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I Track, Therefore I Walk – Exploring the Motivational Costs of Wearing Activity Trackers in Actual Users

DOI:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.007
Authors:
Christiane Attig at Universität zu Lübeck
Christiane Attig
Thomas Franke at Universität zu Lübeck
Thomas Franke
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Abstract and Figures

Personal quantification is one fundamental mechanism of gamification. Activity trackers constitute a prototypic case for studying the psychological dynamics of this mechanism. Despite their high potential to increase physical activity, health and well-being, the effects of trackers on users’ motivation to be physically active have yet rarely been explored. The present research examines the notion that quantified feedback of gamified systems can create a dependency that can harm motivation, which becomes apparent through activity reduction when the tracker is not available. To generalize findings from experimental studies to a naturalistic setting, we examined motivational effects of activity trackers in 210 actual users through a scenario- and questionnaire-based survey. Moreover, facets of user diversity (i.e., need for cognitive closure, affinity for technology interaction, achievement motivation, and the Big Five personality traits) were taken into account. Results indicated that a decrease of motivation for physical activity in situations when the tracker is not available plays a role in everyday usage. This dependency effect was stronger for participants with high extrinsic motivation for physical activity and tracker usage, high need for cognitive closure, and low hope of success. In contrast, high intrinsic motivation for physical activity was related to a less strong dependency effect.
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All content in this area was uploaded by Christiane Attig on Apr 28, 2018
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!
21!
Table&5.!Pearson(correlation(coefficients(for(all(variables.!
!
Variable!
(1)!
(2)!
(3)!
(4)!
(5)!
(6)!
(7)!
(8)!
(9)!
(10)!
(11)!
(12)!
(13)!
(14)!
(1)!
Dependency!effect!–!Scenarios!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(2)!
Dependency!effect!–!Questionnaire!
.65***!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(3)!
Intrinsic!motivation!for!tracker!use!
.00!
.09!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(4)!
Extrinsic!motivation!for!tracker!use!
.26***!
.44***!
.24***!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(5)!
Incentive!focus!regard.!tracker!use!
.01!
.04!
.17*!
L.04!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(6)!
Intrinsic!motivation!for!phys.!activity!
L.29***!
L.30***!
.22***!
L.02!
.14*!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(7)!
External!regulation!of!phys.!activity!
.25***!
.37***!
.01!
.16*!
L.02!
L.46***!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(8)!
Need!for!cognitive!closure!
.15*!
.28***!
.18*!
L.01!
L.12!
L.19**!
.12!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(9)!
Affinity!for!technology!interaction!
L.02!
L.15*!
.15*!
.03!
.03!
.18*!
L.16*!
L.11!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(10)!
Hope!of!success!
L.09!
L.02!
.19**!
.20**!
.08!
.31***!
L.23**!
L.26***!
.26***!
!
!
!
!
!
(11)!
Fear!of!failure!
.27***!
.36***!
.11!
.09!
.00!
L.21**!
.26***!
.40***!
L.05!
L.20**!
!
!
!
!
(12)!
Conscientiousness!
L.13!
L.08!
.12!
.08!
L.02!
.21**!
L.18!
L.10!
L.05!
.27***!
L.18**!
!
!
!
(13)!
Extraversion!
L.06!
L.02!
L.03!
.14*!
.08!
.16*!
L.04!
L.36***!
L.03!
.27***!
L.35***!
.11!
!
!
(14)!
Agreeableness!
L.05!
L.12*!
L.01!
L.03!
.02!
.12!
L.04!
L.03!
.02!
L.08!
L.05!
.06!
.06!
!
(15)!
Neuroticism!
.18*!
.20**!
.16*!
.10!
.02!
L.19**!
.20**!
.37***!
L.02!
L.19**!
.59***!
L.07!
L.31***!
L.08!
Note.!N!=!210;!*!p!<!.05;!**!p!<!.01;!***!p!<!.001;!all!pLvalues!refer!to!twoLsided!significance!tests.!
!
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6 DISCUSSION&
6.1 Summary&of&Results&
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6.2 Implications&
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Q,+3,! <++5! 5+,,! S')->2)+0! )'! 4+! &*%,-;255%! 2;)->+! V*+/! )*+%! 0'! /')! V+23! )*+-3! )32;@+3,#! $'V+>+3]!
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)%&+!'<!S')->2)-'/!<'3!&*%,-;25!2;)->-)%!2/0!)32;@+3!Q,2B+!2/0!-/0->-0Q25!0-<<+3+/;+,!W,++!25,'!.QQ,!+)!
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)*+! +<<+;)! V2,! ,)3'/B+3! <'3! )*',+! &23)-;-&2/ ),! V*'! ,)2)+0! )*2)! )*+%! Q,+! )*+-3! )32;@+3! S'3+! 'Q)! '<!
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2,! 4+;'S-/B! <-))+3! '3! 5',-/B! V+-B*)]! 32)*+3! )*2/! ZQ,)! 4+-/B! -/)+3+,)+0! -/! )*+-3! &+3,'/25! 02)2Y#! ?*-,!
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6.3 Limitations&and&Future&Research&
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DECLARATION&OF&INTEREST&
.+;5232)-'/,!'<!-/)+3+,)h!/'/+#!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS&
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8'`-25&,%;*'5#!:N]!JH:(JDJ#!!
8@-//+3]!f#!R#]!JMH:#!8;-+/;+!2/0!*QS2/!4+*2>-'3#!=2;S-552/]!O+V!p'3@#!
85-Z@*Q-,]! i#! =#]! _-+)`,;*+5]! 9#! R#]! 12/! p&+3+/]! O#! d#]! "CJ:#! $'V! +>25Q2)-'/! 2/0! /++0! <'3! ,)3Q;)Q3+! 2<<+;)!
S')->2)-'/!2/0!;3+2)->-)%#!9Q3#!i#!d'3@#!b3B2/#!K,%#!""]!JH("H#!
8)2/02B+]!=#]!.Q02]!i#!l#]! O)'QS2/-,]!O#]!"CC:#! L!S'0+5!'<!;'/)+G)Q25! S')->2)-'/!-/!&*%,-;25! +0Q;2)-'/h!A,-/B!
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&3-/;-&5+,!<'3!*QS2/()+;*/'5'B%!-/)+32;)-'/#!$QS#!R2;)#!HD]!JEH:(JEFJ#!
?+-G+-32]!K#!i#]!P2332y2]!9#! 1#]!=23@52/0]!.#]!8-5>2]! =#!O#]!_%2/]!_#! =#]! "CJ"#!9G+3;-,+]!&*%,-;25! 2;)->-)%]!2/0!,+5<(
0+)+3S-/2)-'/!)*+'3%h!L!,%,)+S2)-;!3+>-+V#!6/)#!i#!f+*2>#!OQ)3#!K*%#!MWFNY]!J(:C#!
?'/0+55']!k#!R#]!d+*4+]!_#!_#]!.-2S'/0]!l#]!fQ,;*]!=#]!=23;`+V,@-]!L#]!O2;@+]!l#!9#]!"CJD#!?*+!B2S-<-;2)-'/!Q,+3!
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8+3-'Q,!k2S+,!2/0!90Q)2-/S+/)!L&&5-;2)-'/,h!1'5QS+!66#!8&3-/B+3]!P*2S]!ENH(HCM#!
d+4,)+3]! .#! =#]! e3QB52/,@-]! L#! d#]! JMME#! 6/0->-0Q25! 0-<<+3+/;+,! -/! /++0! <'3! ;'B/-)->+! ;5',Q3+#! i#! K+3,#! 8';#!
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APPENDIX&
Table&A1.,;-/0(./%'+,)%'3,%'8%(,$<,('.<=1$0(%->1%'+,(1'0/-)$,)%'3(,<$-,/(('(()07,%&',+'#'0+'01",'<<'1%,
?$-)7)0/.,@'-3/0,)%'3,A$-+)07,1/0,2',$2%/)0'+,<-$3,%&',/>%&$-(B4!!
Label&
Item&text&
8;+/23-'!Jh!
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6S2B-/+!%'Q!*2>+!ZQ,)!233->+0!2)!V'3@^Q/->+3,-)%#!?*+!<-3,)!)*-/B!%'Q!/++0!)'!0'!
-,!)'!B'!)'!)*+!<'Q3)*!<5''3!)'!)2@+!;23+!'<!,'S+)*-/B#!p'Q!/')-;+!)*2)!%'Q!<'3B')!
%'Q3!)32;@+3!2)!*'S+#!?*Q,]!/'!,)+&,!'3!')*+3!2;)->-)-+,!V-55!4+!;'Q/)+0!'/!)*-,!
02%#!p'Q!/'V!*2>+!)*+!;*'-;+!)'!)2@+!)*+!,)2-3;2,+!'3!)*+!+5+>2)'3!)'!B+)!)'!)*+!
<'Q3)*!<5''3#!
Js,)2-3;2,+s3!
?'!3+2;*!)*+!<'Q3)*!<5''3]!6!V-55!>+3%!5-@+5%!)2@+!)*+!,)2-3;2,+!-/,)+20!'<!)*+!
+5+>2)'3#!
Js+5+>2)'3!
?'!3+2;*!)*+!<'Q3)*!<5''3]!6!V-55!>+3%!5-@+5%!)2@+!)*+!+5+>2)'3!-/,)+20!'<!)*+!
,)2-3;2,+#!
8;+/23-'!"h!
<-3SV23+!Q&02)+!
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<-3SV23+!Q&02)+#!?*-,!V-55!)2@+!2&&3'G-S2)+5%!2/')*+3!EH!S-/Q)+,#!.Q3-/B!)*-,!
)-S+]!%'Q!23+!/')!245+!)'!Q,+!%'Q3!)32;@+3#!$'V+>+3]!%'Q!&52//+0!)'!B'!B3';+3%!
,*'&&-/B!4%!<'')#!p'Q!/'V!*2>+!)*+!;*'-;+!)'!V2-)!<'3!EH!S-/Q)+,!2/0!';;Q&%!
%'Q3,+5<!,'S+!')*+3!V2%]!'3!)'!B'!,*'&&-/B!-SS+0-2)+5%]!4Q)!V-)*'Q)!%'Q3!
)32;@+3#!
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8;+/23-'!:h!
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V-)*!)*+!;Q,)'S+3!,+3>-;+!2/0!5+23/!)*2)!2!@/'V/!&3'45+S!*2,!';;Q33+0#!?*+!
)32;@+3!*2,!)'!4+!,+/)!-/!2/0!<-G+0#!?*-,!S+2/,!)*2)!)*+!)32;@+3!V-55!/')!4+!
2>2-5245+!<'3!2)!5+2,)!<->+!02%,#!
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)*2)!%'Q!0-0!/')!&Q)!%'Q3!)32;@+3!42;@!'/!2<)+3!,*'V+3-/B#!p'Q!0'!/')!*2>+!
+/'QB*!)-S+!)'!)Q3/!42;@!2/0!B+)!)*+!)32;@+3#!?'02%]!%'Q!V-55!2&&3'G-S2)+5%!,)2%!
2)!V'3@^Q/->+3,-)%!Q/)-5!DhCC!&S#!?*Q,]!)*+!)32;@+3!V-55!/')!4+!2>2-5245+!<'3!'/+!
V*'5+!V'3@02%#!
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Es3+0Q;+!
6!V-55!>+3%!5-@+5%!3+0Q;+!S%!2;)->-)%!5+>+5#!
5$%'4!6)+S,! V-)*! 2/! q3r! V+3+! 3+>+3,+0! &3-'3! )'! ;'S&Q)-/B! 2! S+2/! ,;'3+#! K23)-;-&2/),! 2/,V+3+0! 255! -)+S,!
0-,&52%+0!*+3+!'/!2!D(&'-/)!l-@+3)!,;25+!<3'S!1$3#.'%'.",+)(/7-''!)'!1$3#.'%'.",/7-'']!;'0+0!2,!J!)'!D#!
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Table&A2.!;-/0(./%'+,)%'3,%'8%(,$<,('.<=1$0(%->1%'+,C>'(%)$00/)-',(1/.'(,<$-,/(('(()07,%&',+'#'0+'01",
'<<'1%,?$-)7)0/.,@'-3/0,)%'3,A$-+)07,1/0,2',$2%/)0'+,<-$3,%&',/>%&$-(B4,,
Scale&label&
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Item&text&
9G)+3/25!
2))3-4Q)-'/!
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-/,)+20!'<!S%,+5<#!
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3+,Q5)!,*'V/]!-/,)+20!'<!0'-/B!-)!<'3!S%,+5<#!
f+*2>-'325!
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;233%!'Q)!)*+!&*%,-;25!2;)->-)%#!
E3!
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3+,&#!;233%!'Q)!S%!Q,Q25!&*%,-;25!2;)->-)-+,#!
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2;)->-)%!;'33+;)5%#!
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0-,&52%+0!*+3+!'/!2!D(&'-/)!l-@+3)!,;25+!<3'S!1$3#.'%'.",+)(/7-''!)'!1$3#.'%'.",/7-'']!;'0+0!2,!J!)'!D#!
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Table&A3.!;-/0(./%'+,)%'3,%'8%(,$<,(1/.',)%'3(,<$-,/(('(()07,)0%-)0()1D'8%-)0()1,3$%):/%)$0,<$-,%-/1E'-,
>(/7',?$-)7)0/.,@'-3/0,)%'3,A$-+)07,1/0,2',$2%/)0'+,<-$3,%&',/>%&$-(B4,,
Scale&label&
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Item&text&
6/)3-/,-;!
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6!Q,+!S%!2;)->-)%!)32;@+3!4+;2Q,+!-)!-,!<Q/!)'!0+25!V-)*!S%!2;)->-)%!02)2#!
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... The reliability of the information provided by WT sensors varies depending on the technological solutions, situational factors, and physical characteristics, such as hand movement, walking speed, sleep disturbances or morbid obesity [4][5][6][7]. On the other hand, instead of viewing WT as simply a tool for measuring activity, sleep, bodily functions, or behavioural patterns, it can be seen as a way of changing the possibilities and conditions of how a person can know oneself [2] and how they act [8]. For example, educators have identified in situ contextual information, communication options, and first-person view as affordances for WT use [9]. ...
... While WT use is common in Finland [30], it is not known who the WT users are. Prior international research has recruited participants from social media or other web-based platforms [8,14,22], examined an otherwise restricted sample [12][13]31], for example consisting only of students and employees with graduate-level education and mid-to-high incomes or the study sample has had a specific age limit [1,3,[31][32][33]. One study did have a large population, but it did not entirely represent the intended population in terms of sex, age, education, and body mass index (BMI) [33]. ...
... As a solution, the design of the devices should facilitate the intrinsic motivation, autonomy, and self-determination of the users. [8] ...
Factors associated with use of wearable technology to support activity, well-being, or a healthy lifestyle in the adult population and among older adults
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2023
The use of wearable technology, which is often acquired to support well-being and a healthy lifestyle, has become popular in Western countries. At the same time, healthcare is gradually taking the first steps to introduce wearable technology into patient care, even though on a large scale the evidence of its' effectiveness is still lacking. The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with use of wearable technology to support activity, well-being, or a healthy lifestyle in the Finnish adult population (20-99) and among older adults (65-99). The study utilized a cross-sectional population survey of Finnish adults aged 20 and older (n = 6,034) to analyse non-causal relationships between wearable technology use and the users' characteristics. Logistic regression models of wearable technology use were constructed using statistically significant sociodemographic, well-being, health, benefit, and lifestyle variables. Both in the general adult population and among older adults, wearable technology use was associated with getting aerobic physical activity weekly according to national guidelines and with marital status. In the general adult population, wearable technology use was also associated with not sleeping enough and agreeing with the statement that social welfare and healthcare e-services help in taking an active role in looking after one's own health and well-being. Younger age was associated with wearable technology use in the general adult population but for older adults age was not a statistically significant factor. Among older adults, non-use of wearable technology went hand in hand with needing guidance in e-service use, using a proxy, or not using e-services at all. The results support exploration of the effects of wearable technology use on maintaining an active lifestyle among adults of all ages.
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... While gamifying a course with leaderboards, the aforementioned favorable verdicts come with some concerns that need to be handled. These concerns can lead to affecting student participation, possibly even resulting in high drop-out rates if the course leaderboards can only sustain engagement for a short time period [18,58]. If students focus on achieving the extrinsic goals offered by a leaderboard instead of the assigned tasks, this could distract the student learning and result in low-quality work [21,56,59]. ...
... The competitive nature of a leaderboard may attract higher-performing competitive students but can backfire with low-performing students [18,32,33,53,60]. Short-term performance gains from an extrinsically rewarding leaderboard may come at the cost of students' intrinsic motivation [19,56,58,60]. The authors in [19,56] reported a significant improvement in the learning performance of students in the gamified condition in programming and language courses. ...
Effect of Digital Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Motivation
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2023
Currently, academia is grappling with a significant problem—a lack of engagement. Humankind has gone too far into exploring entertainment options, while the education system has not really kept up. Millennials love playing games, and this addiction can be used to engage and motivate them in the learning process. This study examines the effect of digital game-based learning on student engagement and motivation levels and the gender differences in online learning settings. This study was conducted in two distinct phases. A game-based and traditional online quizzing tools were used to compare levels of engagement and motivation, as well as to assess the additional parameter of gender difference. During the first phase of the study, 276 male and female undergraduate students were recruited from Sophomore Seminar classes, and 101 participated in the survey, of which 83 were male and 18 were female. In the second phase, 126 participants were recruited, of which 107 (63 females and 44 males) participated in the anonymous feedback surveys. The results revealed that digital game-based learning has a more positive impact on student engagement and motivation compared to traditional online activities. The incorporation of a leaderboard as a gaming element in the study was found to positively impact the academic performance of certain students, but it could also demotivate some students. Furthermore, female students generally showed a slightly higher level of enjoyment toward the games compared to male students, but they did not prefer a comparison with other students as much as male students did. The favorable response from students toward digital game-based activities indicates that enhancing instruction with such activities will not only make learning an enjoyable experience for learners but also enhance their engagement.
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... 81 Independent of the question whether datafication via CHTs has positive or negative effects in terms of meaning for users' self-valuation, feelings and knowledge, a risk is that if aims are not reflected carefully and a certain distance is taken from the data, 'good' data can become an end in itself, and result in a form of psychological dependency. 82 ...
... Another general pitfall of motivation for sports by technological means is that a motivational dependency effect on the CHT was observed, which was stronger for participants with low intrinsic motivation for physical activity. 82 ...
User types, psycho-social effects and societal trends related to the use of consumer health technologies
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
Objective The term consumer health technologies we use in this paper refers to fitness and health apps, wearables and other self-tracking devices that collect health-related data. Our paper aims to bridge the gap between the growing literature base of sociological research and ethical reflection on the (non-intended) effects of consumer health technology use on the psycho-social level, such as stress, responsibilization or a loss of intuitive sense for signs of health or illness. Special consideration should be given to vulnerable individuals, as the positive and negative effects of consumer health technology use may be unequally distributed. This perspective may help to guide policymaking and the responsible development of consumer health technologies. Methods Using a narrative review approach, we refer to empirical and theoretical studies dealing with user types and effects related to the use of consumer health technologies. We provide an overview of consumer health technology user typologies and evidence of the unintended psycho-social effects of consumer health technology use. On this basis, we propose a user typology that may serve as a future tool for ethical reflection on negative side effects. Results Evidence of the potential negative side effects of consumer health technology use, as presented in the literature, is inconclusive due to the high diversity of consumer health technology users and the way they use consumer health technologies. Our proposed user typology aims to more comprehensively document the diversity of users by incorporating the way in which users identify with and use their self-tracked data, attitudes towards the new technology and social interactions via consumer health technologies, and the purpose and self-determinedness of consumer health technology use. Conclusions More systematic and quantitative empirical research on the effects of consumer health technology use in diverse settings and with diverse user types is necessary to inform public health policy. In addition to evidence-based certification of medical consumer health technologies, more practical and flexible ways to protect users from side effects may have to be developed and adopted, especially regarding the increasing number of non-medical consumer health technologies.
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... This observation is in agreement with earlier findings suggesting that the motivational consequences of activity tracker-driven goal pursuits are not necessarily positive in the long-term. 38,55 In the REACT trial, pre-set daily activity goals inherent in the activity tracker were utilized as the behavioral targets of the intervention. However, the pre-set goals might have been too demanding for some of the participants even at the lowest difficulty level. ...
Acceptable, useful, and ineffective? Recent retirees’ experiences of a 12-month activity tracker-based physical activity intervention
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Objective Activity trackers appear cost-effective and acceptable intervention tools for promoting physical activity among older adults, particularly in the short-term. However, long-term studies focused on participants’ experiences continue to be scarce. This study evaluated participants’ experiences of a 12-month activity tracker-driven physical activity intervention. Methods Participants’ experiences were assessed qualitatively using open-ended questionnaire items ( n = 113) and semi-structured interviews conducted after the 12-month intervention ( n = 27). Quantitative items assessed the perceived ease-of-use and usefulness of the activity tracker during the intervention. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to examine changes in the perceived ease-of-use and usefulness over time. Results The 113 participants completing the 12-month intervention were on average 65.2 ( SD 1.0) years old and 81.4% women with 92.3% providing activity tracker data on at least 2 weeks per each intervention month. In the qualitative analysis, four main themes with 20 subthemes were identified: (a) burdens of participation, (b) affective attitudes of using the activity tracker, (c) perceived effects of using the activity tracker, and (d) no perceived behavioral effects. At 12 months, the participants found activity trackers mainly easy to use (mean 4.6, SD 0.6), reliable (mean 3.6, SD 1.2), motivating (mean 3.9, SD 1.0), and helpful in reducing sitting (mean 3.7, SD 1.0) with no changes observed during the intervention. Conclusions The participants’ experiences were highly varied suggesting that tailored intervention designs are likely to be required for effectively using activity trackers to promote long-term changes in daily activity among older adults.
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... The impact of TAF on the intention of adopting new technology [28,36,37]. Those who have a positive attitude towards technology can be motivated to access new technology more efficiently [44]. In the field of journalism, technology-friendly media and journalists are able to learn relevant knowledge and apply technology more quickly. ...
Determinants of blockchain adoption in news media platforms: A perspective from the Vietnamese press industry
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Blockchain technology is being applied worldwide. Although a large body of blockchain research has been conducted in various fields, little is known about press perspectives on adopting blockchain in journalism. This study explores the determinants of applying blockchain in journalism activities in Vietnam. Based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and previous research, we surveyed 287 people working at press agencies in Vietnam. The results from testing nine research hypotheses show that five factors, namely Technology Affinity, Effort Expectancy, Facilitating Condition, Technology Readiness, and Regulatory Support, positively impact the intention of applying Blockchain in journalism activities in Vietnam. Two factors, namely Performance Expectancy and Trust, were not positively strongly correlated to the use of blockchain. Besides, Regulatory Support is found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between Facilitating Condition and Behavioral Intention.
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Cryptocurrencies have arrived, but are we ready? Unveiling cryptocurrency adoption recipes through an SEM-fsQCA approach
Article
  • Jun 2023
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate consumers’ cryptocurrency adoption through the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and complexity theory. Design/methodology/approach By using a purposive sampling method, a configurational model was developed and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted to gather responses from a Malaysian sample. A total of 223 responses were obtained. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) were adopted to analyze the data. Findings The PLS-SEM indicated that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and affinity for technology interaction were positive cryptocurrency adoption predictors, whereas regulation was a negative predictor. Based on the fsQCA, cryptocurrency adoption could be explained by six configurational paths, which comprised combinations of the proposed causal conditions: the UTAUT factors (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition and social influence), environmental factor (regulation) and individual factors (financial knowledge and affinity for technology interaction). Research limitations/implications This study offers contributions to the theoretical body of knowledge by articulating the relevance of extended UTAUT and extending the established UTAUT model by integrating external environment and personal factors, also showing the linear and nonlinear interplays of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, regulation, financial knowledge and affinity for technology interaction. Practical implications The findings facilitated practitioners’ (cryptocurrency brokers, governments and businesses) fostering of cryptocurrency adoption through the joint consideration of different factors. The factors spanned technological attributes and individual characteristics to regulation. Practitioners should acknowledge that different combinations of the aforementioned antecedents can be equally effective to increase cryptocurrency adoption. The findings suggested that these causal conditions should be considered holistically and that there is no best predictor. Social implications In social terms, the research is expected to contribute to the dissemination of cryptocurrencies and help governments and central banks to develop, regulate and supervise digital currencies, as well as in the implementation of a digital currency ecosystem aligned with sustainable development goals. Economically, the results might foster a high cryptocurrency adoption rate and stimulate crypto-token-based business models and investment opportunities that present new means of revenue generation at individual, organizational and national levels. Originality/value This study offers unique perspectives for the body of knowledge and practice in the cryptocurrency domain, using both symmetric and asymmetric methodologies, by delineating the configurational logic involving technological capabilities, social influences, regulation and individual characteristics in facilitating more efficacious dissemination of cryptocurrencies.
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Quelles expériences intimes et pratiques effectives de la course à pied quantifiée ? Étude des usages « ordinaires » des montres connectées chez des coureurs et coureuses amateur.es à partir d’une auto-explicitation en temps réel
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Abstract: This article focuses on the lived experience and the actual practices of self-quantified running, provided by wearable digital devices that measure its performance and their biological correlates. Sixteen regular runners, with a high-level of education and who have been self-measuring for many years have been studied. According to a phenomenological approach based on a methodological device combining real-time self-explanations (n=32) and semi-directive interviews (n=16), our objective is to document, among those who persist in self-measurement, the “daily” uses of the connected tools as well as the “ordinary” modes of interaction that they institute towards them. We identify three types of expert uses incorporated in order to quantify themselves while continuing to take pleasure: temporal differentiation and alternation; adjustment of the goals; contextualization of the data. Depending on their degree of cognitive and explicit elaboration, these uses are more “tactical” or deliberate “strategies”, forged by runners who have learned to interact with the connected watch to the point where it degrades no longer the quality of their body experiences.
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Understanding the dark side of gamified interactions on short-form video platforms: Through a lens of expectations violations theory
Article
Short video games saw explosive growth and due to their rich content and strong communication features have provided a new marketing platform for corporate commercial activities. However, few studies have examined how to implement a gamification strategy on short-form video platforms. Based on Expectation Violation Theory, this study explored the impacts of three aspects of users' gamification interaction expectation violations on negative use behavior. By collecting and analyzing two waves of data with 320 matched samples, this study revealed that reward expectation violation, achievement expectation violation, and competition expectation violation of users' gamified interactions could predict negative use behaviors. Psychological resistance and emotional exhaustion mediated the effects of gamification expectation violations on users' negative use behaviors. Further, moral licensing negatively moderated the influence of gamification expectation violations on psychological resistance, but the moderation effect of moral licensing between gamification expectation violations and emotional exhaustion was not significant.
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Living by the numbers: understanding the “quantification effect”
Article
Full-text available
Purpose This paper aims to establish if quantified self-data positively impact motivation in a goal pursuit across a broad cross-section of consumers and in multiple contexts; and to understand the underlying causal mechanism and identify boundary conditions. Design/methodology/approach Exploratory qualitative research helped direct the hypotheses development. Two quantitative experiments were then conducted via MTURK, involving 331 respondents, to test the hypotheses in two different personal goal areas (fitness and carbon footprint reduction). Findings Self-quantification has a significant and positive impact on anticipated motivation in both contexts studied. The mediated model provides insight into the psychological process underlying self-quantification’s motivational impact, which involves strengthening user perceptions regarding feedback meaningfulness, self-empowerment and goal focus. Age (>50) was found to be a boundary condition; however, distance to goal was not. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on initial (anticipated) motivation, which is the vital first step in behavior change. However, more work is needed to understand quantification’s long-term impact over the course of a behavior change process. Practical implications This research encourages firms to incorporate self-quantification features into products/services aimed at behavior change and helps firms better understand consumer-perceived benefits. It alerts firms regarding the extra effort needed to convince older consumers of these benefits. Originality/value This is the first study to confirm the “quantification effect” on motivation in multiple life areas and provide a causal model to explain how it works. It is also the first to highlight age as a boundary condition.
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Assessing Personality Differences in Human-Technology Interaction: An Overview of Key Self-report Scales to Predict Successful Interaction
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • May 2017
For a comprehensive understanding of user diversity, a reliable and valid assessment of stable user characteristics is essential. In the field of human-technology interaction, a plethora of personality-related constructs linked to the experience of and interaction with technical systems has been discussed. A key question for researchers in the field is thus: Which are the key personality concepts and scales for characterizing inter-individual differences in user technology interaction? Based on a literature review and citation analysis, a structured overview of frequently used technology-related personality constructs and corresponding self-report scales is provided. Changes in the popularity and content of scales and concepts that occured over time as well as overlap between constructs and scales are discussed to facilitate scale selection.
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What Matters in Weight Loss? An In-Depth Analysis of Self-Monitoring
Article
Full-text available
Background: Using technology to self-monitor body weight, dietary intake, and physical activity is a common practice used by consumers and health companies to increase awareness of current and desired behaviors in weight loss. Understanding how to best use the information gathered by these relatively new methods needs to be further explored. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the contribution of self-monitoring to weight loss in participants in a 6-month commercial weight-loss intervention administered by Retrofit and to specifically identify the significant contributors to weight loss that are associated with behavior and outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using 2113 participants enrolled from 2011 to 2015 in a Retrofit weight-loss program. Participants were males and females aged 18 years or older with a starting body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2, who also provided a weight measurement at the sixth month of the program. Multiple regression analysis was performed using all measures of self-monitoring behaviors involving weight measurements, dietary intake, and physical activity to predict weight loss at 6 months. Each significant predictor was analyzed in depth to reveal the impact on outcome. Results: Participants in the Retrofit Program lost a mean -5.58% (SE 0.12) of their baseline weight with 51.87% (1096/2113) of participants losing at least 5% of their baseline weight. Multiple regression model (R2=.197, P<0.001) identified the following measures as significant predictors of weight loss at 6 months: number of weigh-ins per week (P<.001), number of steps per day (P=.02), highly active minutes per week (P<.001), number of food log days per week (P<.001), and the percentage of weeks with five or more food logs (P<.001). Weighing in at least three times per week, having a minimum of 60 highly active minutes per week, food logging at least three days per week, and having 64% (16.6/26) or more weeks with at least five food logs were associated with clinically significant weight loss for both male and female participants. Conclusions: The self-monitoring behaviors of self-weigh-in, daily steps, high-intensity activity, and persistent food logging were significant predictors of weight loss during a 6-month intervention.
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The efficacy of wearable activity tracking technology as part of a weight loss program: a systematic review
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2017
Introduction: The world obesity rate has increased over the past two decades. This problem has been linked to inactivity and lack of exercise among individuals which prompted the development of wearable activity tracking technology. This technology is commonly offered as a bracelet, watch, or pendent that provides feedback of daily activity such as total step count, heart rate, and energy expenditure. Despite the popularity of these devices, their efficacy to assist in behavior change and weight loss is still being studied. The purpose of this systematic review was to appraise the current evidence on the efficacy of wearable activity devices when used in a comprehensive weigh loss program. Evidence acquisition: A systematic review was conducted according the PRISMA guidelines. A search of electronic databases was conducted through December, 2016 using the following keywords: activity monitor, consumer, wearable, technology, Fitbit®, Garmin®, Jawbone®, physical, activity, tracker, weight loss, walking, pedometer, accelerometer, step count, calories, obesity, digital, self-monitoring, and mobile health (mHealth). The grading of studies was conducted using the PEDro scale. Evidence synthesis: We identified 7184 citations, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-one studies scored a 6 or higher and four studies scored a 5 on the PEDro scale. All subjects had a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 25 and were mostly women. Conclusions: The results suggests that short-term (<6 months) weight loss interventions using activity trackers may be a better option than a standard weight loss program in middle age or older adults. Younger adults may not benefit from such technology.
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Can Fitness Trackers Help Diabetic and Obese Users Make and Sustain Lifestyle Changes?
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2017
Diabetic and obese users given a Fitbit fitness tracker for seven months identified the device's playfulness, practicality, persuasiveness, personalization, and privacy as the top motivators for its use. These results provide insights into designing wearable health monitors that are engaging enough to effect long-term change. In the web extra at https://youtu.be/ByQNA06-pS8, guest editor Katarzyna Wac interviews lead author Mirana Randriambelonoro, a PhD candidate in information systems at the University of Geneva.
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