigations were conducted in the context of the nutritional value of bamboo shoots (Bajwa et al., 2019;Christian et al., 2015;Feleke, 2013;Nirmala et al., 2018;Saini et al., 2017) and potential heavy metal risk assessment (Mo et al., 2021) Trace elements, particularly Fe and Zn, but also Cu, and Mn are essential micronutrients involved in many metabolic processes and various enzymatic and immunologic reactions. They are obtained from the diet, including edible plants that accumulate them from the soil (Saikia and Deka, 2013). ...
... The variability of metal content is bamboo was assessed in two independent studies with samples from the same locations in India (Nirmala et al., 2018;Saini et al., 2017) and the US (Christian et al., 2015). Notable differences were found in a large-scale study covering different bamboo species and sampling locations in southeast China (Mo et al., 2021). ...
... The recovery of bamboo juice was about 7-9 % of the total bamboo shoot mass. (Feleke, 2013), (c) (Nirmala et al., 2018), (d) (Saini et al., 2017), (e) (Christian et al., 2015), (f) (Pan et al., 2024) (g) (Mo et al., 2021), (h) (Yan et al., 2015), (i) (Ren et al., 2017). ...
... In historical China, bamboo found diverse applications, such as arrowheads, baskets, writing scrolls, pens, paper, boats, shoes, and construction materials [7]. In modern-day China, bamboo utilization spans various applications, including bamboo shoots, ceiling/flooring interiors, scaffolding, timber, furniture, and crafts [3,8]. According to China's 9th National Forest Inventory, China's bamboo forest area gradually increased from 2014 to 2018, with a total bamboo forest area of 6.73 million ha [6]. ...
... Sixteen monolignol compounds were identified during pyrolysis at 675 • C, encompassing typical H-, G-, and S-related pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis products of MWL were categorized into three groups: H lignin derivatives (peaks 1, 2, 4, 6), G lignin derivatives (peaks 3,5,8,10,11,12,13), and S lignin derivatives (peaks 7,9,14,15,16). The major pyrolysis products released were 4-vinylphenol (6), 4-vinylguaiacol (8), guaiacol (3), syringol (9), and 4-methylphenol (2). ...
... H-, G-, and S-related pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis products of MWL were categorized into three groups: H lignin derivatives (peaks 1, 2, 4, 6), G lignin derivatives (peaks 3,5,8,10,11,12,13), and S lignin derivatives (peaks 7,9,14,15,16). The major pyrolysis products released were 4-vinylphenol (6), 4-vinylguaiacol (8), guaiacol (3), syringol (9), and 4-methylphenol (2). ...
The structural and thermal characterization of milled wood lignin (MWL) prepared from bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) grown in Korea was investigated, and the results were compared with bamboo MWLs from other studies. The C 9 formula of the bamboo MWL was C 9 H 7.76 O 3.23 N 0.02 (OCH 3) 1.41. The Mw and Mn of MWL were 13,000 and 4400 Da, respectively, which resulted in a polydispersity index (PDI) of 3.0. The PDI of the prepared MWL was higher than other bamboo MWLs (1.3-2.2), suggesting a broader molecular weight distribution. The structural features of MWL were elucidated using FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR techniques (1 H, 13 C, HSQC, 31 P NMR), which indicate that MWL is of the HGS-type lignin. The major lignin linkages (β-O-4, β-β, β-5) were not different from other bamboo MWLs. The syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, determined from 1 H NMR, was calculated as 0.89. 31 P NMR revealed variations in hydroxyl content, with a higher aliphatic hydroxyl content in MWL compared to other bamboo MWLs. Thermal properties were investigated through TGA, DSC, and pyrolysis-GC/MS spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The DTG max of MWL under inert conditions was 287 • C, and the T g of MWL was 159 • C. Py-GC/MS at 675 • C revealed a syringyl, guaiacyl, p-hydroxyphenyl composition of 17:37:47.
... They are rich in minerals, amino acids, phenols, phytosterols, and dietary fiber, providing more nutrients and bioactive compounds than some commonly consumed vegetables [13]. Bamboo shoots are an excellent source of several antioxidant phytoconstituents [14,15], including phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and minerals such as selenium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc [14][15][16]. Bamboo shoots have been found to have several potential health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases [17]. ...
... They are rich in minerals, amino acids, phenols, phytosterols, and dietary fiber, providing more nutrients and bioactive compounds than some commonly consumed vegetables [13]. Bamboo shoots are an excellent source of several antioxidant phytoconstituents [14,15], including phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and minerals such as selenium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc [14][15][16]. Bamboo shoots have been found to have several potential health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases [17]. comprehensive approach to evaluating the phytochemical and biological characteristics of D. strictus, including its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. ...
Dendrocalamus strictus Munro is a recognized medicinal plant, but research on its phytochemical and biological activity is limited. The research aims to explore the phytochemical and biological characteristics of the plant, especially antibiofilm, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects.
LC–ESI–MS/MS was utilized for the metabolic profiling of Dendrocalamus strictus. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride reagents, respectively. Antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were assessed. Free radical scavenging activity against DPPH was determined. The cytotoxic effects on several cell lines were examined using an MTT assay. Additionally, molecular docking was employed to assess tricin and isoorientin's antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential.
Fourty seven components were identified, tricin is the most prominent (18.16%), followed by isoorientin (14.37%). The methanol extract contained 20.95 mg GAE/g dry weight and 119.65 mg QE/g dry weight of total phenol and flavonoid contents, respectively. Methanol extract also significantly scavenged DPPH (IC50 14.01 µg/mL), displayed significant MIC, MBIC, and MBEC, and exhibited a significant selective cytotoxic effect, with IC50 values ranging from 1.93 to 4.15 µg/mL. Isoorientin and tricin were identified as potential inhibitors against microbial protein targets, specifically secreted aspartic protease in C. albicans, PqsR in P. aeruginosa, and F98Y DHFR in S. aureus. Moreover, both isoorientin and tricin demonstrated distinct binding modes with VEGFR2.
These findings underscore the promising therapeutic potential of Dendrocalamus strictus and position it as a potential source of natural compounds with multifaceted activities.
... It has been mentioned in USM that Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss relieves palpitation (Baitar, 1999) and anxiety and is a cardiotonic (Sina, 1879a). Researches have demonstrated that orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, tricin, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid present in B. bambos also demonstrate anti-atherosclerotic and hypolipidemic effects via anti-oxidant action (Nirmala et al., 2018). ...
... It contains Vitamins C, E, alongwith trace minerals like selenium, iron, manganese, copper etc. It has been proven that bamboo enhances immune functions, decreases fatigue, and exerts anti-aging activity (Nirmala et al., 2018). Likewise, Juniperus communis L. is prescribed by Avicenna for chronic cough, dyspnea, and as a stomachic (Sina, 1879a). ...
Background
Since the early days of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a number of persistent symptoms have been observed in the patients, continuing for weeks or even months after recovery, now named as post-COVID-19 condition, or long-COVID. The commonest symptoms are neurological (cognitive decline, headache, insomnia etc.), cardiovascular afflictions (thromboembolism, hypertension etc.), respiratory problems, and general symptoms like fatigue, malaise etc. In this context, traditional medicine systems are being explored for their holistic and multi-dimensional effects, often not attainable in synthetic drugs.
Purpose
This review is done to explore the potential medicaments (single raw/ natural ingredients only) in Unani system of medicine which may be beneficial in post-COVID-19 condition.
Methodology
We explored four important textbooks of Unani medicine for medications beneficial for conditions similar to COVID-19, in the light of guidelines of post-febrile phase in Unani medicine.
Results
After following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 159 medicaments of herbal, animal and mineral origin were identified. It was observed that 57.23% herbs (e.g. Pistacia vera L., Pimpinella anisum L.) had efficacy in various respiratory conditions, while 38.36% herbs (e.g. Crocus sativus L., Borago officinalis L.) were effective in various neurological conditions. Besides, many other medications are described to be effective in various ailments of gastro-intestinal tract, as vital-organ tonics, nutritive, etc. An important observation is that most herbs are effective in more than one condition. Some of the important medicaments include C. sativus, honey, Cichorium intybus L., Aucklandia costus Falc., B. officinalis, Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. etc. Pre-clinical and clinical studies on the drugs corroborate the classical Unani literature.
Conclusion
Several Unani herbs can be potentially utilized in post-COVID-19 conditions due to their multi-dimensional therapeutic and protective actions. Hence, clinical research in this direction may provide a practical solution to overcome the sequelae of COVID-19.
... To Improve appearance (0) 0.0 (1) 0.6 (16) 9.9 (9) 5.6 (0) 0.0 (26) 16 Moving forward, the statistical analysis of the Pearson Chi-Square shown in Table 3 In contrast, the statistical analyses of the Pearson Chi-Square shown in Table 3 The statistical findings exhibited above provide valuable indicators of the Malaysian public's awareness, consumption, and perception or belief about HSs, especially the antecedents to the reason for consuming HS. The following section discusses the implications of the findings. ...
... This finding provides a valuable indicator for future studies specifically on bio-based HS products in production, especially among Malaysian HS consumers. Studies [15,16,20] hasten further research to create unique nutraceutical bamboo-based goods that benefit society. In particular, bamboo shoots have been used as food and in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for centuries; they are also well-known as a component of Malaysian cuisine. ...
The demand for health supplements (HS) has skyrocketed in Malaysia and around the world in recent years. The demand for supplements keeps rising as more people show an interest in maintaining their health. Vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, and herbal supplements (botanicals) are popular health items. These medications are available over the counter and often come in pills, powder, or liquid form. The endemic effect of COVID-19 anticipates that people will look outside of vaccines for HSs to support their body’s immune system. The study investigates the Malaysian public’s awareness, consumption, and perception or belief about HSs, especially the antecedents to the reason for consuming HS. Purposive sampling and snowball methods were used to solicit data from the Malaysian public by employing a self-administered questionnaire in this cross-sectional online survey. Note that 478 responses were received, but 418 were usable (yielding an 87.45% response rate). The key findings demonstrated a statistically significant chi-square where there are positive associations between the antecedents of Malaysians consuming HS, including country of origin, the Internet, liquid form of HS, and loss of body fat, with a strong magnitude of association. The findings in this study provide a valuable indicator for scientists, researchers, producers, sellers, and marketers to identify the marketability of their invented HS products.
... Uniformly dispersed Pd-Cu bimetal catalysts were prepared through using TiO 2 nanofiber (Pd-Cu/TiO 2 ) as a carrier, and the Pd-Cu/TiO 2 catalyst showed higher nitrate removal efficiency, N 2 selectivity, and faster removal kinetics, achieving nearly 100% conversion of NO 3 − to harmless gas ). In recent years, due to its higher surface area and pore structure, as well as renewable characteristics, biochar has a wide range of applications in the fields of environmental protection, medicine, and food (Panee et al. 2015;Nirmala et al. 2018;Kumar et al. 2019;Liang et al. 2021a, b;Silva et al. 2021;Thotagamuge et al. 2021;Wei et al. 2022). Biochar presented the significant application potential in synthesis of BC and BC-based materials. ...
Noble metal materials have been identified as high efficiency catalysts for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate, and the synthesis and manufacture of high catalytic activity and environmentally friendly catalysts of activating hydrogen for water purification applications is extremely attractive. In this work, the Pd–Cu single-atom catalysts (Pd–Cu-N-BC) were first prepared by direct growth of Pd–Cu single-atom on bamboo biochar by regulating the concentration of precursors and doping method, and then enhanced electrocatalytic reduction nitrate performance and N2 generation. The results showed that Pd–Cu-N-BC displayed excellent catalytic activity and reusability in electrocatalytic reduction nitrate with a low potential of 0.47 V vs. RHE (@10 mA cm−2). The maximum nitrate removal efficiency and N2 generation could reach about 100% and 72.32% within 180 min, respectively. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that Cu atoms could catalyze the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and Pd atoms anchored in the nitrogen-doped biochar (N-BC) lattice could catalyze electrochemical reduction of nitrite to N2 involving the formation of hydrogen radical (H*). The characterization results of XANES showed that electronic synergistic effect between Pd and Cu single atoms significantly promotes the N2 production through hydrogenation while inhibiting the generation of byproducts, leading to significantly enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to N2. Finally, Pd–Cu-N-BC was designed as a 3D particle electrode for enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate, exhibiting excellent stability and reusability, which could be considered as a suitable candidate for applications in the remediation of nitrate contamination.
... Additionally, bamboo has various uses and applications, such as in the food, pharmaceutical, paper and pulp industries, crafts, furniture manufacturing, landscaping, construction, and its environmental importance for the recovery of deforested areas and soil conservation (Nirmala et al., 2018;Azevedo-Junior et al., 2019;Cardoso et al., 2019;Ahmad et al., 2023). ...
This study aimed to establish in vitro protocols using nodal segments and inflorescences of Guadua glomerata, a bamboo native to the Amazon. To reduce contamination of nodal segments introduced in vitro, the culture medium was supplemented with different concentrations of the biocide PPM®. For inflorescences introduced in vitro, the surface disinfestation methodology was not effective, which made it impossible to analyze the influence of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Fungi from contaminated flasks were identified as possible fungi of the genera Trichoderma sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Arthrobotrys sp. in nodal segments introduced in vitro, while Fusarium spp. was identified in inflorescences introduced in vitro. We conclude that it is necessary to test different disinfestation methodologies for the in vitro establishment of G. glomerata. Furthermore, the identification of the fungi found in our study opens the possibility of using specific fungicides in future disinfestation attempts and thus improving the effectiveness of the process.
... For instance, in the food industry, they are used as additives and preservatives to improve food organoleptic 55 and nutritional characteristics, as well as in edible coatings and packaging. 56 Additionally, antioxidants find applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as additives to enhance the stability, preservation, and therapeutic properties of certain drugs 57 and prevent skin oxidation owing to sunlight and external agents. 58 Furthermore, they have applications in the environmental sector, acting as protective agents for crops against exposure to pollutants, ultraviolet radiation and environmental stressors, 59 as well as in wastewater treatment and bioremediation of contaminants. ...
The growing concern about environmental sustainability and increasing fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) generation have stimulated research into their potential valorization. This paper explores using this type of waste to obtain beneficial antioxidants in various fields of study. It is imperative to delve into the problems associated with FVW, shedding light on the staggering amounts generated and the environmental and economic challenges of waste disposal. The biochemical composition of FVW reveals the diverse array of components present, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and of course antioxidants, which can be obtained through different extraction methods, depending on the conditions, the efficiency and the purpose that is required during the process of separation of these compounds from the organic matter. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize free radicals, which contributes to combating various conditions and diseases to promote and preserve human health. Several groups of antioxidants have been described, such as polyphenolic compounds in significant amounts in plant biomass as FVW. These antioxidants demonstrate benefits, efficacy and potential applications in industries like medicine, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and functional foods. The valorization of FVW as a source of antioxidants presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management and the production of natural antioxidants. This approach contributes to environmental preservation and promotes circular economy principles by transforming waste into valuable resources. This paper provides valuable insights into the vast potential of FVW valorization for antioxidant production and its application across diverse industries.
... This observation can be attributed to the excellent antioxidant properties of bamboo. Studies have revealed that bamboo is a rich source of antioxidants, and regular consumption of bamboo-based products may reduce the risk of age-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and diabetes (33). It is noteworthy that BCP intervention effectively alleviated the pathological state of the liver, especially in the rats of the BCP-H group, which presented a normal hepatocyte and sinusoid structure similar to that of the LFD group. ...
Introduction
Bamboo charcoal powder (BCP) is increasingly used as a food colorant. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BCP consumption on improving high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia.
Methods
Fifty male SD rats were randomly assigned into five groups, with 10 rats in each group: the control group was fed a low-fat diet (LFD); the model control group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD); the low-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 2.81 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-L) by gavage; the medium-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 5.62 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-M) by gavage; the high-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 11.24 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-H) by gavage.
Results
After 90 days, the consumption of BCP caused a decrease in body weight, plasma lipids (triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), liver triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and liver histopathological scores. BCP caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver tissues. BCP also led to an increase in 72-h fecal dry weight and crude fat in a rat metabolic cage. The analysis of fecal samples with liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) showed that the biomarkers associated with BCP consumption were mainly related to fatty and amino acid metabolism. Notably, BCP treatment significantly promoted linoleic acid metabolism.
Discussion
These results suggest that BCP may have a preventive effect against diet-induced hyperlipidemia through the promotion of fecal fat excretion. BCP may potentially be used as an alternative functional food component for people with diet-induced hyperlipidemia.
... However, Bambusa spp. has considerably greater antioxidant activity, which might be attributed to the presence of many bioactive substances such as polyphenols, and vitamins A, C, and E. A previous study on Phyllostachys pubescence shoots also identified eight phenolic acids, such as p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid [59,75]. Moreover, it contains selenium in trace amounts which exhibits potential antioxidant activity [59]. ...
The rapid dietary changes experienced by indigenous people worldwide threaten the use of traditional foods, which are often undervalued. This study focused on evaluating the antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of five vegetables typically consumed by the Manipuri ethnic groups in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh: Yongchak seed (Parkia speciosa), Telikadam seed (Leucaena leucocephala), Phakphai leaf (Persicaria odorata), Sheuli leaf (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis), and bamboo shoot (Bambusa spp.). The samples were dried and powdered to assess the antioxidant activity through total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Antibacterial efficacy was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Leafy vegetables exhibited higher TPC, TFC, and TTC than seeds and shoots, with N. arbor-tristis leaf showing the highest TPC (99.16 ± 2.07 mg GAE/g DW) and P. odorata leaf exhibiting the highest TFC (9.19 ± 0.7 mg QE/g) and TTC (3.59 ± 0.26 mg TAE/g). However, Bambusa spp. shoot extract showed the highest antioxidant potential (IC50: 1.66 ± 0.05 mg/mL). All samples exhibited higher ZOI against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp.), ranging from 10 ± 2.65 to 19.33 ± 2.08 mm. L. leucocephala seed extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against both the tested gram-positive bacteria with a MIC of 15.6 mg/mL. Conversely, the P. odorata leaf extract exerted the strongest antibacterial effect against gram-negative bacteria, with the lowest MIC values for Klebsiella spp. (31.25 mg/mL) and Escheria coli (62.5 mg/mL). The findings of this investigation suggest that the selected indigenous vegetables could be valuable sources of phytochemicals with potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Incorporating and promoting these traditional foods into the diet may improve food security, dietary diversity, and public health in Bangladesh.
... The medicinal properties and pharmacological importance of bamboo made it one of several possible natural sources of anticancer medications that gained global attention [19]. Bamboo has a lot of medicinal potential, and its shoots and leaves may be used in a way that is both safe and kind to the environment [20]. ...
Phyllostachys heterocycla is well-known for its high diversity of bioactive metabolites, which are the reason for its various potential medical uses for which anticancer activity has been proven. Herein, Phyllostachys heterocycla extract was prepared in two different metallic nanoparticle formulas such as iron oxide nanoparticle-boron, and iron oxide nanoparticle-humic acid (Fe2O3 NP-B and Fe2O3 NP-HA) with average particle sizes of 12.25 nm and 15.80 nm, respectively. Phyllostachys heterocycla extract and the two nano-formulas were investigated to obtain their cytotoxic activity. The crude extract exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against the ovarian (OVCAR-3) cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 16.3 µg/mL. In comparison, the two nano-loaded forms displayed a much more promising cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 0.9 µg/mL for Fe2O3 NP-HA, and 6.4 µg/mL for Fe2O3 NP-B. Additionally, NP-HA and NP-B showed potent cytotoxic activities against prostate (PC-3) and pancreatic (Panc1) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 2.31, 6.3 µg/mL for Fe2O3 NP-HA, and 14.9, 16.8 µg/mL for Fe2O3 NP-B. For apoptosis investigation, Fe2O3 NP-HA induced total ovarian apoptotic cell death by a 87.34-fold change, and necrosis by 1.29-fold change. Regarding cell cycle analysis, Fe2O3 NP-HA-PHE arrested the cell proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells in S-phase, with an increased cell population at S-phase of 42.6%. Additionally, it confirmed the apoptosis mechanism by inhibiting the antiapoptotic gene and activating the proapoptotic gene markers. Moreover, upon continuation of our phytochemical investigation of the plant, additional chemical components of the crude extract of Phyllostachys heterocycla were isolated using various chromatographic techniques. As a result, six compounds were isolated. By using different spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the pure isolated compounds were assigned as stigmasterol (1), glyceryl monobehenate (2), vanillic acid (3), ferulic acid (4), catechin (5), and thymidine (6). These isolated compounds were previously reported for their potent cytotoxic activities against panel of cancer cell lines including pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer cell lines (Ferulic acid), beside the anti-tumor potential against ovarian cell lines (Stigmasterol). In addition to the cytotoxic activity against human larynx carcinoma HepG-2 cell lines (Catechin), human breast cancer MCF7 (Thymidine), and human colon cancer cell line HT-29 (Vanillic acid). Which may explain the significant cytotoxic and anticancer properities of the crude extract of Phyllostachysheterocycla.
... Bamboo shoots are a rich source of natural antioxidants that are vital for scavenging free radicals. Besides bioactive compounds and minerals, vitamins C and E are among the main antioxidant components found in bamboo shoots (Nirmala et al., 2018). The utilization of antioxidant-rich plant sources for the development of bakery products has shown that they inhibit the decomposition of monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Mildner-Szkudlarz et al., 2009). ...
... Bamboo shoots contain a large number of minerals, which are essential for the activity of enzymes and the structure of tissues in the body [2,9]. Zn and Cu are necessary for the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), and iron is also a cofactor, in that it is the most abundant trace element in the body and most of the iron is present as iron bound to proteins [10]. Although many studies reported the constituents of bamboo shoots, including proteins, starch, carbohydrates, fat, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, among various bamboo species [4,[11][12][13][14], the changes in nutrient components with the shoot growth of many bamboo species are still not clearly described. ...
Bamboo shoots are considered as a healthy food and are popular in Asian cooking. The distribution of nutrients and their dynamics during the growth of bamboo shoots play a crucial role in guiding the harvesting and processing of bamboo shoots. In this study, Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz, an important bamboo species for harvesting fine edible shoots in southern China and Southeast Asia, was used to measure several indicators related to the edibility and nutritional value of fresh shoots across five height grades (H1: 20~30 cm; H2: 31~40 cm; H3: 41~50 cm; H4: 51~60 cm; and H5: 61~70 cm). The results indicated that, although the nutrient and mineral elements showed an increasing (crude fiber content, CFC), decreasing (total soluble sugars content, TSSC; ash content, AC; Fe; Zn), or fluctuating (soluble protein content, SPC; P; K; Ca) pattern with the growth of bamboo shoots, both the CFC and TSSC showed the highest values in the lower part at five growth heights, indicating that carbohydrates were mainly enriched in the bases of bamboo shoots. The SPC, AC, and other mineral elements were higher in the upper part, especially in H1–H3. Combined with the relatively high activity of metabolic enzymes (sucrose-phosphate synthase, SPS; neutral invertase, NI) in the upper part of bamboo shoots (although not statistically significant), it can be inferred that the shoot tip may be the main tissue for early nutrient synthesis and metabolism. Compared with the shoot height, different parts of a D. brandisii bamboo shoot are more indicative of its nutrient properties. Although all heights of bamboo shoots showed an abundance of nutrients and mineral elements, bamboo shoots with a height of less than 40 cm had a higher TSSC, AC, Fe, and Zn, and a lower CFC, thus having a better balance between nutrients and edibility.
... Although bamboo shoots have been used as food (Satya et al., 2010) and in medical applications (Milani et al., 2020), the culms of some species can also be exploited, with promising results for food production (Felisberto et al., 2017;Rohadi et al., 2020) and in the pharmaceutical industry (Nirmalaa et al., 2018). ...
... As a guerilla-type clonal plant, bamboo has grown rapidly and extensively expanded in East and Southeast Asia, particularly China and Japan (Xu et al., 2020). Bamboo is economically significant as a building material, a substitute for plastic and in manufacturing paper, and is significantly involved in carbon (C) fixation and water and soil conservation (Binfield et al., 2022;Nirmala et al., 2018). Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is an important economic forest species with a significantly fast growth rate and strong regenerative ability Song et al., 2020). ...
... Some of the advantages possessed by bamboo, such as; strong stems, straight, flat, hard, easy to split, easy to shape, easy to work with, easy to transport, and relatively cheap prices, make bamboo often used. These uses include ornamental plants and plants that are able to store water and reduce landslides [4], musical instruments [5], fabric and paper industrial materials [6], building construction [7], food ingredients [8], cosmetic ingredients [9], natural antioxidants and medicinal ingredients [10], renewable energy and restoration plants [11]. ...
... A large number of plants, vegetables, and fruits that contain functional and renewable compounds showing antioxidant activity can be used as natural sources for antioxidant additives [12]. These natural antioxidants have been frequently used in foods and nutraceutic and pharmaceutic formulations [13][14][15]. In recent years, using of natural antioxidants such as various flavonoids [16][17][18][19], carotenoids [20,21], caffeic acid [22], ellagic acid [23], phytic acid [24], curcumin [25], other natural phenols [26][27][28], natural lignocellulosic fillers and food industry wastes or side products [29], and phenolic polymers including lignin [30,31], algae [32], chitosanbased biomass [33] in thermoplastics and rubbers have been studied and reported that these compound would promise considerable success for thermo-oxidative degradation. ...
In this study, Silybum marianum extract powder was introduced into low density polyethylene (LDPE) as a primary polyphenolic antioxidant via melt blending method. Two synthetic and commercial polyphenol- and phosphite-based antioxidants (Irganox® 1010 and Irgafos® 168) were also used for comparing the antioxidant efficiency and performance of Silybum marianum extract with commercial ones. A systematic formulation study was achieved by varying the amount of Silybum marianum extract in the range of 0.1–1.0 wt% and the primary:secondary antioxidant ratio. Antioxidant efficiency of Silybum marianum extract was quantified with the oxygen induction time (OIT) and oxidation onset temperature values determined by thermal analysis in a differential scanning calorimeter depending on the compositional variations. Some physical properties of specimens such as transparency, color coordinates, contact angle, and degree of crystallinity values were also examined. It was found that 0.2 wt% of Silybum marianum extract and 0.2 wt% of Irgafos® 168 loaded sample showed an OIT value of 22 min. at 210 °C that could be regarded as a very successful commercial potential. Increasing amount of Silybum marianum extract and Irgafos® 168 significantly improved the oxidation stability of polyethylene under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It was also found that introducing Silybum marianum extract, even the loading content of 1.0 wt%, did not alter the transparency and physical properties of LDPE. It has been concluded that Silybum marianum extract can be successfully used as a natural antioxidant in polyolefins and these samples could be used in packaging film applications.
Graphical Abstract
... Orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin are the key flavonoids present in bamboo leaves (Gu et al., 2022). These have good potential as natural antioxidative stabilizers in emulsions for industrial products (Nirmala et al., 2018;Li et al., 2022). Other chemical constituents in bamboo shoots and leaves include terpenoids, coumarins, tannins, lactones, saponins and glycosides. ...
The bamboos are underutilized plants with incredible versatility showing amazing healing properties due to the presence of a myriad of phytochemicals including phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, glycosides, coumarin lactones, anthraquinones and more. Bamboo shoots and leaves have excellent antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antibiotic and disinfectants properties that on consumption enhance the immunity against various viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Currently, bamboos have gained the particular attention of researchers because of their unique class of functional compounds that make them an ideal candidate for the formulation of silver or gold nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being utilized in every field of science and technology and are attracting research into their potential uses, primarily because of their very high surface to volume ratio. Phytochemicals from bamboo leaves and shoots have been used as potential agents for the formulation of silver nanoparticles. Recent research has shown their antimicrobial, leishmanicidal, catalytic and wound healing properties. Bamboo AgNPs are also used in packaging to prevent damage to food products by pathogens. The potential of different parts of bamboo in the synthesis of nanoparticles is yet to be fully explored. Nanoparticles have gained attention in the development of new pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, biosensor materials, composite fibres and electronic components. This paper presents an overview of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using bamboo, and their potential biomedical applications.
... It plays a crucial role in maintaining the social, economic, and environmental development of nations, and its identification has been a transdisciplinary priority in both botanical taxonomy and computer vision, with researchers collaborating across disciplines. The automated and accurate identification of commercial bamboo species helps a wide range of stakeholders, including farmers, foresters, pharmacologists, taxonomists, biologists, technical workers of environmental agencies, and ordinary individuals [21,22,24,25]. All these groups use their expert skills and knowledge accumulation for accurate species identification or classification. ...
Bamboos, also known as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and belonging to the family Poaceae and subfamily Bambusoideae, have a wide range of flowering cycles from 3 to 120 years; hence, it is difficult to identify species. Here, the focus is on supervised machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) as a potential automated approach for the identification and classification of commercial bamboo species, with the help of the majority multiclass voting (MajMulVot) algorithm. We created an image dataset of 2000 bamboo instances, followed by a texture dataset prepared using local binary patterns (LBP) and gray-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM)-based methods. First, we deployed five ML models for the texture datasets, where support vector machine (SVM) shows an accuracy rate of 82.27%. We next deployed five DL-based convolutional neural network (CNN) models for bamboo classification, namely AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet18, VGG19, and GoogleNet, using the transfer learning (TL) approach, where VGG16 prevails, with an accuracy rate of 88.75%. Further, a MajMulVot-based ensemble approach was introduced to improve the classification accuracy of all ML- and DL-based models. The ML-MajMulVot enhanced the accuracy for the texture dataset to 86.96%. In the same way, DL-MajMulVot increased the accuracy to 92.8%. We performed a comparative analysis of all classification models with and without K-fold cross-validation and MajMulVot methods. The proposed findings indicate that even difficult-to-identify species may be identified accurately with adequate image datasets. The suggested technology can also be incorporated into a mobile app to offer farmers effective agricultural methods.
... The anatomical structure of bamboo leaves includes the adaxial and abaxial epidermises, mesophyll, and a network of veins. Most of the existing literature on bamboo leaves focuses on their anatomy, chemical composition, and biological properties [44][45][46][47]. However, to date, only a few studies have investigated the development of bamboo leaves. ...
There are limited studies on the cytology of bamboo leaf development from primordium to maturity. This study delves into the leaf morphological characteristics and growth patterns of Sasaella kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and provides a three-dimensional anatomical analysis of cell division, expansion, and degradation. Leaves on the same branch develop bottom-up, while individual leaves develop the other way around. Like bamboo shoots and culms, the leaves follow a “slow–fast–slow” growth pattern, with longitudinal growth being predominant during their development. The growth zones of individual leaves included division, elongation, and maturation zones based on the distribution of growth space. By measuring 13,303 epidermal long cells and 3293 mesophyll cells in longitudinal sections of rapidly elongating leaves, we observed that in the rapid elongation phase (S4–S5), the division zone was located in the 1–2 cm segment at the bottom of the leaf blade and maintained a constant size, continuously providing new cells for leaf elongation, whereas in the late rapid elongation phase (S6), when the length of the leaf blade was approaching that of a mature leaf, its cells at the bottom of the blade no longer divided and were replaced by the ability to elongate. Furthermore, to gain an insight into the dynamic changes in the growth of the S. kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ leaves in the lateral and periclinal directions, the width and thickness of 1459 epidermal and 2719 mesophyll cells were counted in the mid-cross section of leaves at different developmental stages. The results showed that during the early stages of development (S1–S3), young leaves maintained vigorous division in the lateral direction, while periplasmic division gradually expanded from the bottom to the top of the leaf blade and the number of cell layers stabilized at S4. The meristematic tissues on both sides of the leaf were still able to divide at S4 but the frequency of the division gradually decreased, while cell division and expansion occurred simultaneously between the veins. At S6, the cells at the leaf margins and between the veins were completely differentiated and the width of the leaf blade no longer expanded. These findings revealed changes in cell growth anisotropically during the leaf development of S. kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and demonstrated that leaf elongation was closely related to the longitudinal expansion of epidermal cells and proliferative growth of mesophyll cells, whereas the cell division of meristematic tissues and expansion of post-divisional cells contributed to the increases in blade width and thickness. The presented framework will facilitate a further exploration of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of leaf development in S. kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and provide relevant information for developmental and taxonomic studies of bamboo plants.
... They control rancidity in aquatic products (Taheri et al. 2012), making them necessary for improved sensory quality, storage stability, and nutritional value of fish (Kazimierczak et al. 2008;Sampels 2013). Due to the carcinogenic and mutating effect of synthetic antioxidants like tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene on fish and other aquatic products (Taheri et al. 2012), natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acids (AA), citric acid, vegetable extracts, various spices, and herbs are preferred by the food industry (Nirmala et al. 2018) because of their phenolic contents. Natural, clean label antimicrobial, antioxidants, texturizers, and colors have been used in meat products as a better alternative to synthetic additives (Delgado-Pando et al. 2021). ...
The effectiveness of ascorbic acid in improving the quality and shelf life of processed (smoked) mackerel fillets was investigated. The fish were divided into four ascorbic acid (AA) treatment groups and smoked for 18 hours at a temperature between 120°C and 150°C. After 28 days, the fish were tested for proximate, biochemical, microbiological, and sensory status. Based on the tests conducted, fish treated with 15 mg L −1 AA showed better nutrient composition, biochemical, and sensory qualities, while Enterobacteriaceae spp counts declined with higher AA concentrations. The study revealed that AA improved mackerel fish and extended their shelf life.
... With an average protein content of approximately 2.65 g per 100 g of fresh bamboo shoots and some bamboo shoots containing more than 4.0 g of protein per 100 g, they are higher in protein than normal bovine milk (which contains about 3.5 g protein per 100 g) (Jenkins and McGuire, 2006;Thomas, 1983). Additionally, bamboo shoots are abundant in amino acids, containing 17 amino acids, some of which, such as arginine and tyrosine, are major amino acids that are otherwise minor components in common fruits and vegetables (Nirmala et al., 2018). Furthermore, bamboo shoots are a good source of edible fiber, containing about 6 to 8 g of fiber per 100 g of fresh bamboo shoots, which is much higher than common vegetables, for instance, cabbage, radish, and cucumber only contain 1.0, 0.6, and 0.4 g of fiber per 100 g, respectively (Chongtham et al., 2011). ...
Hundreds of bamboo shoots have been reported to be edible, but the accumulation of trace elements and hazardous elements in bamboo shoots is poorly understood. Here, 100 bamboo species have been evaluated by screening elements including B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As in bamboo shoots using different assessment systems. Bamboo shoots displayed different morphological characteristics, and large differences were found in the concentration of elements. Most bamboo shoots were rich in Fe and Zn and low concentrations of hazardous elements, but the concentration of Cd and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limits of tuber vegetables in some bamboo species. Different bamboo shoots were ranked differently in the four assessment systems, and the comprehensive evaluation assigned final scores to all 100 bamboo shoots. This study provides valuable recommendations for selecting high-quality bamboo shoots that are rich in trace elements nutrition while minimizing the potential for hazardous element accumulation.
... Light is not only a necessary prerequisite for plants to photosynthesize but also has a regulatory effect on plant growth, affecting the production of certain hormones in plant structures as well as the morphology, physiology, metabolism, and gene regulation of plant growth [28,29]. Indocalamus plants have low growth rates, and their growth is affected by environmental influences, particularly light intensity [30]. ...
Indocalamus, characterized by its expansive leaves, low height, strong reproductive capacity, and abundant bioactive compounds, has extensive utility in the realms of food processing, the manufacturing of packaging materials, and the advancement of novel pharmaceuticals. Two light environments, CK (100% full light) and ST (50% full light), were established to explore the effects of low-light environments on the reproductive ability, morphological characteristics, photosynthetic properties, and leaf active substances of 14 Indocalamus species. The findings revealed that in comparison to the CK treatment, for 14 species of Indocalamus under the ST treatment, (1) the diameter, single leaf area, and leaf area index increased by 8.27%, 8.14%, and 17.88%, respectively; (2) the net photosynthetic rate decreased by 15.14%, and the total chlorophyll contents increased by 20.25%; and (3) the total flavonoid contents increased by 18.28% in autumn, the total polyphenol contents increased by 48.96% in spring, and the total polysaccharide contents increased by 31.44% and 30.81% in summer and winter, respectively. In summary, Indocalamus are adapted to survive in low-light environments; the growth and physiological indices differ significantly between the two light environments, and the low-light environment can effectively promote the growth and development of the leaves. Furthermore, the leaves are rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and active substances, which are affected by the light intensity and the season to varying degrees, and autumn and winter are the best times for harvesting the leaves. The leaves of I. hunanensis and I. lacunosus are richest in flavonoids and polyphenols, while the leaves of I. kunmingensis cv. fuminer are richest in polysaccharides. The main findings of this study demonstrate that Indocalamus has strong shade tolerance and tremendous leaf value, laying the foundation for broadening the application of their leaves and for their industrial development in understory composite planting systems.
... People have ingested plants as a source of food, shelter, clothing, medicine, cosmetics, and for seeking relief from life's adversities; in an ongoing effort to improve their quality of life [6]. It is believed that these natural substances may help prevent cancer and have other health benefits due to their antioxidant properties [7,8]. Herbal spices contain bioactive compounds that are typically added to food items to enhance flavor and extend shelf life [9,10]. ...
Flaxseed and fennel seeds are rich sources of different types of phenolics such as lignans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and tannins. The present study was carried out to develop and optimize a technique for isolation and quantification of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) from flaxseed and Anethole from fennel seeds and to assess the antioxidant activities of flaxseed (Linum usitatisimum L.) and fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) extracts. The percentage of extract in fennel seeds and flaxseed was 5.72 and 6.31 %, respectively. Using HPLC, the predominant constituent in fennel seed was determined to be anethole (11.30±0.25 mg/g) and in flaxseed, it was secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) (8.35±0.52 mg/g) compared to the respective standards solution. Using SPSS, the obtained data from each parameter were statistically analyzed. There are numerous biological and pharmacological effects of trans-anethole. For antioxidant activity, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) showed higher results with acetone (80%), with fennel seed and flaxseed is 7.28±0.17 and 8.29±0.23 mM TE/g. while the FTC method was maximum for distilled water extract of fennel seed (48.35±0.19%) and Flaxseed (65.09±0.72%) and by β-carotene bleaching method, water extract of fennel seed and flaxseed also showed maximum antioxidant activity i.e. 83.06±0.02% and 86.23±0.38%. Additionally, it is used as a masking agent in food products as a flavoring agent. According to the findings of this study, fennel seeds and flaxseed contain bioactive compounds that may assist in the treatment of a number of chronic diseases.
... Due to their safety, potent antioxidant capacity, and few side effects, natural antioxidants are drawing increasing attention. Because of their detrimental health impacts, synthetic antioxidants have drawn attention in the food industry [3]. Therefore, natural antioxidants are urgently needed to replace artificially synthesized antioxidants. ...
Plant phenolic compounds have attracted considerable attention because of their health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the composition and antioxidant activity of phenol extracts from Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. steam and leaf (PPP). The FTIR, UPLC-Q-Obtrip-MS, and HPLC−DAD methods were used to analyze the composition of PPP, and 20 phenolic compounds were preliminarily identified. Among them, the contents of hyperin, astragalin, and diosmetin levels were the highest. Treatment with PPP can significantly reduce t-BHP-induced cell damage in HepG2 cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Meanwhile, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH−Px) activities can be increased. Moreover, PPP enhanced Nrf2 expression, which was consistent with that of heme oxygenase-1 (HO−1), glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), whereas the expression of Keap1, the Nrf2 inhibitor, was decreased. All findings indicate that PPP can serve as a natural bioactive substance for preventing oxidative stress.
... The fresh shoots of Pleioblastus amarus have exhibited great anti-inflammatory activity (Ren, et al. 2019). Some significant in-vivo testing has demonstrated the ability of bioactive bamboo shoot compounds to scavenge free radicals (Chongtham, et al. 2018;Sharma et al. 2018). ...
This study was undertaken to understand the anti-oxidative properties of products of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic origin derived from bamboo shoots of seven species, namely Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Phyllostachys bambusoides, Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Bambusa pallida, Bambusa balcooa, and Gigantochola macrostachya, as well as three processed bamboo shoot products, namely Hidung (roasted and partially fermented shoot) Eup (moist fermented shoot), and Ekung (dried fermented shoot). The latter three products are widely consumed by the tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Catalase enzyme activities (CAT) among the shoots were significantly different (F = 18.574, P < 0.001) with the highest values being in B. balcooa and P. bambusoides (2.7 units/g sample) and the lowest in G. macrostachya (0.9 units/g sample), respectively. Peroxidase GPX activity among the shoots and processed products was also significantly different (F= 17.996, P< 0.001 and F= 8.75, P < 0.05, respectively) with a range of between 125.6 and 239.6 GPX units/g for fresh and 170.7–180.3 GPX units/g for processed products. Ascorbic acid contents in the tender shoots of all the species and processed products ranged from 2.35 to 6.1 mg/100 g for fresh tender shoots and 2.23–5.61 mg/100 g for processed products. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) content was estimated to be 0.22–1.16 mg/100 g for fresh material and 0.24–0.26 mg/100 g for processed products. Fresh tender shoots had higher antioxidative properties of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic origin than fermented and processed forms. Higher antioxidant levels were observed in partially fermented Hidung than in the other two processed forms. Bamboo shoots and their pro-cessed forms have an adequate level of antioxidant characteristics, making them a nutritious meal that may be included in a healthy diet plan.
... They control rancidity in aquatic products (Taheri et al. 2012), making them necessary for improved sensory quality, storage stability, and nutritional value of fish (Kazimierczak et al. 2008;Sampels 2013). Due to the carcinogenic and mutating effect of synthetic antioxidants like tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene on fish and other aquatic products (Taheri et al. 2012), natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acids (AA), citric acid, vegetable extracts, various spices, and herbs are preferred by the food industry (Nirmala et al. 2018) because of their phenolic contents. Natural, clean label antimicrobial, antioxidants, texturizers, and colors have been used in meat products as a better alternative to synthetic additives (Delgado-Pando et al. 2021). ...
The effectiveness of ascorbic acid in improving the quality and shelf life of processed (smoked) mackerel fillets was investigated. The fish were divided into four ascorbic acid (AA) treatment groups and smoked for 18 hours at a temperature between 120°C and 150°C. After 28 days, the fish were tested for proximate, biochemical, microbiological, and sensory status. Based on the tests conducted, fish treated with 15 mg L−1 AA showed better nutrient composition, biochemical, and sensory qualities, while Enterobacteriaceae spp counts declined with higher AA concentrations. The study revealed that AA improved mackerel fish and extended their shelf life.
... The excessive production of free radicals at cellular level damage cells and caused various diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, Alzheimer and Parkinson (Cheraif et al. 2020). Therefore, demand for natural antioxidants from plant origins to combat oxidative stresses have increased (Nirmala et al. 2018). The antioxidant activities and acute toxicity of M. longifolia harvested in Iraq were investigated by Abbood et al. (2020) wherein the extract exhibited an effective DPPH radical scavenger with a lower IC 50 . ...
Mentha longifolia is an aromatic and medicinal herb extensively found in China, India, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean region. It is a popular folk remedy used in various traditional system of medicine. Phytochemical analysis of M. longifolia revealed the presence of a plethora of compounds that represents different chemical classes which are attributed to several pharmacological applications and their potential use as food additives. The plant is a rich source of phenolic acids and flavonoids, major acids including rosmarinic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and flavone derivatives. Monoterpenes particularly oxygenated ones such as menthol, 1,8-cineol, limonene, α-terpineol, carvone, piperitone oxide, pulegone, and menthone are found as major chemical compounds in the essential oil of M. longifolia leaves. The composition of essential oils in the plant varies depending on the parts used, extraction methods and geographical conditions. These compounds are reported to exhibit various pharmacological benefits including anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The research on the usage of nanoparticles and hydrogels by application of plant extract and essential oils of M. longifolia has increased in recent times due to its effective biological activities. M. longifolia is a potential natural herbal source for the development of novel drugs. The review presents a detailed phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity of M. longifolia and its application in modern medicine.
The excessive use of disposable chopsticks generates a significant amount of waste, particularly waste bamboo chopsticks (WBC). This study aims to reduce waste and enhance the value of WBC by extracting bamboo fibers and reinforcing them in a biopolymer matrix. Research on WBC/polymer composites, especially those utilizing extracted bamboo fibers in a biopolymer matrix, is limited. In this research, the bamboo fibers extracted from WBC and bamboo plant are reinforced into a biopolymer called polybutylene succinate (PBS) at varying levels from 0 to 40wt% with increments of 10wt%. The characteristics of composites made from WBC fiber and PBS are analyzed and compared with those of PBS incorporating bamboo fibers obtained directly from bamboo plants. The evaluation focuses on various aspects, including morphology, mechanical strength, thermal properties, and rheological characteristics. The results showed that introducing WBC fibers into the PBS matrix did not significantly compromise the properties or thermal stability of the composites when contrasted with bamboo fibers sourced from bamboo plants and used in PBS composites. The WBC fiber/PBS composites displayed slightly superior mechanical and rheological properties compared to composites incorporating bamboo plant fibers in PBS. The results affirm that bamboo fibers extracted from WBC can effectively reinforce biopolymer composites.
Food quality is adversely affected by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological reactions, leading to it becoming inedible. Thus, finding alternative methods to preserve foods effectively and extend their shelf life is important. While chemical preservatives have been effective in preventing the growth of harmful pathogens in foods and extending their shelf life, they can also adversely affect consumers' health. For example, nitrites commonly used as preservatives in processed meats have been linked to the development of cancer. This is why researchers, and the food industry are exploring various options to find nontoxic and safe biopreservatives that can be used to preserve food. One such promising option is biopreservatives because they are derived from natural sources, such as plants and insects. This review explores the antimicrobial properties of various biopreservatives, including bacteriocins, polymers, bacteriophages, enzymes, and natural oils, and how they work together to create a synergistic effect in food preservation.
The main objective of this review is to describe the bioprospecting and other benefit of the bamboo. Bamboo is the fastest growing plant belongs to poaceae family. Totally 1600 species (114 Genera) are spread all over the world including India. As per recent worldwide suvey, 33.1 billion metric tons/year of carbon produces and 238 million tons of carbon sink by the total bamboo forest. In India, 50% of the bamboo species are cultivated and increases maximum revenue of the country. Bamboo has vital role in carbon sequestration it estimated upto 40-45% of carbon sequest and produces 35 % of oxygen to reduce the global warming. And its has trementous application like soil carbon storage, biofuel production, construction and production of edible products etc. Bamboo is also one of the important species has applications like anti oxidant properties, anti inflammatory properties etc. This review mainly describes the carbon sequestration, oxygen production, bamboo health benefits. And this article will be an important evidence for the future bamboo research.
This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol extract from Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. leaf and fruit parts. The highest antioxidant activity with 53 µM TEAC and 0.0084 mg/mL SC50 using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays, respectively determined in leaf part. The data indicated that the leaf of the plant had the higher total phenolic content (49 µg/mL GAE) and total flavonoid content (0.071 µg/mL QAE) compared to fruit. The α-glucosidase enzyme activity of the leaves (0.179 mg/mL IC₅₀) was observed to be higher than that of the fruits (0.386 mg/mL IC₅₀). The MIC values of the leaf and fruit parts of blueberry were 6.25 mg/ml and 3.125 mg/ml, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the leaf extract was found to significantly reduce the biofilm-forming capacity of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolate by approximately 3-fold, whereas the fruit extract was observed to have only a marginal effect, reducing the biofilm-forming capacity by approximately 1.4-fold. The effects of plant extracts on microbial biofilms may be examined with a view to combating antibiotic resistance. Also results suggesting that it might be an effective and safety medical plant to prevent or treat diseases associated with oxidative damage and bacterial infections. Consequently, further research on natural substances may lead to the development of treatment options.
Bamboo spp. are a significant source of raw materials for the paper and pulp industries worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to identify pathogens accurately since they can pose a significant threat to bamboo in nurseries and plantations. In January 2021, symptoms of leaf spot and blight disease were observed on Bambusa polymorpha in the central nursery of Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India. After examining the morphological characteristics and conducting a phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, Nigrospora sphaerica was identified as the causative agent. In pathogenicity experiments, N. sphaerica induced leaf spot and blight symptoms and was successfully re-isolated from the inoculated leaves, thereby satisfying Koch's postulates. This study marks the first report of N. sphaerica as a foliar pathogen of B. polymorpha in India. Further research should focus on developing strategies to manage leaf blight disease in bamboo nurseries.
Bamboo, a member of the grass family, is a fast growing and high yielding renewable resource. The popularity of bamboo has risen in recent times owing to its multifaceted and myriad of practical applications. There are unlimited uses of bamboo, therefore proper utilization of this beneficial resource will be useful to the industrial sector. This review provides a comprehensive summary regarding the potential of bamboo as a vital non-wood fibrous raw material for pulp, paper and other allied industries owing to its ability to conserve forests and foster sustainable economic development. Bamboo’s abundance, renewability, mechanical strength, and other functional features make it an appealing and potential building biomaterial in the pursuit of sustainable raw materials needed for industrial development. This review provides an in-depth summary and unique perspective on the application of bamboo at a commercial scale in various sectors, thereby encouraging the utilization of this potential material towards environmental sustainability and economic growth.
Background: Bamboo shoots, as a representative non-wood forest product, have a long history as a food source and have gained interests from scientists and industry for their potential as a sustainable nutrition resource to address the needs of future populations and ensure food security. Bamboo shoots are abundant in proteins, fibers, minerals, vitamins and many bioactive components, while being low in fat, making them highly valuable in
terms of nutrition and health benefits.
Scope and approach: This review comprehensively examines the consumption and processing history, nutritional composition, and potential health benefits of bamboo shoots as a sustainable nutrition resource. It further explores the newly developed functional ingredients and their applications in culinary and other value-added food products.
Key findings and conclusions: Bamboo shoots possess various bioactive components, which contributes to potential
health benefits including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, cancer control effect, prevention of obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. Additionally, numerous functional ingredients such as dietary fibers, polysaccharides, proteins, and antioxidant extracts derived from bamboo shoots have been developed in recent years. Despite their potential, the utilization of bamboo shoots in the current food industry faces limitations, particularly concerning toxicity and sensory aspects that need to be addressed for worldwide consumption. Efforts are recommended to promote awareness, close the knowledge gap, and conduct long-term studies on consumer acceptance of bamboo shoot consumption. Additionally, it is important to overcome challenges faced by the food industry in scaling up shoot-based functional food production. These initiatives will contribute to the broader
utilization of bamboo shoots as a sustainable nutrition resource.
This paper explores the antioxidant capacity of milk, probiotics, and postbiotics. Antioxidants are compounds that can protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress. Milk is a rich source of antioxidants, including vitamins A and E, and some evidence suggests that milk consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can confer health benefits when ingested, and some strains have been shown to have antioxidant properties. Postbiotics are non-viable microorganisms or their metabolites, and recent research has suggested that they may have antioxidant effects. This paper reviews the current evidence on the antioxidant capacity of milk, probiotics, and postbiotics, and discusses the potential implications for human health. Overall, the findings suggest that these three sources may have antioxidant effects, which could contribute to their health-promoting properties. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine their clinical relevance.
Bamboo powder has a high risk of fire and dust explosion during production, manufacturing, transportation and storage. It is of great significance to study the combustion characteristics of bamboo powder and its influencing factors for finding suitable flame retardants. So far, the relative study is more focused on bamboo rather than bamboo powder. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of bamboo powder were measured by TGA. Ignition temperature, burnout temperature, combustion rate and comprehensive combustion index were used as evaluation criteria. The influence of particle size and heating rate was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the ignition and burnout temperature increased with the increase in heating rate. The S value at the heating rate of 40 °C min−1 was 22 times of that at 5 °C min−1. The finer the particle size, the higher the S value, and the S value of 400-mesh bamboo powder can reach 2.0 × 10–5. The flame retardant properties of six inorganic compounds on bamboo powder were studied. According to the S value, the order of flame retardant properties at the best concentration was CaCl2 ˃ NH4H2PO4 ˃ MgCl2 ˃ Na3PO4 ˃ NH4Cl ˃ APP. Among them, 33% CaCl2 had the best flame retardancy.
The treatment of leishmaniasis, an anthropozoonosis caused by Leishmania protozoa, is limited by factors, such as adverse effects, toxicity, and excessive cost, which has highlighted the importance of novel drugs. In this context, natural products have been considered as sources of antileishmanial agents. This study investigated the leishmanicidal activity of Microgramma vacciniifolia frond lectin (MvFL) on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis.
The effects of MvFL on promastigote proliferation and macrophage infection by amastigotes were evaluated and mean inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were calculated. As a safety assessment, the hemolytic capacity of MvFL (6.25–200 µg/mL) against mouse and human erythrocytes was determined. Additionally, the ability of MvFL (6.25–100 µg/mL) to modulate lysosomal and phagocytic activities and the nitric oxide (NO) production by murine peritoneal macrophages was also investigated.
After 24 h, MvFL inhibited the proliferation of L. amazonensis promastigotes, with an IC50 of 88 µg/mL; however, hemolytic activity was not observed. MvFL also reduced macrophage infection by amastigotes with an IC50 of 52 µg/mL. Furthermore, treatment with MvFL reduced the number of amastigotes internalized by infected murine peritoneal macrophages by up to 68.9% within 48 h. At a concentration of 25 µg/mL, MvFL stimulated lysosomal activity of macrophages within 72 h, but did not alter phagocytic activity or induce NO production at any of the tested concentrations.
MvFL exerts antileishmanial activity and further studies are needed to assess its therapeutic potential in in vivo experimental models of leishmaniasis.
Phenols and phytosterols have tremendous impact on the health care system and may provide medical health benefits including the prevention or treatment of diseases and physiological disorders. The health benefits of the juvenile bamboo shoots are attributed to the presence of these bioactive compounds. Modern research has revealed that bamboo shoots play specific pharmacological effects in human health as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antioxidants, antibacterial, antifungal, hepato-protective, neuroprotective and antiaging. Fresh bamboo shoots are delicious, crispy and healthy, with high phenolic and phytosterol content. However, processing procedures, such as soaking, boiling and drying may affect the levels of these bioactive compounds and subsequent overall health related activities. Here, the effects of various processing methods like soaking, boiling and drying were examined on the content of phenols and phytosterols in the shoots of four bamboo species. It was observed that different processing methods had significant effects on phenolic and phytosterols content in the bamboo shoots.
Production the healthy and desirable products is the most essential tasks of food producing industries. Therefore, the food industry engineers by using the new techniques and new food sources to improve the quality and nutritional characteristics of food, change the food formulation while maintaining the desirable sensory characteristics. Fish nuggets is a product with low fiber content and high in fat, because of its preparation process (frying). So, investigating the feasibility of improving the fiber content and reducing the fat content of fish nuggets by using the appropriate resources is one of the essential tasks of meat and fish industry researchers. In this study we sought to evaluate different statistical methods and choice of appropriate analysis of variance to assess the effect of bamboo fiber and combine it with animal collagen on the physical and chemical characteristics and sensory Nags Tilapia fish are. So that we can properly and appropriately assess the effects of these additives on food. In this study, we sought to evaluate different statistical methods and select the appropriate analysis of variance to assess the effect of bamboo fiber and its combine with animal collagen on the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of Nags Tilapia fish. So that we can measure the effects of these additives on food properly and appropriately.
North-East India is endowed with abundance of natural resources and bamboo is one such resource. The region is rich in diversity as well as stock of bamboo, not only in India but by extension in the entire South-East Asian region. Bamboo is a way of life and culture in the region and used for almost all purposes like surgical blades for cutting the umbilical cord of new born babies to food and medicines. Bamboo was wood for all types of construction; it was a material for making all types of household utensils, agricultural and fishing implements to fuel for cooking and warming up the homes. One extensive use of bamboo in this region is the usage of young shoots as food. Young bamboo shoots of almost all species are eaten in various forms in the region and people have developed their own techniques and methods of preserving and processing of bamboo shoots for long term usage as well. They are also aware about the nutritional value of the young bamboo shoots which has now been substantiated by scientific studies. Bamboo being a promising natural resource, the contemporary usage of bamboo shoots shall help in the socio-economic and food security of the region and accordingly people are trying to use bamboo in various new and innovative ways for the well being, good health and prosperity.
Young shoots of some bamboo species require precooking processing to remove antinutrients to make them palatable and safe
for consumption; however some nutrient elements are also removed during the process. This study was conducted to select
appropriate precook processing treatments that retain nutrients with maximum release of antinutrients. Different durations of
boiling (10, 20 and 30 minutes) and soaking (6, 12 and 24 hours) as precooking methods, were studied on the antinutritional,
nutritional, phytochemical and organoleptic characteristics on shoots of three species of Dendrocalamus namely, D. giganteus,
D. latiflorus and D. sikkimensis. These precooking processes affected shoots variously. Nutrients viz carbohydrate, amino acid,
protein, fat, ash, vitamin E and vitamin C showed a decrease in processed shoots as compared to the fresh shoots, whereas an
increase in starch (2.52%-27.61%) and moisture (0.09%-4.91%) was observed after boiling. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and
total phenolic content reduced significantly (p<0.05) with all the processing treatments; acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased
(13.25%-26.88%) after boiling and decreased (1.20%-2.33%) after soaking and the phytosterol increased (2.54%-5.67%) after
all treatments in all the three species. Antinutrients (cyanogenic glycosides) were reduced by 75.76% - 96.10% after boiling
and 51.71% - 86.59% after soaking treatments. Contemplating overall antinutritional, nutritional, phytochemical and
organoleptic characteristics, 20 minutes boiling and 12 hours soaking treatments were found to be the most appropriate and
time efficient preparatory method of shoots for safe consumption. Current optimized treatments for shoot processing can be
utilized in preparation of traditional and contemporary gastronomies as well as in pharmaceutical industries and for
fortification of various food items.
: Bamboo shoot, a neglected and less known traditional delicacy is gaining popularity for health promoting
properties; generally consumed fresh but requires processing to remove acridity, improve palatability and for long term
preservation, however processing affects the nutrient and phytochemical composition. In this study, fresh, processed
(boiled, soaked and fermented) and six months stored shoots of Bambusa balcooa and B. bambos were analysed for
macro and micromineral elements by using wavelength dispersion X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results depicted the
presence of eight macrominerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Na, Si) and five micromineral elements (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ni).
Envisioning all treatments, boiling and six months storage reduced significantly (p<0.05) nearly all macromineral
elements while minimally the micromineral elements. Soaking was apropos relatively as it retained maximum content of
K (64-87%), P (80-95%), Mg (83-86%) and increased Ca, Na and S while unaltering Zn and Cu content. With
fermentation, micromineral elements were better retained or negligible change was observed.
Bamboo has a vital importance in the lives of the native tribes and is extensively grown in varied climatic zones. It is a valuable and renewable natural resource. India is one of the richest countries in terms of bamboo resources with about 136 species. In this review, we tried to collect and systematically arrange all the available important literature on nutritional importance of bamboo with special emphasis on the traditional foods and future processing avenues. New bamboo culms that come out of the ground, called shoots are usually used in Asian cookery in various ways (raw, canned, boiled, marinated, fermented, frozen and liquid). Bamboo provides moisture (89.3 %), low fat (0.41 g/100g), high dietary fibre (3.90 %), and mineral content (1.03 %). It is also a good source of thiamine, niacin, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and vitamin E. However, they contain a potentially toxic glycoside of α-hydroxynitrile, called taxiphyllin. Trade potential of bamboo is not fully exploited, though it has the prospective to ensure livelihood security, in both rural and urban areas. As it is a seasonal product and delicate in nature, processing and preservation of bamboo products are the important steps to make bamboo accessible in developing countries. Nutraceutical potential of bamboo shoot is also explored in this review. © 2017, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All Rights Reserved.
Nutritionists are classically concerned with the associations between nutrients and diets and nutrition and health outcomes. Understanding these associations is important. Insufficient and poor quality food, especially during pregnancy and in early childhood is a major contributor to the high burden of undernutrition: globally, 159 million children younger than 5 years are stunted (too short for their age), 50 million children globally are wasted (dangerously thin), and more than 3 million children die every year from causes associated with undernutrition. Simultaneously, nutrition-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some forms of cancer are major contributors to the global burden of disease. Ambitious goals have been set by the international community to eliminate malnutrition in all its forms, and 2016 saw the start of a UN Decade of Action on Nutrition designed to reinvigorate national and international efforts for nutrition.
Purpose: To isolate and identify chemical components of Phyllostachys prominens (Poaceae) leaf extracts, and measure their antioxidant activities. Methods: Ethanol extracts of P. prominens leaves were subjected to different chromatographic methods: macroporous resin column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative, reversed-phase (RP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plant extract components were identified by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to measure the radical scavenging activity of the compounds. Results: We isolated fourteen compounds including six flavonoids, two lignans, two phenolic glycosides, a phenolic acid, a phenylpropanoid, a monoterpene glycoside, and amarusine from the leaves of Phyllostachys prominens. The DPPH assay showed that eleven compounds (compounds 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14) exhibited radical scavenging activity. (The half maximal inhibitory concentration ranged from 33.52 to 100.58 μg/mL). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of compounds 1, 4, 6 and 7 were 33.52, 40.61, 47.10, and 35.84 μg/mL respectively, while the IC50 of the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene, was 46.32 μg/mL. Conclusion: Fourteen compounds have been successfully all isolated from Phyllostachys prominens for the first time. Eleven of the compounds have radical scavenging activity. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved.
Bamboo shoots are highly nutritious but difficult to preserve even under low temperature since they are sensitive to chilling. In the present research, bamboo shoots were exposed to UV-C light (4.1 kJ/m2) prior to 56 days storage at 1 °C to evaluate the potential of UV-C treatment on alleviating chilling injury (CI) of bamboo shoots under cold storage. CI incidence and physiological and biochemical characteristics associated with CI were determined during storage. The results showed that UV-C treatment apparently inhibited the development of CI and resulted lower EI and MDA content than that of the control. Further investigation demonstrated that UV-C treatment increased activities of CAT, APX, GR and DPPH scavenging activity of bamboo shoots, which greatly contribute to alleviating CI. The increases in both O2− production rate and H2O2 content of UV-C-treated bamboo shoots were significantly delayed, PAL activity was increased which contributed to enhancing accumulation of TP, and endogenous proline synthesis was promoted, which resulted from the increased activity of P5CS and decreased PDH activity. The results above suggest that the improved antioxidative defense system and enhanced proline accumulation is the underlying mechanism that UV-C treatment enhanced chilling tolerance in bamboo shoots. © 2015, Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.
Quality of bamboo shoots gets deteriorate rapidly during storage and transportation due to enzymatic browning and microbial attack. Therefore, effect of blanching temperature (75, 85 and 95 ° C) and time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) on different physic-chemical properties of bamboo shoot cubes were assessed. Blanching time and temperature have significantly influenced the nutrients like protein, carbohydrate and reducing sugar contents. The highest changed in values of protein, carbohydrate and reducing sugar were reported from 3.42 to 2.24, 4.08 to 2.25, 1.33 to 0.87 g/ 100 g, respectively. The influence was less on ash and crude fiber. Retention of ascorbic acid, total phenolics and antioxidants were higher in 75 ° C and/or short time blanching (5-10 min) which were gradually reduced at 85 and 95 ° C and/or long time blanching (20-30 min). The higher blanching temperature decreases in lightness value and long time blanching deteriorate the texture of bamboo shoot. Low temperature short time blanching was shown to result in better product quality with respect to physical properties besides nutrient retention.
Total phenolic content (TP) and total antioxidant capacity (AC) were analysed in shoots of Phyllostachys aureosulcata (PA), P aureosulcata f. aureocaulis (PAA), P. aureosulcata f. spectabilis (PAS), P. bissetii (PB), P. flexuosa (PF), P. humilis (PH), P. iridescens (PI), P. nigra var. nigra (PNN), P. nigra var. henonis (PNH), P. mannii (PM), P. sulphurea var. sulphurea (PSS), P. violascens (PVI), P. viridiglaucescens (PVG), P. vivax f. aureocaulis (PVA), collected on four harvest dates. Both TP and AC were determined following three processing methods, fresh, boiled and pickled in shoots of PF. Comparative study of TP and AC in the above Phyllostachys species shoots has not been reported before. The highest TP (1,227.6 μg GA/ml) and AC (154.0 μg AA/ml) values were measured in fresh shoots and the lowest in pickled ones. The highest values of TP were measured in the case of PA (1,321.95 μg GA/ml). The other taxa followed in decreasing order: PF, PVI, PI, PAA, PB, PAS, PNN, PNH, PM, PH, PSS and PVA. The highest AC values were obtained in the case of PI (184.24 μg AA/ml). The other taxa followed in decreasing order: PA, PF, PSS, PNN, PNH, PVG, PB, PAA, PAS, PV, PVA, PM and PH. The highest TP values were measured in taxa harvested on the first collection date and the values consequently decreased in taxa collected at later harvest dates. Our findings suggest that the earlier harvest date, through the influence of lower temperatures, could enhance the phytochemical content of bamboo shoots.
Leaves of several bamboo species have been used to treat a variety of diseases for thousands of years. The medicinal effects of bamboo leaves are mostly attributed to their bioactive polyphenol constituents. However, different classes of polyphenol have different degree of solubility in various solvents, a single solvent will not fully extract all phenolic compounds, thus may exhibit varying antioxidant potency. The present study was designed to examine extractive values of leaves of Bambusa nutans and Bambusa vulgaris using chloroform, acetone and methanol successively and to evaluate the total polyphenols contents and free radical scavenging capabilities of each extract. The total phenolic content of the various extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant efficacy by following DPPH radical scavenging protocol. The extracts were also subjected to preliminary screening for presence or absences of various phytochemical constituents. The results showed that B. nutans produced better yield of polyphenol [methanol (15.3542 ± 0.1576 mg/ml GAE/100mg extract) > acetone (11.7992 ± 0.5502 mg/ml GAE/100mg extract) > chloroform (10.1618 ± 0.3284 mg/ml GAE/100mg extract)] than corresponding solvent extracts of B. vulgaris [methanol (12.7976 ± 0.4878 mg/ml GAE/100mg extract) > acetone (10.1328 ± 0.2135 mg/ml GAE/100mg extract) > chloroform (8.8549 ± 0.1747 mg/ml GAE/100mg extract)]. The DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that methanol extracts leaves of both the Bamboo species exhibited highest TPC and radical scavenging activity whereas leaves of B. nutans found to be superior to B. vulgaris in term of TPC and radical scavenging potency. Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf extracts of the two bamboo species indicated the presence of major classes of phytochemicals. The study evidently showed that leaves of B. nutans and B. vulgaris are rich sources of phenolic compounds and natural antixodants and they could be used as natural antioxidant. The study further indicated methanol as the appropriate extractant for better yield of polyphenols and leaf extract of Bambusa nutans is superior to that of B. vulgaris in term of TPC and antioxidant efficacy.
Aim: An investigation was carried out to prepare nuggets from the relatively tough and fibrous meat of desi spent hen using fermented bamboo shoot as a phytopreservative in order to enhance the physico-chemical, microbiological and keeping quality of the nuggets.Materials and Methods: Lean meat of desi spent hen was minced and blended along with other non-meat ingredients and fermented bamboo shoot @10%. The emulsion was filled in metallic moulds and steam cooked and cut into pieces. Ready-toeat nuggets thus prepared were packed in sterilized LDPE zip bags and stored at 4±1°C up-to 15 days for quality evaluation. Emulsion stability (%), cooking yield (%), aw and proximate composition were studied onthe day of preparation, while estimation of pH, TBAvalues, microbial load and sensory evaluation were carried out at 5 days interval and up-to 15th day of storage.Results: The emulsion stability (%), cooking yield (%), moisture (%), crude protein (%) and total ash (%) of FBS treated nuggets differed significantly (p<0.01) from the control products. Storage studies revealed significantly lower (p<0.01) pH, TBA value, total plate count, psychrophillic count and counts for yeast and moulds in FBS treated nuggets in comparison to control products. Both control and treated nuggets exhibited gradual loss of panel ratings during the storage period (4±1°C for 15 days), however, nuggets containing fermented bamboo shoot revealed significantly higher (p<0.01) mean sensory scores in terms of flavour, texture, juiciness and overall acceptability.Conclusion: Nuggets with better physico-chemical and shelf life can be prepared with incorporation of fermented bamboo shoot @10% (w/w) to the nugget emulsion.
During the annual period of bamboo shoot growth in spring, free-ranging giant pandas feed almost exclusively on the shoots while ignoring the leaves and full- height culm. Little is known about the nutritional changes that occur during bamboo shoot growth, if nutritional changes differ among species, or how these changes might influence forage selection. Our objective was to examine the nutrient and mineral composition during three phases of shoot growth (<60, 90–150 and >180 cm) for seven species of bamboo (Phyllostachys (P.) aurea, P. aureosulcata, P. bissetii, P. glauca, P. nuda, P. rubromarginata, Pseudosasa japonica) fed to captive giant pandas at the Memphis Zoo. Total dietary fiber content of bamboo shoots increased (p < 0.0001) from an overall species average of 61% dry matter (DM) at < 60 cm to 75% DM at shoot heights > 180 cm, while crude protein, fat and ash exhibited significant declines (p < 0.05). Phyllostachys nuda had the overall greatest (p = 0.007) crude protein (21% DM) and fat (4% DM) content, and lowest overall total fibre (61% DM) content compared to the other species examined. In contrast, Pseudosasa japonica had the overall lowest crude protein and fat, and relatively higher fibre content (9%, 3% and 74% respectively). Concentrations of Zn and Fe were highest in shoots <60 cm (10–50 μg/g DM) and decreased (p < 0.05) during growth in all species examined. Concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mn, Na and K varied among species and were largely unaffected by growth stage. Due to their higher concentrations of nutrients and lower fibre content in comparison to culm and leaf, bamboo shoots should be a major component of captive giant panda diets when available.
Apart from the diverse uses of bamboo, the tender shoots, being low in fat, high in dietary fiber and rich in mineral content (good source of potassium) have been consumed traditionally by the people. The shoots are consumed due to their exotic taste, flavour, medicinal and nutritive value. Bamboo shoots are available for a limited period and have a short shelf-life, thus, they need to be processed and utilized immediately after harvest. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the nutritional value and develop value added edible products from different bamboo species viz., Dendrocalamus strict us, Bambusa bambos and Bambusa tulda, found in central India and Dendrocalamus asper (known edible bamboo species of Thailand) grown in central India. Nutritional analysis revealed that the nutritive value of D. strict us, B. bamboos and B. tulda is at par with D. asper. Thus, these species have a potential for edible shoot production in central India. Different value added products viz., nuggets (bari), pickle and papad (cracker) were made from fresh bamboo shoots. Organoleptic, sensory and chemical evaluation done at monthly intervals, to determine the shelf-life of product, revealed that the products were good in taste, texture and quality for 6 months from the date of processing at ambient conditions (25-40°C) in poly propylene and glass containers. Value addition (by making different edible products) will increase the utilization of bamboo shoots and provide livelihood opportunities to the local population. Present study will be useful in optimum utilization of bamboo shoots.
To investigate the production of yogurt added with desalted bamboo shoots, the component analysis was conducted. Desalted bamboo shoots contained 82.59 % of moisture, 4.56 % of protein, 0.52 % of lipid, 0.50 % of ash and 11.72 % of total dietary fiber. The main mineral elements were Ca, P, S, Na, Mg and K. Yogurt base fermented with 0.005 % ABT-5 starter inoculum at for 13 hr. For the preparation of bamboo shoots yogurt, various sugaring bamboo shoots were added to the yogurt base. Results of sensory evaluation of the yogurt containing bamboo shoots indicated that color, odor, taste, flesh size, flesh amount, mouth feel, and overall acceptability of the 15 %(w/v) bamboo shoots dicing showed higher preference than others. When bamboo shoot yogurt was kept at for 15 days, pH, titratable acidity, viable counts of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium bifidum of yogurt were not changed.
Bamboos, a group of large woody grasses belonging to the family Poaceae and subfamily Bambusoideae, are much talked about for their contribution to the environment. However, the food potential of Bamboo shoot per se remains unexploited. Literature on the nutritional and medicinal potential of bamboo shoots is scarce. This paper therefore provides insight on bamboo shoot as a food resource. Various edible species and exotic food products (fermented shoots, pickle, etc.) and recipes of bamboo shoots (bamboo beer, bamboo cookies) are consumed worldwide. Change in nutritional composition of different species of bamboo shoots with processing has also been reviewed. Bamboo shoots possess high protein, moderate fiber, and less fat content. They are also endowed for having essential amino acids, selenium, a potent antioxidant, and potassium, a healthy heart mineral. Occurrence of taxiphyllin, a cyanogenic glycoside in raw shoots, and its side effect on human health calls for the demand to innovate processing ways using scientific input to eliminate the toxic compound without disturbing the nutrient reserve. Lastly, the paper also reviews the utilization of medicinal properties acquired by bamboo shoot. Using the traditional knowledge, pharmaceutical preparations of bamboo shoots like bamboo salt, bamboo vinegar, bamboo extracts for diabetes and cholesterol control, etc. are now gaining importance. Further investigation is required by the researchers to make novel nutraceutical products and benefit the society.
The sales of fermented, roasted and boiled bamboo shoots in the market places of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim, of the North-Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region, India have been reported. The results are based on the survey of 118 markets covering 1200 primary and secondary vendors from 51 districts of NEH region. The consumption of fermented, roasted and boiled shoots was estimated to be ca. 680 tonnes; the highest occurs in Arunachal Pradesh (481 tonnes/year) and the lowest in Nagaland (19.5 tonnes/year). The bamboo shoots are consumed in the form of fermented-slice, crushed-fermented moist, crushed-fermented dry, fermented whole shoot, roasted whole shoot and boiled whole shoot in different states of the region. Costreturn analysis for sales of these bamboo products revealed a net income of 23 million rupees per annum (US 38 270) in Arunachal Pradesh and the lowest in Sikkim (0.47 million rupees/year or US$ 10 280). Employment opportunities have also been worked out and ca. 1260 persons/year could earn their subsistence through selling of bamboo shoot products.
Interest in the antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves is growing. To discover new sources of natural antioxidants, a TLC bioautography method combined with a new image processing method was developed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from 15 different species of bamboo. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Bambusa. textilis McClure possessed the highest antioxidant activity among the selected bamboo species. To rapidly identify the antioxidant compounds, the crude extract of B. textilis McClure was analysed by HPLC-UV, and HPLC-micro-fractionation of the extract was carried out. Based on TLC bioautography-guided fractionation, three antioxidant fractions were isolated from B. textilis McClure by preparative chromatography. These three antioxidant compounds were identified as isoorientin 4''-O β-D-xylopyranoside (1), isoorientin 2''-O-α-L-rhamnoside (2) and isoorientin (3) according to their UV, MS, and NMR data. The proposed TLC screening method could therefore be an easy way to evaluate the antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves, and the results achieved should prove very helpful for promoting their utilization, as B. textilis McClure can be considered a promising plant source of natural antioxidants.
Bamboo is intricately associated with humans from times immemorial. Popularly known for their industrial uses, a lesser known fact of bamboos is the usage of its young shoots as a food that can be consumed fresh, fermented, or canned. The juvenile shoots are not only delicious but are rich in nutrient components, mainly proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and fiber and are low in fat and sugars. In addition, they contain phytosterols and a high amount of fiber that can be labeled as nutraceuticals or natural medicines that are attracting the attention of health advocates and scientists alike. The shoots are free from residual toxicity and grow without the application of fertilizers. Modern research has revealed that bamboo shoots have a number of health benefits: improving appetite and digestion, weight loss, and curing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The shoots are reported to have anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral activity. Shoots have antioxidant capacity due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The increasing trends of health consciousness among consumers have stimulated the field of functional foods and bamboo shoots can be one of them. Bamboo fiber is now a common ingredient in breakfast cereals, fruit juices, bakery and meat products, sauces, shredded cheeses, cookies, pastas, snacks, frozen desserts, and many other food products. This review emphasizes the health benefits of bamboo shoots and their potential for utilization as a health food.
An endemic disease was discovered in 1961 in parts of the population of Enshi County, Hubei Province of the People's Republic of China. During the years of the highest prevalence, from 1961 to 1964, the morbidity was almost 50% in the 248 inhabitants of the five most heavily affected villages; its cause was determined to be selenium intoxication. The most common sign of the poisoning was loss of hair and nails. In areas of high incidence, lesions of the skin, nervous system, and possibly teeth may have been involved. A case is reported of a middle-aged, female hemiplegic, whose illness and death apparently were related to selenosis. Daily dietary intakes of selenium, estimated after the peak prevalence had subsided, averaged 4.99 (range 3.20 to 6.69) mg and hair and blood selenium levels averaged 32.2 and 3.2 µg/ml, respectively. Up to l000× differences occurred when selenium contents of vegetables, cereals, scalp hair, blood, and urine from the selenosis areas were compared with those from Keshan disease (selenium deficiency) areas. The ultimate environmental source of selenium was a stony coal of very high selenium content (average more than 300 µg/g; one sample exceeded 80,000 µg/g). Selenium from the coal entered the soil by weathering and was available for uptake by crops because of the traditional use of lime as fertilizer in that region. This particular outbreak of human selenosis was due to a drought that caused failure of the rice crop, forcing the villagers to eat more high-selenium vegetables and maize and fewer protein foods.
Bamboo is a multi-utility plant being used as a building material, for industrial purposes, as a food source
and a versatile raw material for various products. In recent times, it is gaining importance for its health
benefits and is emerging as a potential ingredient for modern functional foods and nutraceuticals. The
leaves possess antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic compounds and have been used for
enhancing immunity, preventing degenerative diseases and also in the food industry. The young shoots in
addition to being used as a vegetable in the conventional form in various cuisines are now being used as
an ingredient in functional foods. The shoots have anti-hypertensive, anti-tumour and anti-oxidant
properties and have also been proven to possess cholesterol-lowering activity. Bamboo salt is used as a
medicinal food in many Asian countries and provides a wide range of health benefits and has attracted
many pharmaceutical scientists worldwide. Thus, bamboo is an ideal plant and has great promise for the
pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmoceutical and the food industry.
Adding dietary fiber in milk pudding is of great significance in improving the nutritional value of a variety of products as well as human health. However, only a few reports on the influence of dietary fiber on the rheological behavior and textural properties of milk pudding are available. Therefore, in this paper, the milk pudding was used as raw material to study the changes in rheological behavior, textural properties, and microstructure of the pudding after adding bamboo shoot diatery fiber (BSDF) at different concentration. Results showed that the BSDF/milk pudding compound system is a typical pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress. With the addition of 2 g BSDF/100 g, the yield stress and consistency coefficient values were the highest, whereas the fluid index showed the smallest value. The hardness, viscosity, and gumminess increased until 2 g/100 g concentration and they decreased with further addition of BSDF, whereas cohesiveness demonstrated the opposite behavior. Meanwhile, the microstructure of the compound system revealed that BSDF increases the aggregation of particles and the cohesiveness between BSDF and the milk pudding and made the microstructure more compact. However, when the concentration was over 2 g/100 g, the gel structure of milk pudding was damaged, resulting in flocculation.
Objective:
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of several diseases. Polyphenols have been shown to be beneficial against ROS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a natural antioxidant ice cream on oxidative stress, vascular function, and physical performance.
Methods:
In this controlled, single-blind, crossover study, 14 healthy individuals were randomized to consume 100 g of either antioxidant ice cream containing dark cocoa powder and hazelnut and green tea extracts or milk chocolate ice cream (control ice cream). Participants were studied at baseline and 2 h after ingesting ice cream. Serum polyphenols, antioxidant status (ferric-reducing ability of plasma [FRAP]), nitric oxide (NOx) bioavailability, markers of oxidative stress (determination of reactive oxygen metabolites [d-ROMs] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]), endothelium function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and reactive hyperemia index [RHI]), and exercise tolerance (stress test) were assessed, and the double product was measured.
Results:
Serum polyphenols (P < 0.001), NOx (P < 0.001), FRAP (P < 0.005), FMD (P < 0.001), and RHI (P < 0.05) increased significantly, oxidative stress decreased (d-Roms, P < 0.001; H2O2, P < 0.001), and the double product (P < 0.001) was improved only after antioxidant ice cream ingestion. No changes were found after control ice cream ingestion.
Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that a natural ice cream rich in polyphenols acutely improved vascular function and physical performance in healthy individuals through a reduction in oxidative stress.
Although bamboo is an agricultural product that moves billions of dollars in international trade, only its shoot has fiber production and use in food application. This study aimed to produce and evaluate the physicochemical and technological characteristics of young bamboo culm flour of Dendrocalamus asper for food application. Young culms were collected and divided into three fractions: bottom (B), middle (M) and top (T). The fractions were dried, ground, sieved and separated into two different particle sizes: F1 (d > 0.425 mm) and F2 (d ≤ 0.425 mm), totaling six samples: BF1, BF2, MF1, MF2, TF1 and TF2. The flours presented significant differences in proximate composition, whereas ash, protein and lipid contents were below 2%, and these flours can be considered as sources of fiber (67–79 g/100 g) and starch (from 6 to 16 g/100 g). Water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) were significantly higher for the bottom samples (BF1 and BF2), compared to the other flours. Color parameters indicated white yellow color for all flours, being all the samples F1 (BF1, MF1 and TF1) clearer than flour F2. The results of this study open new perspectives for the food application of young bamboo culm flour.
Different edible parts of seven bamboo species were analyzed for their nutrient contents viz., total carbohydrates, proteins,vitamin C and minerals. It was found that among all the edible parts, total carbohydrate content was highest in the seeds of Bombusa arundinacea (38.0%), proteins in the seeds of Dendrocalamus strictus (13.54%) and vitamin C in the seeds of Bombusa arundinacea (50 mg/100g). The nutrient contents compared favourably with those of Cajanus cajan (arhar) and Triticum aestivum (wheat), which constitute the staple diet of the majority of Indians.
The Leaf of bamboo, belonging to family Gramine is used as anthhelmintic. Tabashir (bamboo manna) is stimulant, astringent, febrifuge, tonic, cooling, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac. Antimicrobial activity of the successive extract of the fresh leaves of bamboo was evaluated against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. The results revealed that all extracts showed effective inhibitory action against S. aureas. The aqueous and ethnolic extracts showed very effective as compared to standard penicillin.
Bamboo shoots are used as a delicacy in human food. Nutritional composition including carbohydrates, protein, ash, crude fibre, and free amino acids of fresh bamboo shoots grown in central India which included Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa nutans, and B. vulgaris was studied. Bamboo shoots were found to be a good source of fibre and low in fat and calorie.
The leaves of Bambusa vulgaris possesses several bioactivities and is used in traditional medicinal systems. However, its anti-diabetic activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of petroleum ether extract of Bambusa vulgaris (family: Poaceae) leaves in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical study showed the presence of phytosterols and tannins. From the toxicity study it was observed that petroleum ether extract of Bambusa vulgaris (PEBV) was nontoxic up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. In this study, animals received continuous oral administration of PEBV for a period of 15 days at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight. The control group was administered distilled water for the same duration. The blood glucose level was determined by GOD-POD kit method. The effect of PEBV was compared with oral dose of 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The results showed that the PEBV significantly lowered the fasting blood sugar level of hyperglycemic rats in a dose dependent manner and it was also comparable to that of the standard drug Glibenclamide.
The study aimed to develop bamboo shoots as a healthy snack alternative. Healthy snacks can be an important part of nutritious diet. A healthy snack can offer health benefits. Modern research finds that the bamboo shoot has a number of medicinal benefits, from cancer prevention and weight loss to improving appetite and digestion. Bamboo shoots are not only delicious but also rich in nutrients, and rank among the five most popular healthcare foods in the world. The main raw material used in this study is bamboo shoots locally known as “labong” which is rich in dietary fiber and various vitamins like C, E, and B6 as well as nutritious substances and minerals. With