![Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic arcs in Japan [4].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gazi-Sharif/publication/324780149/figure/fig1/AS:619656507314176@1524749032212/Fig-1-Distribution-of-volcanoes-and-volcanic-arcs-in-Japan-4_Q320.jpg)
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![Experimental setup of temperature change measurement [12].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gazi-Sharif/publication/324780149/figure/fig3/AS:619656507322369@1524749032285/Fig-3-Experimental-setup-of-temperature-change-measurement-12_Q320.jpg)
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2581
Proposed idea for monitoring the sign of volcanic eruption by using the
optical frequency comb
Sadia Sazzad1, Gazi Mohammad Sharif 2
1
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Volcanic eruption is a natural disaster which
causes many problems including deaths. Before happening the
volcanic eruption, the temperature of the gas comes out from
the fumaroles is increased. Thus, if the temperature of the gas
can be monitored in advance, it may be possible to predict the
abnormalities in that area. The possibility of volcanic eruption
could be inspected by using the optical frequency comb
technology monitoring the refractive index. The temperature
of the gas that comes out from the fumaroles will be
continuously monitored for investigating the possible risks of
the eruption in near future by using the proposed optical comb
method.
Key Words: Volcanic eruption, temperature, gas,
refractive index, optical comb
.
1. INTRODUCTION
Volcanic eruption is a natural incident which may occur any
time and usually it costs many deaths and damages at the
surrounding areas [1]. The amount emitted of lava
determines the size of volcanic eruptions. The active
volcanoes are located in vastly populated parts in some
countries such as Italy, Japan, and Mexico [2]. Among these
countries, Japan, one of the most developed countries, is
located on the circum pacific orogenic belt and it has 108
active volcanoes which are 13% of active volcanoes all over
the world [3]. Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic arcs in
Japan are depicted in Fig -1 [4].
A sudden volcanic eruption of Mount On take caused the
deaths of 57 people in Japan on 27th September 2014. Fig -2
shows that the volcanic ash is going to envelope the hikers
[5].
For decreasing the risks of death and damages, noteworthy
developments are needed to make an accurate prediction of
volcanic eruption in advance. There are several techniques
for monitoring the volcanic eruption.
Fig -1: Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic arcs in Japan
[4].
Among them, the most common technique is analyzing the
seismic data by installing the seismic sensors [6]. However,
the seismic data is not enough to be considered as there are
many other geological factors needed to be investigated.
There are other monitoring methods including the study of
deformation and monitoring the gases that come from
fumaroles. Monitoring the change of temperature of the gas
seems comparatively easy and the abnormal increase of
temperature might be a mark for the volcanic eruption.
Fig -2: Volcanic ash envelopes hikers [5].
The optical frequency comb is a key tool which has
significant roles on different applications such as generating
ultra-short pulses, optical clocks, optical spectroscopy [7],
correcting air refractive index [8], distance measurement
[7,9], air refractive index and carbon dioxide measurements
[10], etc. It was mentioned earlier that, monitoring the
temperature-change of gases could be effective for the
volcanic eruption and the temperature-change measurement
using optical frequency comb was demonstrated in [11].
Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
JB source net Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2582
Hence, by using the concept for observing the change of
temperature, the investigation of the sign for volcanic
eruption can be done with added technology.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DISCUSSIONS
This paper is a proposed study for volcanic eruption with the
concept of the [12]. Fig -3 shows the proposed experimental
setup for the temperature measurement. This setup can be
implemented for the prediction of volcanic eruption. The
operation principle and the experimental setup are
described in [12] which are based on Michelson
Interferometer.
Fig -3: Experimental setup of temperature change
measurement [12].
The refractive index of air changes with the temperature, as
an example, when the temperature around the air changes
by 1 degree Celsius, the amount of change of refractive index
is about 0.9 ppm [11]. As a result, the relative optical path
difference is also changed. The gases leak from the fumaroles
of the active volcanoes to the surface and if the temperatures
of the gases are monitored by using the comb technology
continuously, the sign for any possible volcanic eruption may
be observed.
For measuring the temperature, refractive index or
distances, the optical comb technology is used in a very
stable and compact environment, however, investigating the
sign of volcanic eruption using this optical comb technology
may be difficult as there are severe environmental changes
occur on the mountains. Hence, lots of studies and
investigations are needed for reference data for comparison.
For example, the temperature for different situations like
heavy rain, light rain, heavy snowing, light snowing, seasons-
change, day and night time and others must be recorded to
compare with the experimental data. Otherwise, only
observing the change of temperature will not be effective to
find out the actual reasons. The piping could be employed
from near the fumaroles to the setup to try to reduce the
other effects for the change of temperature.
Another problem would be installing the power supply for
the laser at very high places of the mountains, for example at
around 3000 meters or above. Implementing the solar panel
could be a good solution for the power supply to the
temperature-sensor setup.
Remote sensing technology is needed to monitor any
environmental changes or measurements from far distance.
Programmable and remote devices can be added with the
computer in Fig -3, hence the data can be received and
analyzed remotely from far. As an example, microcontroller
based remote sensing using cellular network can be very
useful for monitoring the sing of the volcanic eruption. The
programmable device, for example, the microcontroller will
be connected with the computer and it will receive the data
from computer. The microcontroller will send the data using
the cellular network continuously or when it is requested to
send the data. However, if the computer will be connected
with the internet directly, the data of the computer can be
accessed directly from the remote sites. Remote sensing and
monitoring using microcontroller under the cellular network
was demonstrated in [13]. Fig -4 Shows The Light emitting
diode (LED) is remotely switched on using the cellular
network [13] Thus, these kinds of technology would be
introduced to monitor the area if any network is available.
This paper shows the several possible applications and there
how microcontroller deals with temperature has been
shown.
We know that,
98 F = 36.66 C and the corresponding voltage is 367 mv.
99 F = 37.22 C and the corresponding voltage is 372 mv.
100 F = 37.78 C and the corresponding voltage is 378 mv.
101 F = 38.33 C and the corresponding voltage is 383 mv.
102 F = 38.39 C and the corresponding voltage is 384 mv.
103 F = 39.44 C and the corresponding voltage is 394 mv.
104 F = 40.00 C and the corresponding voltage is 400 mv.
With the experiment for temperature control, the
measurements were done. Since, the differences between the
corresponding mvs are very small, a non inverting amplifier
can be used to gain the voltage. The gain, G= 1 + Rf/Ri and to
get the gain 5, the value Rf=4 and Ri=1 can be set. Thus, the
voltages gains after using the non inverting amplifier are:
Fig -4: Remote control using cellular network [13].
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2583
For 98 F = 367 mv*5= 1835 mv=1.835 v.
99 F = 372 mv*5= 1860 mv=1.860 v.
100 F = 378 mv*5= 1890 mv=1.890 v.
101 F = 383 mv*5= 1915 mv=1.915 v.
102 F = 384 mv*5= 1920 mv=1.920 v.
103 F = 394 mv*5= 1970 mv= 1.970 v.
104 F = 400 mv*5= 2000 mv= 2.00 v.
After that, different frequencies for the different voltages
would be set in microcontroller’s program. As examples, 500
Hz is for 1.835 volt. 1.0 KHz is for 1.860 volt. 1.5 KHz is for
1.890 volt. 2.0 KHz is for 1.915 volt. 2.5 KHz is for 1.920 volt.
3.0 KHz is for 1.970 volt. 3.4 KHz is for 2.00 volt [13].
3. CONCLUSION
The change of temperature has been investigated using the
optical frequency comb technology in many articles. Before
the volcanic eruption, gas leaks from fumaroles. When gas
leaks, the temperature would be increased thus refractive
index would be changed. Therefore, as the refractive index is
changed with temperature, the possibility of the volcanic
eruption can be investigated by examining the changes of
temperature of gas using this frequency comb technology.
REFERENCES
[1] R. B. Trombley, “The Forecasting of Volcanic
Eruptions”, iUniverse, Lincoln, USA, 2006.
[2] M. T. Pareschi and R. Bernstein, “Modeling and
image processing for visualization of volcanic
mapping”, IBM Journal of Research and
Development, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 406—416, July
1989.
[3] T. Tamaki and H. Tatano, “Evaluation Method of
Restoration Process for Road Networks after
Volcanic Eruption”, IEEE International Conference
on Systems, pp. 2693--2698, San Diego, USA, 2014.
[4] OregonstateUniversity,http://volcano.oregonstate.e
du/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html
[5] CNN,https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/27/world/a
sia/japan-volcano-erupts/index.html
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Engineering and Informatics, p. D1-1, Bandung,
Indonesia, July 2011.
[7] P. Balling, P. Kren, P. Masika, and S.A. van den Berg,
“Femtosecond frequency comb based distance
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May 2009.
[8] G. Wu, M. Takahashi, K. aria, H. Inaba, and K.
Minoshima, “Extremely high-accurate correction of
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frequency combs”, Sci. Rep. 3, 1894;
DOI:10.1038/srep01894, 2013.
[9] K. Minoshima and H. Matsumoto, “ High-accuracy
measurement of 240-m distance in air optical
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Applied Physics, vol. 39, no. 30, pp.5512--5517,
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[10] J. Zhang, Z. H. Lu,and L. J. Wang, “Precision
Measurement of the Refractive Indices of Air and
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International Quantum Electronics Conference,
Munich, Germany, June 2007.
[11] D. Wei, S. Takahashi, K. Takamasu, H.
Matsumoto, “Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb
for Volume Temperature Change Measurement”,
CLEO/Pacific Rim, Shanghai, China, September
2009.
[12] D. Wei, S. Takahashi, K. Takamasu, H.
Matsumoto, “Analysis of the temporal coherence
function of a femtosecond optical frequency comb”,
Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 9, April 2009.
[13] G. M. Sharif and K. M. Salim,
“Microcontroller Based Remote Sensing and
Controlling using Cellular Network”, Journal of
Telecommunications, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 8-14, August
2015.
Sadia Sazzad studying M.Sc. in
Information Technology at the
Institute of Information
Technology, Jahangirnagar
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dr. Gazi Mohammad Sharif has
completed the PhD in Information
and Communication Engineering at
the department of Communication
Engineering and Informatics in the
University of Electro-
Communications, Tokyo, Japan. He
did three post-doctoral research
works in three different
laboratories in Japan. Currently he
is the Chairman and CEO of JB
source net Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
BIOGRAPHIES
