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O aluguer de curta duração e a gentrificação turística em Alfama, Lisboa
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Esta dissertação investiga a relação entre a recente proliferação de alugueres de curta duração e processos de gentrificação turística em Alfama, Lisboa. Sendo que a gentrificação é simultaneamente um processo de mudança espacial e um processo de mudança social, delinearam-se dois objetivos gerais: a) examinou-se a relação entre a proliferação de alojamentos turísticos e as transformações no tecido habitacional de Alfama e b) examinaram-se as transformações sociais causadas pela concentração deste tipo de alojamentos no bairro. A investigação centrou-se numa microescala geográfica (numa área com cerca de 3,6 hectares, 251 edifícios e 945 alojamentos) e a abordagem metodológica foi essencialmente de natureza qualitativa, de imersão no meio em estudo. A recolha de dados foi feita através do levantamento e mapeamento dos alojamentos turísticos, da mudança de proprietários dos imóveis e da reabilitação do edificado habitacional, e com recurso a observação direta, entrevistas informais e em profundidade a residentes no bairro de Alfama.
Concluiu-se que Alfama está a passar por um processo de gentrificação turística relacionado com a proliferação e concentração de alojamentos turísticos no tecido habitacional. Verificou-se uma considerável mudança de usos no edificado do bairro, de habitação para alojamento de uso exclusivamente turístico, bem como o desalojamento de residentes permanentes para dar lugar a habitantes temporários, turistas. Verificou-se, também, que a proliferação de alojamentos turísticos tem vindo a fomentar processos de especulação imobiliária e que está relacionada com a reabilitação do edificado do bairro. Concluiu-se, ainda, que o mercado de arrendamento de longa duração em Alfama tem tendência a desaparecer, uma vez que o alojamento turístico toma o lugar do que se pretendia para habitação.
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... Lisbon, like other cities in Southern Europe (Tulumello & Alegretti, 2021), has been exposed to gentrification, touristification, and financialization (Mendes, 2017;Sequera & Nofre, 2020), buy-to-let investment, and tourism-driven displacement (Cocola-Gant & Gago, 2021) becoming a true "battleground" (Cocola-Gant, 2016) of investment speculation. Alfama experiences a process of urban change led by tourism backed by several other factors, such as urban policies and social vulnerabilities (Benis, 2011;Gago, 2018). However, a response uttered within the neighborhood reveals particular means to adapt to change, by finding new possibilities for leveraging tourism, pushing back initiatives to further promote the specialization of uses, and maintaining and strengthening the relationship with the neighborhood through the local associations. ...
... While tourism is not a new activity in the neighborhood, due to the accelerated growth of visitors in Lisbon, Alfama has been in the spotlight by becoming one of the main tourist attractions. The situation has been labeled a touristification scenario (Baptista et al., 2018;Gago, 2018) as the neighborhood undertakes a process of transformation, which has led to the specialization of uses, producing monofunctional structures of commerce and services, exclusively oriented to the satisfaction of the visitors' expectations/needs. In the process, the neighborhood's dynamics were affected; for instance, the local community became gradually deprived of accessing services and the housing market and consequently, vulnerable to experiencing tourismdriven displacement (Cocola-Gant & Gago, 2021). ...
... In several contexts around the globe and restated in the case of Lisbon (Mendes, 2014) and Alfama (Benis, 2011;Costa, 1999;Gago, 2018), the cause of gentrification has been traced back to urban renewal policies. The historical core of Lisbon, including the downtown area and Bairro Alto, undergoes similar changes. ...
Alfama, a neighborhood whose history dates to Lisbon’s origins, held simultaneously the power and burden of representing the “old Lisbon.” It is recognized as a territory that was never a part of the efforts to modernize the city but also through its inherent values. The latter derives exactly from the nostalgic images it projects and through which the city’s history is kept alive. As part of a city’s ecosystem and embroiling global phenomena, the neighborhood faces inevitable changes, affecting both the closely intertwined urban fabric and socio-cultural aspects to shape a landscape of tangible and intangible heritage. Based on a multidisciplinary and humanistic approach, the article portrays the urban change in the neighborhood through a spatial and ethnographic lens, along different scales and angles, contributing with a critical dimension to understanding urban development processes. We examine how Alfama has been dealing with political intentions steered by economic prosperity and global influences. Thus, we look at policies fostering urban regeneration and tourism development and describe impacts on the territory and responses where traces of the community’s resilience emerge. We further discuss how increased tourism led to a “touristification” scenario and implied local responses. Namely, the community has been activating specific mechanisms and leveraging certain socio-spatial features to cope with the process of change. Some examples highlight how the community is adapting practices of space and social interactions to take advantage of the new possibilities brought up by tourism, while defending its core socio-spatial networks, in a continuous process of heritage creation.
... Challenges arising from the presence of semi-permanent objects on the streets, as well as the solar angle conditions, have been addressed in the research. (INE, 2010(INE, , 2014(INE, , 2016Gago, 2018). ...
In recent years, the rise of environmentalism and the need for sustainability have been hugely discussed across all business areas. It is even more pronounced in the tourism sector, because of the strong competition among tourist destinations. Therefore, it is inevitable for tourist destinations to find the niche and focus more on sustainability. This can be seen in rural tourism, which respects sustainable development principles as well as the needs and requirements of the given rural area. Thus, the paper deals with the topic of loyalty in wine tourism as a sustainable development driver in rural areas of the Czech Republic. Based on data obtained, seventeen loyalty factors were evaluated. Using different statistical methods, the differences in perception of the loyalty factors based on gender, income and wine subregion were determined. Overall, women ranked the factors slightly higher, with the highest ranking of natural attractions and quality of wine. Furthermore, four loyalty factors influence the intention to revisit a certain Czech wine subregion and three loyalty factors have an impact on the recommending intention of the wine subregion to friends and family. Therefore, it is inevitable to focus, among other factors, on wine culture, natural attractions and traditions, as well as the quality of wine, as they have a substantial impact on the visitors’ loyalty. The research results in a thorough understanding of the wine subregions’ loyalty, which is not only essential for service providers but also helpful for growing sustainability levels of the wine subregions in the Czech Republic.KeywordsWine tourismRural areaTourism loyaltySustainable destination
... Challenges arising from the presence of semi-permanent objects on the streets, as well as the solar angle conditions, have been addressed in the research. (INE, 2010(INE, , 2014(INE, , 2016Gago, 2018). ...
As the market share for cultural tourism increases, studies indicate that tourists chose destinations based on its cultural traditions and history. East African Community is one of the leading tourism destinations in Africa, but its absolute reliance on beach and wildlife safari products has threatened to stagnate growth of tourism in the region. Despite East African Community having unique diverse cultures, for example, the Maasai in both Kenya and Tanzania, the rich culture of the Baganda kingdom in Uganda, and the captivating dances of the Banyarwanda in Rwanda, cultural tourism in East African Community has not received significant attention in terms of policy, packaging, and marketing. The underutilization of cultural tourism has resulted to most cultural practices now abandoned due to lack of incentives to preserve and show case. In communities where cultural tourists have attempted to visit like the Maasai culture, there are no proper policies to protect them from the negative influences of tourism such as commodification and demonstration effect. This study explores the prospects of developing cultural tourism within East African Community by looking at the strengths of cultures in the region, threats to cultural tourism, strategies for packaging them as cultural tourism products, and adequate policies to ensure sustainability. The scope of this paper was limited to selected cultures in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda.KeywordsCultural tourismSustainability of cultureEast African Community
... The Portuguese capital city is facing a tremendous social and economic transformation due to a growing tourism gentrification process (Mendes, 2017). Housing buildings in the centre are being used for exclusive touristic short stays, and permanent residents are being displaced from those buildings to give way to temporary residents (tourists) (Gago, 2018). With the rise of touristic residences, economic and social consequences immediately affect the local population: rent prices rise; dwelling houses are being replaced by guesthouses; locals are being displaced from the centre; living alone is economically unviable; and living with others is becoming an economic effort as well. ...
Contemporary Western societies have accommodated relational rights of queer people, but the link between marriage and filiation rights remains strong. However, parallel to significant alternative family projects that emerged from Black and lesbian feminist studies, current possibilities of parenting enabled by intimate citizenship rights also present interesting practices of care outside the traditional family norm. Drawing on interviews with lesbian and bisexual mothers, and with trans people whose parents were part of their networks of care, this chapter analyses how parenting practices may be a tool to (1) ascribe social visibility to sexual and gender-diverse identities and families; (2) educate children beyond a gender binary system; (3) subvert the neoliberal supremacy of paid work over motherhood; and (4) raise children in a larger network of care, beyond the couple/children norm.
... The Portuguese capital city is facing a tremendous social and economic transformation due to a growing tourism gentrification process (Mendes, 2017). Housing buildings in the centre are being used for exclusive touristic short stays, and permanent residents are being displaced from those buildings to give way to temporary residents (tourists) (Gago, 2018). With the rise of touristic residences, economic and social consequences immediately affect the local population: rent prices rise; dwelling houses are being replaced by guesthouses; locals are being displaced from the centre; living alone is economically unviable; and living with others is becoming an economic effort as well. ...
Friendship can release intimacy from the normativity imposed by heteronormativity, monomaternalism and mononormativity. In the Mediterranean welfare regime, care is supposed to be granted by the family, and LGBTQ partners, mothers and friends are not legitimized in their desire to have more than one intimate relationship at a time, to parent and to live a satisfactory life beyond the couple. Therefore, through the subversive and transformative power of friendship, LGBTQ people question relational normativity, blur the boundaries of intimate relationships and redefine care. Taking into account the language used to make friendship intelligible in the neoliberalism, I describe these networks as “complicit”: they entail a multidimensionality of intimacy rooted in emotional and psychological assistance, companionship, pleasure, economic and material support, beauty and imagination.
... The Portuguese capital city is facing a tremendous social and economic transformation due to a growing tourism gentrification process (Mendes, 2017). Housing buildings in the centre are being used for exclusive touristic short stays, and permanent residents are being displaced from those buildings to give way to temporary residents (tourists) (Gago, 2018). With the rise of touristic residences, economic and social consequences immediately affect the local population: rent prices rise; dwelling houses are being replaced by guesthouses; locals are being displaced from the centre; living alone is economically unviable; and living with others is becoming an economic effort as well. ...
In this chapter meanings attached to monstrosity will be explored in light of queer critiques of the concept of citizenship. The first part of the chapter explores the notion of the monster, with a particular interest in queer readings of monstrosity. In that section, monsters will be unpacked against the backdrop of the archetype of the hero. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on the idea of citizenship and aims at recuperating its potential in the light of both contemporary queer critiques and evidence-based needs to strengthen formal recognition in times of anti-LGBTQI+ backlash. Finally, the notion of monstrous citizenship will be advanced as part of what I am suggesting be interpreted as an embodied turn in (queer) epistemologies.
... The Portuguese capital city is facing a tremendous social and economic transformation due to a growing tourism gentrification process (Mendes, 2017). Housing buildings in the centre are being used for exclusive touristic short stays, and permanent residents are being displaced from those buildings to give way to temporary residents (tourists) (Gago, 2018). With the rise of touristic residences, economic and social consequences immediately affect the local population: rent prices rise; dwelling houses are being replaced by guesthouses; locals are being displaced from the centre; living alone is economically unviable; and living with others is becoming an economic effort as well. ...
The chapter explores how healthist framings as strategies of legitimation of same-sex parenting, in which knowledge on children’s health and psychological adjustment has become a key battleground, can work at concealing class relations while reproducing them. The case of Italy, where economic inequalities are particularly dramatic for families with children, with widespread and growing child poverty, is particularly telling about the implications of invisibilizing class relations in debates and research on same-sex parenting. Connecting different strands of literature, the chapter argues that the processes of recognition of same-sex parenting needs instead to be understood as related to how current class dynamics are at play in the re-familization of care responsibilities, the therapeutic surveillance of parents and the lines of exclusion drawn by models of good parenting.
... The Portuguese capital city is facing a tremendous social and economic transformation due to a growing tourism gentrification process (Mendes, 2017). Housing buildings in the centre are being used for exclusive touristic short stays, and permanent residents are being displaced from those buildings to give way to temporary residents (tourists) (Gago, 2018). With the rise of touristic residences, economic and social consequences immediately affect the local population: rent prices rise; dwelling houses are being replaced by guesthouses; locals are being displaced from the centre; living alone is economically unviable; and living with others is becoming an economic effort as well. ...
This essay offers a reading of the notion of public order from a biopolitical point of view. Departing from Giorgio Agamben’s reading of the state of exception, it will be argued that public order is the legal dispositive allowing for sovereign power to disseminate in a microphysical form throughout the judicial, administrative and securitarian institutions of the state. Moreover, in a similar vein that the state of exception constitutes, for Agamben, a threshold between the order of the law and the order of life, it will be shown that public order represents a fundamental core of Eurocentric regulations of the social life of kinship, gender, and reproduction. Finally, I will contrast the biopolitics of public order, understood as a preserving force for the status quo, with Foucault’s account of friendship, understood as an ever-emerging impulse for creative forms of radical cohabitation.
... The Portuguese capital city is facing a tremendous social and economic transformation due to a growing tourism gentrification process (Mendes, 2017). Housing buildings in the centre are being used for exclusive touristic short stays, and permanent residents are being displaced from those buildings to give way to temporary residents (tourists) (Gago, 2018). With the rise of touristic residences, economic and social consequences immediately affect the local population: rent prices rise; dwelling houses are being replaced by guesthouses; locals are being displaced from the centre; living alone is economically unviable; and living with others is becoming an economic effort as well. ...
This chapter discusses queer and feminist uprisings as way of creating a politics of the common in the scenario of the bleak perspectives of Capitalocene, neoliberal rationalities governing the economies, with hard-right conservative parties in power in several countries. Starting with the global level, the text first takes a look at feminist organizing against hard right specifically in Brazil, with the #elenao movement. Focusing on regional southern European contexts, the text analyses the Critical Pride movement in Madrid and in Left Bloc political party in Portugal. Tackling recent political and social contexts, the text looks at these two possibilities as way of counteracting (neo)liberal perspectives on identities and politics by creating a common ground with other social movements. This is a project of alliances, an enactment of the common.
Tourism is one of the sectors currently contributing the most to Portugal’s national economy. In 2017, the World Travel Awards elected Portugal as the World’s Leading Destination, and in 2019 Lisbon was awarded the Europe’s Leading City Tourist Board prize. According to the World Tourism Organization, more than 12 million tourists visited Portugal in 2018. Visitors’ dispersal has borne an effect on Lisbon’s historical neighbourhoods, but so far there is no way to measure how this affects community life, particularly regarding the use and occupation of the public space. This study aims to contribute to assessing public space occupation as based on image-processing techniques. For this purpose, a methodology has been developed for selecting the best location possible for installing cameras for the collection of images (based on GIS analysis and Space Syntax theory), and a software tool (TouriBeat Tool) to classify images according to public space occupation criteria. To carry out this research, the heart of the historical district, Alfama (Lisbon), was chosen as a case study, tourist and residential routes were identified in official guide maps, and person-to-person surveys were registered, analysed and mapped through GIS software. The listed routes were cross-checked with a syntactic analysis of the district’s urban network, enabling the identification of the most crowded and worrisome urban sockets as well as discussion of the best locations for measuring occupation rates. A strategic urban axis was selected for the installation of two cameras for image capturing (at 1 s acquisition rate). The images are automatically sent to a computer server for analysis by the software tool. A data set of the space percentage occupied by pedestrians is generated. The results delivered are visualised in a WEBSIG environment. The methodology proposed proved adequate to assess public space occupation: the use of low-cost equipment for data acquisition; fast and simple image processing techniques to classify images; and a user-friendly environment to display and analyse the results. Challenges arising from the presence of semi-permanent objects on the streets, as well as the solar angle conditions, have been addressed in the research.KeywordsPublic space monitoringGISImage processing techniquesSpace syntax theoryHistorical districts
O aumento das mobilidades de pessoas, capitais e informação, combinado com as novas ferramentas tecnológicos propiciadas pela internet permitiu a turistificação alargada das cidades associada a importantes dinâmicas de reabilitação urbana e valorização cultural. As políticas públicas facilitam estes processos que estão dependentes do investimento internacional que escolhe algumas localizações privilegiadas para acumular capital. Existe muita controvérsia e reacção dos habitantes sobre os efeitos dos novos produtos imobiliários, como o do aluguer de curta duração a turistas na cidade histórica. O texto visa contribuir para o conhecimento do mercado de alojamento turístico e os respectivos actores, bem
Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a turistificação urbana, nas suas relações com o urbanismo neoliberal e a reestruturação urbana no capitalismo globalizado, procurando mais particularmente averiguar o papel que a iniciativa JESSICA, enquanto instrumento de política neoliberal para a regeneração urbana, teve na turistificação da cidade de Lisboa. O artigo baseia-se numa metodologia de investigação micro-geográfica, procedendo a um estudo de caso detalhado, com a reconstituição da biografia de um edifício que foi recentemente convertido para hotel de luxo com financiamento JESSICA. O estudo mostra que, nessa mudança funcional, ocorreu uma elitização do local, e que a turistificação veio ocupar o vazio deixado após um longo período de desinvestimento e abandono gradual do edifício. O estudo conclui ainda que a turistificação deve ser vista como uma consequência e um reflexo da globalização na transformação da cidade, e que o fundo JESSICA não encaminhou mas antes se limitou a coadjuvar uma intenção de investimento que já estava latente.
https://www.routledge.com/Tourism-and-Gentrification-in-Contemporary-Metropolises-International/Gravari-Barbas-Guinand/p/book/9781138642782
This paper explores the extent to which tourism is a form of gentrification that displaces residents from their place. Residential displacement driven by this process of 'tourism gentrification' has been noted by several authors. However, because the concern with quality of life and the provision of consumption facilities are crucial for attracting middle class users, the gentrification that both visitors and residents cause is increasingly commercial. This paper focuses on the commercial displacement caused by tourism gentrification, but it distinguishes between commercial displacement per se and how such a displacement affects the lives of residents on a daily basis. I argue that the displacement of indigenous residents can be driven by changes in the nature and uses of the neighbourhood and not only by the dynamics of the housing market. In other words, I explore how commercial gentrification provokes 'indirect displacement pressures': a mechanism of exclusion that constrains the quality of life of residents and that, in the long term, can be the cause for their out migration from their place. Regarding this, the paper provides a conceptual framework to better analyse how the commercial upgrading of central areas excludes long-established residents. Finally, the paper applies the conceptual framework to a case study. A geography of tourism gentrification has been identified in the Latin world and, in this context, the paper focuses on the case of Barcelona, the most visited city in Spain and one which is experiencing significant conflicts between visitors and long-established residents.
Ruins and derelict spaces are ubiquitous presences in contemporary cities. Probably because they are seen as undesirable and anomalous elements, scarce attention has been paid to them in urban studies. A theory of modern urban ruin is attempted in this paper. Using the Lisboan metropolitan area (Portugal) as case study, it is argued that dereliction and ruinification are part of the mutability of urban forms imposed by progress. The acceleration of time in modernity, by making the obsolescence of objects easier and faster, intensifies those processes. Dereliction and ruinification tend to occur more suddenly and randomly, breaking into the urban space in a chaotic and fractal geography, which reaches both central and peripheral areas. Finally, it is demonstrated that urban regeneration policies are favoring reinvestment in central areas, albeit selectively, and that a trend of ruins shifting to periphery is under way.
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The online accommodation platform Airbnb has expanded globally, raising substantial planning and regulatory concerns. We ask whether Airbnb rentals generate significant neighborhood impacts like noise, congestion, and competition for parking; reduce the permanent rental housing supply and increase rental prices; or provide income opportunities that help “hosts” afford their own housing. We focus on Sydney, the largest region in Australia with 4.4 million people in 28 individual municipalities, which has experienced both rapidly rising housing costs and exponential growth in Airbnb listings since 2011. Airbnb’s growth has raised concerns serious enough to result in a formal Parliamentary Inquiry by the state of New South Wales. We analyze stakeholder submissions to this inquiry and review local planning regulations, Airbnb listings data, and housing market and census statistics. We find that online homesharing platforms for visitor accommodations blur traditional boundaries between residential and tourist areas so Airbnb listings may fall outside of existing land use regulations or evade detection until neighbors complain. Our findings are constrained by the difficulties of monitoring online operations and the rapid changes in the industry.
Takeaway for practice: Planners and policymakers in cities with increasing numbers of Airbnb rentals need to review how well local planning controls manage the neighborhood nuisances, traffic, and parking problems that may be associated with them while acting to protect the permanent rental housing supply. Local planners need to ensure that zoning and residential development controls distinguish between different forms of short-term Airbnb accommodation listings and their potential impacts on neighborhoods and housing markets.