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Becoming, being and kaleidoscopic configurations: Laura Dreyfus-Barney, the Bahá’í Faith and educative work for peace
Abstract
This article explores entanglements of religion, peace, internationalism and empire in some of the educational activities of Laura Dreyfus-Barney (1897-1974), a wealthy American domiciled in Paris from a liberal artistic family, who was a prominent and active member of the International Council of Women (ICW) and involved in League of Nations initiatives. The article is prompted by a comment in a letter from Dreyfus-Barney to a Bahá’í colleague in which Dreyfus-Barney refers to her work with the UN as “my non-Bahá’í occupation if you can call it so” (Dreyfus-Barney 1948). This comments suggests that for Dreyfus-Barney, her activities in the pursuit of peace through the ICW, the League of Nations and the UN were so closely entangled with her Bahá’í faith that she found it difficult to separate the two. I underpin the article with Karen Barad’s (2007) notion of intra-action. In exploring intra-actions of Bahá’í belief and internationalism for Dreyfus-Barney I also draw on Thomas Hippler and Milōs Vec’s (2015) call for a re-writing of concepts of peace through their connections to other European key concepts by viewing peace as a qualified value, which they maintain always means “a certain form of peace, implying a certain domestic and international order” (ibid., 8f.). I draw on sources in the Bahá’í archive in Wilmette (Illinois) and secondary literature on Bahá’í beliefs to situate Dreyfus-Barney as a Bahá’í in relation to the development of the Bahá’í movement and I outline connections between Bahá’í visions of peace and Bahá’í notions of civilization, humanity, unity, diversity, and internationalism. I also discuss the importance Bahá’ís attribute to education in fostering the personal and societal transformations that the Bahá’í vision of peace entails. I then use sources from the League of Nations archive in Geneva and the ICW archive in Brussels to look at the entanglement in two of Dreyfus-Barney’s organizational commitments of the Bahá’í belief in developing consensus as a way of operating in the world. I also unpack Dreyfus-Barney's approach to the reform of cinematography through the Bahá’í notion of unity in diversity. I argue that Dreyfus-Barney’s approach to cinematography resulted in a “certain form of peace” configured in ways that both connected to and diverged from Bahá’í belief through threads running through 1930s colonialism and imperialism. To end I use the example of these entanglements to comment on questions of becoming and being when researching subjectivities and when approaching configurations that both connect and diverge.
This chapter explores articulations and ascriptions of femininities as action speech, matter and meeting intersected in Suzanne Karpelès’ encounters in Indochina and Europe in 1931. The first section examines divergent intersections and performances of religion, colonialism, feminism and femininities at the Buddhist Institute in Phomn Penh and in newspaper reporting in France. The second section looks at Karpelès’ reconfiguration of femininities, internationalism, colonialism and “experience” around the language of international relations at the League of Nations’ Comité d’Entente des Grandes Associations in Paris. It also situates Karpelès in respect of gendered relations of expertise at the International Congress of Orientalists in Leiden. The next section unpacks Karpelès’ contestation of configurations of the “native woman” at the third Estates General of Feminism whilst also deploying colonist tropes around the “native mentalities” of indigenous pupils. The final section considers fascist ascriptions of femininity at the Institute for Educational Cinematography in Rome.
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