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Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
11
65 YEARS WAGE, COST AND FINANCE IN TURKEY
1
Faruk DAYI*
*Kastamonu University, Corresponding Author, fdayi@kastamonu.edu.tr
Zeynep ARABACI**
**Kastamonu University, zarabaci@kastamonu.edu.tr
Abstract: While World Health Organization took into account the age limit as 60 years
in the 1970s, as today's retirement age is 65 years in industrialized countries. The
number of elderly people, which is an important part of social life, is increasing every
year. Furthermore, it is necessary to take measures to meet needs of the elderly
population. Thus, a part of the needs of the elderly for the social state principle needs to
be met by the state. It is taken for a measures that 65 years wage is paid for old people
in our country for their life. Purpose of the study, is to compare the 65-year-old pension
applied in our country with the similar practices in the world, but also to increase the
share of the elderly in social life. In the research conducted, while the number of elderly
people 65 years wage was 363.747 in 1977, it increased to 797.426 in 2011.
Furthermore, while the 65 year wage was paid 76,47 TL in 2007, it increased to 212,30
TL in 2016. As a result of the work, it is seen that wages increase and care services
increase in order to meet the needs of the elderly in our country.
Keywords: Wages, Social policy, Cost, Household finance
Jel Codes: J30, J10, H51, D14
1. INTRODUCTION
Aging is both chronologic and physiological fact. Aging is a process, which starts with
insemination and continues lifelong. It is not possible to determine a certain age limit
for the beginning of old age. As this shows a change according to society, a certain
period of the same society and education level of individuals lived in the same society
and economic conditions; it also shows individual differences according to gender,
physiological, psychological age (Kalinkara, 2011: 10; Fadiloglu, 2013: 159). While,
World Health Organization took in consideration the age of 60 as the old age limit,
today as industrial countries accept the age of 65 as the retirement age, the age of 65 is
seen as the old age limit (Kalinkara, 2011:10 ). While World Health Organization took
into account the age limit as 60 years in the 1970s, as today's retirement age is 65 years
in industrialized countries. While the number of people aged 65 and over in the world
population was 150 million in 1960, it is 421 million in 2000 and 609 million in 2015
(WB, 2016).
In our country, a population projection suitable for the definition of "aged society" is
expected in the coming years (Karadakovan, 2010: 113). 90% of elderly people who
are the age of 65 and older in our country usually have a chronic disease, 35% have two,
23% have three, 14% have four or more than four chronic disease and it is reported that
85% of aged people constantly use medicines (Solmaz and Akin, 2009: 73; Dudak et al.,
2006: 203). Within the scope of health services, service and care facilities for aged
1
Çalışma 10-12 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde Sırbistan / Belgrad’da ikincisi düzenlenen ICEBSS konferansında
sözlü bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
12
cannot be adequately presented with planned efforts. In addition to economic and social
challenges, physical and mental health problems are prevalent in old age (Ardahan,
Arabaci and Limoncu, 2015: 29; Wiles et al., 2012). Therefore, the old age period is a
field that requires protection and care and needs to be handled in multiple ways (Egging
et al., 2017: 63-64).
The aging population in the total population increased the number of young people
who lost their lives in the 20th century wars (Seyhun, 2006: 1). Even though the female
population is higher than the male population, the birth rate has decreased due to the
decrease in the male population and the number of the elderly population for the society
has increased. Apart from the economic needs of the elderly, it should also be taken into
account that there are psychological and biological health problems (Altan and Sisman,
2003: 3). Thus, the increase in the number of elderly people causes their various needs
to increase (Tasci, 2010: 177). This makes a significant contribution to the development
of the behavioral economy for the elderly (McConnel, 2013: 83). Although older people
do not have as much needs and desires as young people and adults, they have specific
needs for their own ages (Dural and Con, 2011: 484). Meeting the needs of the elderly
is closely related to socioeconomic status (Lei et al., 2014: 29). From this point of view,
it is necessary to make legal arrangements to meet the increasing needs and needs of the
elderly population, which is required by the social state principle (Colak and Ozer,
2015: 116).
It is given in Table 1 that the number and age distribution of 65 year olds in our
country in 2010. Because the following years could not be found.
Table 1: Distribution of elders for genders
Age
Men
Women
Total
65-69
50.780
83.380
134.160
70-74
75.380
130.100
205.480
75-79
88.905
133.640
222.545
80-84
54.209
114.529
168.738
85-89
22.100
56.904
79.004
90-94
4.145
19.403
23.548
95-99
1.387
9.305
10.692
100 +
404
4.255
4.659
Total
297.310
551.516
848.826
References: SEI, 2011.
When the table is examined, it is seen that 35% of old-age pensioners are composed of
men and 65% of them are women. The elderly aged 70-79 years are accounted for
46,1% of the total elderly population. The number of elderly people over 70 years
constitutes 84,19% of the total elderly population. Therefore, although it is expressed as
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
13
a 65-year-old pension, the number of those who are 65 years old constitutes a maximum
of 15,81% of 65-year pensioners.
While the total population of our country was 16.158.000 in 1935, 628.000 of these
populations, in other words at the rate of %3,9, consist of the elderly population. When
2014 figures examined, it was seen that while the total number of population was
77.696 thousand, the elderly population was 6.193 thousand in 2014. 8% of the
population consisted of aged the year of 2014. It is seen that elderly population
increased more than twice in approximately 80 years period between the years 1935-
2014 (TSI, 2015: 7).
The number of elderly in population increases both our country and the world each
passing day. While the proportion of elderly to total population was 3,5% in our
country, the world average was 4,98 in 1960. On the other hand, It is about 3% of GDP
in 72 million retires in China (Lu et al., 2014: 83). Considering that data of 2014 of the
same rate, it was 8% in our country; the world average was 8,25%. Therefore it is
determined that elderly population increase in our country and it comes close to world
elderly population average (WB, 2015). The number of elderly people in the population
is increasing day by day both in our country and in the world. The ratio of the elderly
population to the total population in our country in 1960 is 3,5%, while the world
average is 4,98%. When we look at the same ratio in the year 2014, it is 8% in our
country and around 8,25% in the world average. It is therefore recognized that the
elderly population in our country is increasing and approaching the average of the
elderly population in the world.
2. 65 YEARS WAGE
According to Social State Principle, our state put ages 65 or older who don’t have
revenue and aged who deprive of caretaker in the place they live on salary called "65
years wage". 65 years wage is a service offered by the state to citizens, as long as they
live, it pays (Camkurt, 2014: 80).
Old persons who have conditions of 65 years wage have to apply for Social Assistance
and Solidarity Foundation of place where they reside according to the central
registration system. According to regulation, old people who want to make wage
application about The Wage Connection to Needy, Weak and Lonely Turkish Citizens
and Disabled and Needy Turkish Citizens who filled 65 age, whatever the name, based
on all kind of total revenues, people whose average wage income per person in
household less than 1/3 the net wage amount of the minimum wage for adults over the
age of 16 and people who is not possible to provide much income have to carry needy
condition in implementation of the law no 2022 (Law, 1976).
According to related regulation, aged who applies to 65 years wage have to apply by
rights defined at below. Applications should be personally and written if the legal
representative make an application, warrant of attorney example should add to Wage
Application Form is filled up and sign during the application. While aged wage
application is making, any document is requested. Aged who makes application is
examined whether they fulfill the conditions defined on legislations. For example,
neediness score is made in order to gain right to get wage and in the result of the
evaluation, the wage is connected to aged who has revenue under neediness limit. In
addition, aged who apply to wage is subject to social examination. Environment
research is made by visiting the home of residence of aged. Social examination of aged
who continue to get wage renew every year for regulation reasons.
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
14
Necessary review and evaluations are necessary to settle on next month after
application. In wage applications resulting positive, aged gain right to get a wage from
the following month. Wage pay on a quarterly basis in cash. Wage amount which will
pay is calculated with the multiplication of 2.332 indicators with index of civil servant
wage.
3. COST AND FINANCE OF 65 YEARS WAGE
Because there is no statistics belong to 2012 and next years on the web page of
Republic of Turkey Social Security Institution, total wage amount which pays in one
year and the number of aged who get 65 years wage are calculated in the 1977-2011
period. The number of people who get 65 years wage and the annual total of paid wages
are given in Table 2.
When table 2 is examined, there are 363.747 people for 65 years wage in 1977 and
was paid 2.352TL for them. The 65-year-old wage was given to 938.677 people in
2005. In 2011, 979.832.477 TL were paid for 65 years wage to elders.
Table 2: Paid Amount to People Getting Age Wage
Years
The Number of
People Getting
Wage
Total Paid
Amount (TL)
1977
363.747
2.352
1978
514.636
8.121
1979
519.294
7.861
1980
632.755
12.560
1981
679.643
12.855
1982
705.885
14.965
1983
725.333
17.110
1984
564.645
17.987
1985
534.185
20.728
1986
508.415
26.122
1987
488.874
26.746
1988
473.917
37.297
1989
454.801
63.398
1990
455.124
187.647
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
15
1991
458.492
258.489
1992
510.155
1.174.830
1993
586.202
2.019.457
1994
625.659
2.602.561
1995
642.476
3.443.017
1996
650.381
6.825.269
1997
670.257
12.360.695
1998
682.985
35.568.925
1999
700.583
73.265.459
2000
709.356
108.239.565
2001
716.778
163.065.131
2002
746.468
234.766.133
2003
770.204
551.986.450
2004
792.046
585.861.163
2005
938.677
664.500.168
2006
927.077
747.351.964
2007
903.283
914.666.075
2008
867.035
948.487.998
2009
859.516
905.305.079
2010
848.826
963.899.779
2011
797.426
979.832.477
References: SEI, 2011 and TSI, 2015
Required by related legislation, the civil servant salary index multiplied by 2,332
indicators and calculated the 65 years wage. 65 years wages which calculated with the
civil servant salary index notified by the General Directorate of Budget and Fiscal
Control of the Ministry of Finance are given in Table 3.
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
16
Table 3: 65 Years Wage Amount (TL)
Years
65 years wage
2007
76,47
2008
80,70
2009
88,64
2010
94,63
2011
102,40
2012
113,74
2013
122,01
2014
124,74
2015
131,37
2016
212,30
References: Own
As it is in civil servants, because of every year in January and July salaries rise, the
wages defined in the table are calculated by yearly average. The wage amount increased
at the rate of 62% with the wage increase for 65 years wage in 2016. 65 years wage
amount for 2017 is 226,56 TL in accordance with the provisions of the collective
agreement in 2015. The wage of 65 years is 76.47 TL in 2007 and 212,30TL in 2016. It
is seen that old age wage in our country increased at the rate of 177,64% in 2007-2016
period. Therefore, it seems that the state has made a high raise in order for the elderly to
get more comfortable.
The ratio of the total wage paid by the State to seniors under the age of 65 in the
period of 1977-2011 is given in Table 4 below (Gross Domestic Product). Since the
total salary paid for aged in 2012 and later cannot be reached, the table is not included.
Table 4: GNP / 65 Years Wage Rates in Turkey (%)
Year
s
GNP / Age Pension
Rate
Year
s
GNP / 65 Years Wage
Rate
1977
2,15
1995
0,44
1978
4,97
1996
0,46
1979
2,76
1997
0,43
1980
2,40
1998
0,68
1981
1,63
1999
0,95
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
17
1982
1,43
2000
0,87
1983
1,23
2001
0,91
1984
0,82
2002
0,85
1985
0,59
2003
1,53
1986
0,51
2004
1,36
1987
0,36
2005
1,36
1988
0,29
2006
1,30
1989
0,28
2007
1,07
1990
0,48
2008
1,00
1991
0,41
2009
0,95
1992
1,07
2010
0,87
1993
1,02
2011
0,76
1994
0,67
References: Own
It corresponds to 2,15% of the total monthly GNP paid for aged in 1977, but falls to
0,76% in 2011. The highest rate is 1978 with 4,97%, while the lowest is 1989 with
0,28%. It is observed that despite the fact that our country's economy grows day by day
and the world has become one of the 18th largest economy, the wage paid for old
people has fallen below the economic growth. The 35-year average of the GNP/65 years
wage total monthly ratio for 1977-2011 period in Turkey is calculated as 1,11%.
Therefore, the rate in 2011 remains well below the average. Thus, it is concluded that
the 65-year-old pension the state paid to the elderly is lower than today's standards. In
addition, the 65-year-old pension applied in our country is not implemented in our
country as it is integrated into the pension system in many states. In addition to this,
salaries and other facilities of our state connected with aged society according to social
state principle are presented in many countries. Because there are not a wage under the
name of 65-year wage in the world, it is not possible to comparison our country-specific
this situation.
The ratio of the sum of pensions to the Gross Domestic Product in Turkey is given in
Table 5 for 2004-2015 periods.
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
18
Table 5: Pension Payments / GDP Ratio (%)
Years
Pension Payments / GDP Ratio
2004
6,32
2005
6,54
2006
6,37
2007
6,67
2008
6,58
2009
7,54
2010
7,58
2011
7,46
2012
7,93
2013
8,24
2014
8,33
2015
8,72
References: MD, 2016
The salary paid to retirement pensions in our country to Gross Domestic Product
increased from 6,32% in 2004 to 8,72% in 2015. It can be seen that pensions in the
period of 12 periods given in the table are increased by 37,84% in the total income.
Therefore, it is seen that the share of pension payments in Total Gross Domestic
Product increases in our country in 2004-2015 period .
4. OLD AGE WAGE IN THE WORLD
Pension systems vary in every country of the world. According to the development
level of the countries, income distribution and socio-cultural factors, pension systems
show change. In this section, pension systems and aged wages of countries in the
different continents of the world such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom,
Italy, Sweden and Japan explained shortly.
The old-age wage system in the United States consists of two part in for private and
public sectors. The state is making general health insurance for every citizen. Some of
the salaries of employees are cut for retirement and thus 95% of employees are included
in the government pension system. In addition, if there are those who want additional
pensions, they can also retire by paying the premium in private pension companies.
Canada has a pension system consisting of private companies supported with state and
incentives. General health insurance, old-age wage, and tax-supported private pension
schemes are present in three categories in the social security system providing by the
Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 18, Sayı 1, ICEBSS 2017 Özel Sayı
Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
19
state. Citizens are obliged to have general health insurance. However, the share of the
state in the pension system is less than in the private sector (Field and Arnaboldi, 2002:
2-5). When examined English pension system, it is determined that it presents less
benefit when compared to other countries in the Europe. The pension system in the UK
consists of state and private sector. Pension reforms have been made for those who have
low incomes. In general, it is aimed to raise personnel saving by reducing public
spending in the UK, the role of the private sector in the pension system is strengthened.
In Italy, the pension system consists of two parts in for professional and private.
Because there are pension systems according to the professions of the employees with
premiums deducted from their salaries; there is also a private pension system that is
retired by paying premiums. Italy's expenditures for aged correspond to 3.3% of GDP in
2009 (OECD, 2009: 220). Japan's pension system is quite complex, it is formed
according to profession branches. Every citizen has individual health insurance. The
pension system in Japan is determine by taking in consideration of many variables such
as mortality rate, fertility, old age level, demographic factors, interest rates (Beland and
Shinkawa, 2007: 352-359). Sweden is known as one of the countries, which has highest
prosperity level. Sweden makes their social security regime with the law which enacts
in 1982 and creates a social security system for aged, when they retire in order to live
better welfare level, however, it loads important role to the local governments (Andren
and Gustafsson, 2004: 56).
In Canada, France, Japan, United Kingdom and the United States, the rates calculated
by dividing the total salary paid to retirement pensions by gross national income are
graphically presented in Figure 1. Figures for 1980 and estimated targets for 2010 and
2015 are included in the graph.
Figure 1: Total Wage / GNP Ratio
References: Wilson, 2000
When the data for 1980 are examined, it is seen that the elderly population is mostly
in England, at least in Japan. It is also found that pensions have the highest ratio to gross
national product in France and the lowest in Canada. When the targets of the graphical
countries in 2010 and 2025 are evaluated, it is estimated that the elderly population will
be the most in Japan.
As a result, when world pensions are assessed together, people who fill age limit can
retire by investing a specific premium in many countries. It is found that North
American countries and Western Europe offer better opportunities than other countries
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Kastamonu Üniversity Journal of faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences- Volume 18, Issue 1, ICEBSS
2017 Special Issue
20
especially when considered in terms of pensions and offered opportunities (Danis, 2016:
1-4).
5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
It is observed that the wage paid for the aged has risen with every year our country's
economy grows. While the salary paid for aged in 2007 was 76,47TL, it was seen that
this amount increased to 212,30TL in 2016. In our country, ageds are helped by the
state with 65 years wage to meet their own needs of the aged. Although it is expressed
as a 65-year-old wage, the number of those who are 65 years old constitutes a maximum
of 15,81% of 65-year pensioners. The ratio of the elderly population to the total
population in our country in 1960 is 3,5%, while the world average is 4,98%. When we
look at the same ratio in the year 2014, it is 8% in our country and around 8,25% in the
world average. It is therefore recognized that the elderly population in our country is
increasing and approaching the average of the elderly population in the world. While
the number of people who get 65 years wage in our country was 363.747 and 797.426
respectively in the year 1977 and 2011. The total amount of wages was paid for aged in
the same years were 2.352TL and 979.832.477TL respectively. The salary paid to
retirement pensions in our country to Gross Domestic Product increased from 6,32% in
2004 to 8,72% in 2015. It can be seen that pensions in the period of 12 periods given in
the table are increased by 37,84% in the total income. Therefore the decrease in the
proportion of the aged population and increased role in active life are important for the
future of the state.
In view of our aging population is constantly growing, home care services should be
actively supported for the aged to live a better life. According to the social state policy,
both the central government and the local government will contribute to development of
society and the economy by benefit from aged experiences and include them active life
cycle. Maresova et al. (2015) also confirm this situation. For this reason, as the
development of social policies by making necessary studies and the development of the
pension system will raise the living standard of aged, it is expected that it contributes to
our countries welfare level. it is expected that the quality of life of the elderly will
increase with the increase of the incomes. Health service implementation at home is
shortened the length of hospitalization by preventing the accumulation in hospitals and
contribute to the country economy by reducing treatment costs. The reduction of health
problems of the elderly will cause the decrease of health expenditures. In the direction
of these results, home care services show positive developments and families are
supported in this direction in terms of material. The development of business fields that
will benefit from the experiences of the elderly, it is expected that they will make
additional income and contribute to the development of the society.
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