Impact of brand elements on brand equity: An applied study on Jordanian Corporations

Full text

Vol. 10(3), pp. 17-27, March 2018
DOI: 10.5897/AJMM2016.0493
Article Number: E46894E56804
ISSN 2141-2421
Copyright © 2018
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://www.academicjournals.org/ AJMM
African Journal of Marketing Management
Full Length Research Paper
Impact of brand elements on brand equity: An applied
study on Jordanian Corporations
Muhammad S. Alnsour* and Muath Labib Subbah
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan.
Received 28 March, 2016; Accepted 24 February, 2018
This study investigated the impact of brand elements on creating brand equity of Jordanian
corporations. Despite the significant development in branding globally and its role in increasing the
equity of the companies, a quick preview of previous research indicates that there are still some gaps in
research related to brand elements and its impact on creating brand equity and branding in general and
especially in the Jordanian context. The main aim of the research was to answer a number of questions:
Is there an impact of brand elements: Brand names, URL’s, Logos & Symbols, Characters, Slogans,
Jingles and Signage & Packaging on brand equity? If so, which elements have the major impact on
brand equity? A quantitative approach was adopted in this research. A questionnaire was developed
and administered for collecting data from the sample. 160 questionnaires were distributed using cluster
sampling method to the marketing officers of the corporations that appeared in the sample, (138)
retrieved and (131) were accepted for analysis. Data analysis took place to examine the study variables
and test hypothesis using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). After conducting the
analysis of study data and hypotheses, the study found that Jordanian corporations most frequently
used brand elements are name, logo, symbol, packaging or signage and that these have positive impact
on creating and sustaining brand equity. Based on the findings it is recommended that Jordanian
Corporations pay more attention to branding and brand elements due to the positive influence that they
have on brand equity.
Key words: Brand elements, brand equity, Jordan, Corporations, local brands.
INTRODUCTION
In spite of conceiving the concept of brands cape in 1987,
it was not fully operationalized under the rubric of a
research method until recently (Rossolatos, 2012).
Although brands have been around for so long, they were
used centuries ago as an identifier for ownership – from
branding homes to slave’s (Davis, 2009). There were
examples of brands being used in the Roman and Greek
Eras. With a high level of illiteracy, shop keepers hung
pictures above their shops to indicate the types of goods
they sold (De Chernatony et al., 2011). Craftsmen who
own special skills started stamping their own brands on
their goods and trademarks.
*Corresponding author. Email: m.s.alnsour@bau.edu.jo
Authors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 International License

18 Afr. J. Mark. Manage.
Furthermore, distinguishing the suppliers was more
common in the Middle Ages (De Chernatony et al., 2011).
The last two decades were so clear on the ubiquity of the
brand (Davis, 2009). The meaning of brands has grown
on a larger scale. At the end of the nineteenth century,
the past two decades have been critical for a brand
environment that we see now (Franzan and Moriarty,
2009). The terms brand and branding are now commonly
used in everyday vocabulary, yet, they are also terms
that are often misinterpreted. In recent years, branding
has become a fundamental part of companies,
organizations and even individuals. It is now so closely
linked to the workings of a company, that if a brand
suffers damage, so too does the company. On the other
hand, a strong brand will boost the value of the company
(Davis, 2009).
Brands have had impact on people's perceptions of the
products and also raised the direction of the world’s
passion to functional products. Brands can represent
lifestyles and values (Lexus, Rolex) and functions such
as the meanings of symbols, on the basis that people
who are specialists in brands provide the level of quality
of the product that cannot always be proven in the lab
(Franzan and Moriarty, 2009).
Problem definition
This research aimed to study the impact of brand
elements on creating brand equity of Jordanian
corporations. Despite the remarkable development of the
science of branding in the world and its role in increasing
the equity of the companies, a quick preview of previous
researches indicates that there are a lack of researches
related to the topic of this study, that is, brand elements
and its impact on creating brand equity. It also indicates a
lack of researches related to branding in Jordan and the
Arab world in general.
A large percentage of these previous researches were
concentrated on some specific economic sectors like
banking, telecommunications and clothes for example, so
the researcher thought of these points as a research
problem to be a starting point for a prelude to numerous
researches on the subject of branding in the Arab world
especially in Jordan. The research will find the answer for
the following questions:
i) Is there an impact of brand elements Brand names,
URL’s, Logos & Symbols, Characters, Slogans, Jingles
and Packaging & Signage on brand equity?.
ii) If there is an impact, what is the element having the
major impact on brand equity?
Significance of the study
The importance of the study comes from the importance
of the subject chosen for the study, that is, branding,
because it is a very important subject to all companies
from all sectors that is concerned with marketing subject.
Also, this study identifies elements that are related to
branding and brand equity, that will guide Jordanian
corporations and other companies to pay attention to
these elements and try to use them wider. It explores the
most influential element of brand elements on brand
equity at Jordanian corporations which gives these
corporations and other companies the opportunity to
concentrate their efforts on this element and other
influential elements as well. Moreover, there is a lack of
researches concerned with branding in Jordan and in
Arab world, so this research is one of few researches that
will enrich our Arab world’s library with branding subject.
Research objectives
The research aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. To identify brand elements Brand names, URL’s, Logos
& Symbols, Characters, Slogans, Packaging & Signage
and Jingles.
2. To identify brand equity Brand Awareness, Brand
Association, Brand Loyalty and Perceived Quality.
3. To examine the impact of each of brand elements on
brand equity at Jordanian corporations.
4. To determine the most influential element of brand
elements on brand equity at Jordanian corporations.
5. To put some recommendations depending on the
researches results to consider it by managers of
marketing departments at Jordanian corporations trying
to reach a higher brand equity.
6. To have a starting point for a prelude of numerous
researches on the subject of branding in the Arab world
especially in Jordan.
Research model
Figure 1 illustrates the research model. In this study, our
independent variables are branding elements that are
names, logos & symbols, characters, slogans, urls,
packaging & signage and jingles. The researcher will
examine the impact of each of these elements on brand
equity as a dependent variable.
Current study
What distinguishes this study from previous studies is
that no previous study talked about the impact of brand
elements on brand equity in spite of the importance of the
subject. In addition, all the previous studies are implicated
on a certain sector of trade, industry or services, but the
intended study’s community is comprehensive, that is,

Alnsour and Subbah 19
Independent Variables
Dependent Variable
URL’s
Packaging &Signage
Brand names
Logos & Symbols
Characters
Slogans
Jingles
Brand Equity
Brand Elements
Figure 1. Research model.
the whole Jordanian corporations with all of its sectors
(not being specific).
LITERATURE REVIEW
What is branding?
The emergence of brands probably started at the end of
the 19th century (Davis, 2009). Symbols and logos were
used to indicate retailer’s specialty and exclusivity of the
brand (De Chernatony et al., 2011).
To encourage customers to repeat the purchase,
artisans in the Middle Ages put initials on their
merchandise. Shopkeepers also put their names on
products bought from smaller manufactures (Franzan and
Moriarty, 2009). Gradually, branding became a guarantee
against copying (De Chernatony et al., 2011). Many of
the world largest global brands today were formed in the
nineties through recent history of mergers and

20 Afr. J. Mark. Manage.
acquisitions (Franzan and Moriarty, 2009).
What is a brand?
The marketing battle will be a battle of brands, a
competition for brand dominance. Business and investors
will recognize brands as the company’s most valuable
assets (Aaker, 1991; Mahajan, 2006).
According to Hansen (2003), the original meaning of
the word 'brand' is derived from the Old Norse word
brandr, which means 'Go burn' (Interbrand Group, 1992).
It is defined in Oxford English Dictionary as "a permanent
marker placed intentionally or a trademark".
What it really describes is an identification of goods and
services of one to distinguish them from those of
competitors. The American Marketing Association defined
a brand as "a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a
combination of them, intended to identify the goods or
services of one seller or group of sellers and to
distinguish them from those of competitors." These
differences may be functional, rational, or concrete. They
may also be more symbolic and emotional in relation to
what the brand represents (Kotler and Keller, 2009;
Crane, 2010).
Asacker (2005) offered that “a brand” is a means of
representing and identifying a product or range of
products. Branding creates a unique identity for a product
making it recognizable to its customers (Franzen and
Moriarty, 2009). Most definitions emphasized that brands
are expected to deliver a range of objectives; the most
important is to identify the goods or services from one
seller or a group of sellers, and differentiate them from
those of competitors.
Brand elements
Brand elements are trademarkable devices that identify
and differentiate the brand (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Most
strong brands employ multiple brand elements. Brand
elements can be chosen to build as much brand equity as
possible.
Brand Names: These have been the initial signal of
identity for all of us (Mishra and Datta, 2011). The brand
name is a basically significant choice because it often
captures the main theme or key associations of a product
(Bourbab and Boukili, 2008). Brand name provides
recognition and distinguishes a product from the
competitors (Kayaman and Arasli, 2007).
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs): These are used to
specify locations of pages on the web, and are also
commonly referred to as domain names. Anyone wishing
to own a specific URL must register and pay for the name
with a service (Wikström and Wigmo, 2010).
Logos and Symbols: Logos are visual icons providing
two basic functions for brands: identification and
differentiation (Farhana, 2012). There are several types
of logos, ranging from corporate names or trademarks
written in a distinctive form, to entirely abstract logos
completely unrelated to the word mark, corporate name,
or corporate activities (Murphy, 1990).
Characters: These represent a special symbol that takes
on human or real life characteristics. In a crowded and
competitive market, a character can create pure brand
salience by becoming a shortcut reference to the brand
and creates greater visibility than a static logo (Costa,
2010).
Slogans: These are short phrases that describe and
offer persuasive information about the brand (Keller,
2003).
Jingles: These are catchy musical messages written for
the brand and often have the ability of becoming
registered in the minds of the consumers (Keller, 2003).
Packaging: This is the container for a product which
environs the physical form of the container including the
design, labeling, color, shape and materials used (Arens,
1996).
Brand equity
Brand equity (Figure 2) has been a major marketing
research topic since the late 1980s (Aaker, 1991; Areska,
2012). Brand equity is usually defined as the difference
between the marketing effects that accumulate to a
particular product given its brand name and the effects
that would accumulate if the product does not have the
same brand name (Aaker, 1991; Keller, 2003; Zhou,
2009).
According to Kotler and Keller (2009), brand equity is a
set of brand assets and liabilities that add to or subtract
from the value provided by the product or service to the
Company and / or that the company's customers.
Researchers have been looking for ways to measure
brand equity since it has financial benefits for the firm
(Aaker, 1991). Brand equity is the result of understanding
of attitude of the brand to ensure continuation of the
positive brand attitude which will lead to strong brand
equity (Zhu, 2009). Brand is not something tangible; it
exists in the minds of consumers, as how people think
and feel about a particular product. Brands is a result of
the communication, marketing and private attitudes in
consumers' minds and the adoption of a positive brand
attitude that leads to strong brand equity (Hansen, 2003).
Research questions
A large percentage of previous researches concentrated

Alnsour and Subbah 21
Figure 2. Brand equity.
on some specific economic sectors like banking,
telecommunications and clothes. For example, this
research studies the concepts of brand elements and
brand equity across multiple industries (Jordanian public
corporations listed in Amman Stock Exchange)
(www.mit.gov.jo; www.sdcjordan.com), focusing on local
brands; also, the context of the study is Jordan and there
is a dearth of research about this topic in Jordan and the
Arab world as a whole. The research will find the answer
for these following questions:
i) Is there an impact of brand elements Brand names,
URL’s, Logos & Symbols, Characters, Slogans, Jingles
and Packaging & Signage on brand equity?.
ii) If there is an impact, what is the element having the
major impact on brand equity?
Hypotheses
HO1: There is no impact of Brand name on brand equity.
HO2: There is no impact of Slogan on brand equity.
HO3: There is no impact of Logo or Symbol on brand
equity.
HO4: There is no impact of URL on brand equity.
HO5: There is no impact of Character on brand equity.
HO6: There is no impact of Jingle on brand equity.
HO7: There is no impact of Packaging or Signage on
brand equity.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN
A descriptive methodology approach had been followed to achieve
the goals and suit the objectives of this research. A systematic
method for analyzing data is applied to investigate and interpret the
relationships between the study variables.
Population and sample
The population of this study consisted of all Jordanian public
corporations. According to the Securities Depository Center, the
numbers of public corporations registered were 271 corporations
divided in four major sectors; Banking sector with 16 corporations,
insurance sector with 26 corporations, services sector with 153
corporations, and industry sector with 76 corporations.
To calculate the sample size required for starting collection of the
data and according to Sampling Book by Steven K. Thompson, the
formula is
 
 
 
 
 
ppzdN ppN
n

11 1
22

22 Afr. J. Mark. Manage.
where
n: sample size required
N: population size (271)
z: the value of Z at 0.95 level of significance (1.96)
p: Proportion of the property offers a neutral = 0.50 (0.50)
so the sample size required is = 160.
The clustering sampling technique was followed because all
Jordanian establishments are divided into four sectors, with each
sector likely having an influence that is different from the other
sector. A total of (160) questionnaire were distributed randomly by
using a dynamic computer program to choose the desired sample
randomly from each cluster. 138 questionnaires were retrieved with
86% response rate, whereas 131 were accepted to be analyzed.
Data sources
In collecting the data, the researcher used a combination of primary
and secondary data sources:
Secondary data: The researcher has used books, articles, previous
studies related to this study in both Arabic and English language,
and the internet.
Primary data: Number of corporations and much information
related to the population were detected by visiting the Securities
Depository Center and using their official website
(http://www.sdcjordan.com/arabic/index.php).
Questionnaire: used as a primary source of collecting data for the
research, this questionnaire comprises a cover letter and two main
parts.
i) Cover letter: It stated researchers name with the aim of the
research and its purpose. The assurance of the secrecy of the
obtained information to be used for the purpose of the study only
and treated with complete confidentiality had been ensured to the
responders.
ii) Other variables: The first part of the questionnaire contained
three questions about some of the respondent’s variables. The
questions were about the sector, size and age of the corporation.
The researcher considered these as intermediate variables that
could have an effect on the dependent variable of the study, brand
equity.
Assessment questions: This part contained 7 items divided into 5
parts each; the first part is about name and its impact on each of
elements of brand equity – according to Aaker’s model, whereas
the second item is about slogan; after that we have logo & symbol,
url, character, jingle and package & signage.
a) A five-point Likert scale that ranged from strongly agree to
strongly disagree was used.
b) After collecting the primary data using the questionnaire, phone
calls were made with the marketing departments of the corporations
appearing as a sample asking them about their evaluation of their
brand equity with its 5 categories – according to Aaker’s model-
with the comparison of other public corporations. A five-point Likert
scale was used for each of the categories as a whole in order to
calculate the regression between each brand element and brand
equity.
Research instrument (Measures)
In this study, items used to measure the study variables were
mainly adapted from Aaker’s model that measures brand equity.
The measurement approach for each variable and its impact on
brand equity was measured by the 5 main assets that are brand
awareness, brans association, brand loyalty, perceived quality and
some other main assets as brand identity – according to Aaker’s
model- (Aaker, 2009).
Data collection procedure
After visiting the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the researcher had
been directed to the Securities Depository Center to collect all of
the primary information needed to start his research such as the
whole number of public corporations and number of corporations at
each sector.
After drawing a random sample of 160 corporations, the
researcher visited these corporations to meet the related persons to
explain the study and its purpose to achieve study’s goal.
The response time for the questionnaire took 6 weeks. After the
collection of questionnaires, a review of the collected data was
performed to ensure completeness and accuracy of all entries.
Thereafter, data were entered to be processed using the SPSS
“Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” application to get
frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations.
Instrument validity and reliability
The instrument was assessed by five academic specialists. Face
validity of questionnaire items was satisfactory according to their
point of view with some comments. After considering their
suggestions a final version of the questionnaire was developed.
To assess the instrument reliability the internal consistency was
verified using Cronbach Alfa Coefficient for consistency.
Accordingly the results were statistically acceptable since the value
is greater than 0.60 which is acceptable to administrative and
human sciences.
Table 1 showed that the total Cronbach's alpha for the study
fields was (0.84), which will lead to the stability of the results for this
study, being maximum, with all the values more than 0.6, which is
the minimum acceptable value. So we can approve that the
instrument is consistent.
Statistical methods
After collecting the responses, they were analyzed using the
descriptive statistics frequencies, percentages, means and
standard deviation. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences
SPSS was used for analyzing the data collected by questionnaires.
After that, the initial analysis of the data is conducted, and then
conclusions and recommendations were reached.
Statistical instruments used included:
1) Descriptive statistical techniques: these included frequencies'
distribution, means, ranges and standard deviations.
2) Regression test to find the effect between the independent and
dependent variables.
3) One way ANOVA multiple comparison procedure: was used to
detect exactly where the mean differences lie between according to
the demographics variables and Scheffe' Test.
4) Reliability test for the instruments of measurement: Researchers
assess the reliability of an instrument through the measure of
reliability coefficient for each of the instrument's dimensions. The
reliability coefficient shows how congruent are the items, in
measuring accurately that which it is intended to measure.
Limitations
1) Geographic dispersion (the spread of the corporations in many

Alnsour and Subbah 23
Table 1. Cronbach's alpha for the study fields.
Field number
Field
Value of (α)
1
Name Field
0.80
2
Slogan Field
0.84
3
Logo & Symbol Field
0.78
4
URL Field
0.91
7
Packaging & Singage Field
0.86
8
Brand Equity Field
0.87
Total
0.84
Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the study fields.
Field number
Field
Mean
Standard deviation
F1
Name Field
4.31
0.40
F2
Slogan Field
3.91
0.41
F3
Logo & Symbol Field
4.22
0.37
F4
URL Field
3.87
0.34
F7
Packaging & Signage Field.
4.13
0.51
F8
Brand Equity Field
4.08
0.37
Total
4.09
0.40
parts of Jordan).
2) Difficulties explaining the researches aim and subject to the
related persons to help them answer the questionnaire.
3) Difficulties related to setting appointments with marketing
managers and related personnel especially in large corporations.
4) Lack of cooperation of some of the corporations employees in
general.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To analyze the data and examining hypotheses,
descriptive statistics for each field is calculated, in
addition to Regression and One Way ANOVA used as
shown in Table 2. Means and standard deviation were
calculated for each field and Table 2 shows the results.
As seen from Table 2, the Name Field achieved mean
which reached (4.31) and a standard deviation (0.40);
Slogan Field achieved (3.91) and a standard deviation
(0.41); Logo & Symbol Field achieved (4.22) and a
standard deviation (0.37); URL Field achieved (3.87) and
a standard deviation (0.34); Packaging & Signage Field
achieved (4.13) and a standard deviation (0.51); and
Brand Equity Field achieved (4.08) and a standard
deviation (0.37) as shown in Figure 3.
Hypotheses Testing
Here, results of the research hypotheses are tested.
HO1: There is no impact of Brand names on brand equity.
To determine if there is any impact of Brand names on
brand equity, multiple regression test was used to check
the impact of Brand names on brand equity shown in the
Table 3.
Table 3 showed that there is an impact of Brand names
on brand equity because the significance value was
(0.000), and the value of R was (0.386) and R2 (0.149);
the restriction parameter (F) was (22.654), and the value
of (β) was (0.363). For each field of the brand equity, the
significance was less than (0.05) which indicates that
there is a strong effect of the brand names on all of the
brand equity dimensions (perceived quality, brand loyalty,
brand awareness, brand association and other brand
assets). According to the results, we will reject the
Hypothesis which states that "There is no impact of
Brand names on brand equity" and accept the alternative
hypothesis which states that “There is an impact of brand
names on brand equity”.
HO2: There is no impact of Brand Slogan on brand
equity.
To determine if there is any impact of Brand Slogans on
brand equity multiple regression test was used to check
the impact of Brand Slogans on brand equity shown in
the Table 4.
Table 4 showed that there is an impact of Brand
Slogans on brand equity, because the significance value
was (0.048) which is less than (0.05), the value of R was
(0.304) and R2 (0.092) and the restriction Parameter (F)
was (4.161); also, the value of (β) was (0.227). For each

24 Afr. J. Mark. Manage.
4.31
3.91
4.22
3.87
4.13
4.08
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Name Field Slogan Field Logo &
Symbol Field URL Field Packaging &
Signage
Field.
Brand Equity
Field
Field
Mean
Figure 3. Descriptive statistics for the study fields.
Table 3. Multiple regression test to check the impact of Brand names on brand equity.
Impact
Subfield
R
R2
β
F
Sig sub fields
Sig total
Brand names on
brand equity
Perceived quality
0.386(a)
0.149
0.363
22.654
0.000(a)
0.000
Brand loyalty
0.000(a)
Brand awareness
0.000(a)
Proprietary brand assets as patents and channel relationships
0.000(a)
Brand association
0.003(a)
Table 4. Multiple regression test to check the impact of Brand Slogan on brand equity.
Impact
Subfield
R
R2
β
F
Sig sub fields
Sig total
Brand Slogan
on brand
equity
Perceived quality
0.304 (a)
0.092
0.227
4.161
0.200(a)
0.048
Brand loyalty
0.002(a)
Brand awareness
0.017(a)
Proprietary brand assets as patents and channel relationships
0.001(a)
Brand association
0.006(a)
field of the brand equity, the significance was less than
(0.05) which indicates that there is a strong effect of the
brand slogans except perceived quality; whereas the
significance value was (0.2) which is larger than (0.05).
According to the results, we will reject the Hypothesis
which states that "There is no impact of Brand slogan on
brand equity" and accept the alternative hypothesis which
states that “There is an impact of brand slogan on brand
equity”.
HO3: There is no impact of Brand Logo or Symbol on
brand equity.
To determine if there is any impact of Brand Logo or
Symbol on brand equity, multiple regression test was
used to check the impact of Brand Logo or Symbol on
brand equity shown in the Table 5.
Table 5 showed that there is an impact of Brand Logo
or Symbol on brand equity, because the significance
value was (0.000) which is less than (0.05), and indicates
that there is a strong effect for the brand Logo or Symbol
on the brand equity dimensions; also, the value of R was
(0.494) and R2 (0.244) and the restriction Parameter (F)
was (141.464), also the value of (β) was (0.494). For
each field of the brand equity, the significance was (0.00)
which is less than (0.05) which indicates that there is a
strong effect of the brand logo or symbol on all of the
brand equity dimensions (perceived quality, brand loyalty,

Alnsour and Subbah 25
Table 5. Multiple regression test to check the impact of Brand Logo or Symbol on brand equity.
Impact
Subfield
R
R2
β
F
Sig sub fields
Sig total
Brand Logo
or Symbol
on brand
equity
Perceived quality
0.494 (a)
0.244
0.494
141.464
0.000(a)
0.000
Brand loyalty
0.000(a)
Brand awareness
0.000(a)
Proprietary brand assets as patents and channel relationships
0.000(a)
Brand association
0.000(a)
Table 6. Multiple regression test to check the impact of Brand URL on brand equity.
Impact
Subfield
R
R2
β
F
Sig sub fields
Sig total
Brand URL on
brand equity
Perceived quality
0.351 (a)
0.123
0.403
14.883
0.003(a)
0.000
Brand loyalty
0.001(a)
Brand awareness
0.003(a)
Proprietary brand assets as patents and channel relationships
0.000(a)
Brand association
0.000(a)
brand awareness, brand association and other brand
assets). According to the results above, we will reject the
hypothesis which states that "There is no impact of Brand
logo or symbol on brand equity" and accept the
alternative hypothesis which states that “There is an
impact of brand logo or symbol on brand equity”.
HO4: There is no impact of Brand URL on brand equity.
To determine if there is any impact of Brand URL on
brand equity, multiple regression test was used to check
the impact of Brand URL on brand equity shown in the
Table 6.
Table 6 showed that there is an impact of Brand URL
on brand equity, because the significance value was
(0.000) which is less than (0.05), indicating that there is a
strong effect for the brand URL on the brand equity; the
value of R was (0.351) and R2 (0.123) and the restriction
Parameter (F) was (14.883); also, the value of (β) was
(0.403). For each field of the brand equity, the
significance was (0.00) less than (0.05) which indicates
that there is a strong effect of the brand logo or symbol
on all of the brand equity dimensions (perceived quality,
brand loyalty, brand awareness, brand association and
other brand assets). So according to the results, we will
reject the hypothesis which states that "There is no
impact of the Brand URL on brand equity" and accept the
alternative hypothesis which states that “There is an
impact of the brand URL on the brand equity”.
HO5: There is no impact of Jingle on brand equity.
In view of the collected data from the sample, it is shown
that there is no single corporation that uses this brand
element, so there is no data to analyze trying to test this
hypothesis.
HO6: There is no impact of character on brand equity.
In view of the collected data from the sample, it is shown
that there is no single corporation that uses this brand
element, so there is no data to analyze trying to test this
hypothesis.
HO7: There is no impact of Brand Packaging or Signage
on brand equity.
To determine if there is any impact of Brand Packaging or
Signage on brand equity, multiple regression test was
used to check the impact of Brand Packaging or Signage
on brand equity shown in the Table 7.
From the Table 7, there is no impact of Brand
Packaging or Signage on brand equity, because the
significance value was (0.604), which shows that there is
significance in the dimensions of the brand equity
(perceived quality and brand association) only, since the
significance was less than (0.05), indicating that an effect
for the brand packaging or signage is only on perceived
quality and brand association only. The value of R was
(0.046) and R2 (0.002) and the restriction Parameter (F)
was (0.270); also the value of (β) was (0.033). So we will
accept the hypothesis which states that "There is no
impact of the Brand Packaging or Signage on brand
equity".
The study came out with these findings:
1) All of the corporations in the study use at least 3 brand
elements that are name, logo or symbol and packaging or
signage. About 50% of the corporations use 4 elements,
and no corporation uses more than 5 elements including
URL and slogan.
2) There is no single corporation in the study that uses
jingle or character as branding elements.

26 Afr. J. Mark. Manage.
Table 7. Multiple regression test to check the impact of Brand Packaging or Signage on brand equity.
Impact
Subfield
R
R2
β
F
Sig sub fields
Sig total
Brand Packaging or
Signage on brand
equity
Perceived quality
0.046(a)
0.002
0.033
0.270
0.009(a)
0.604
Brand loyalty
0.169(a)
Brand awareness
0.171(a)
Proprietary brand assets as patents and channel relationships
0.329(a)
Brand association
0.018(a)
3) There is a major impact of the brand name on brand
equity with all of its subfields that are brand awareness,
brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand association and
other brand assets.
4) There is an impact of brand slogan on brand equity
with 4 of its 5 subfields that are brand awareness, brand
loyalty, brand association and other brand assets.
5) There is a major impact of logo or symbol on brand
equity with all of its subfields that are brand awareness,
brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand association and
other brand assets.
6) There is an impact of URL on brand equity with all of
its subfields that are brand awareness, brand loyalty,
perceived quality, brand association and other brand
assets.
7) There is no impact of packaging or signage on brand
equity.
8) The element with the highest impact on brand equity
was logo or symbol with a very slight difference from the
brand name that came second.
9) The main important category of the brand equity is
perceived quality, followed by brand loyalty, then brand
awareness, other brand assets and finally brand
association.
Conclusion
Results of this study indicate that there is an impact of
brand elements in general on brand equity, that are,
name, logo or symbol, slogan and URL in the Jordanian
corporations.
The major brand element that has an impact on brand
equity was logo or symbol with a very slight difference
from the brand name that came second.
This research aimed to measure brand elements
impact on brand equity by taking Jordanian corporations
as a representative society of Jordanian companies.
Future research must take all Jordanian companies
registered in the Ministry of Industry and Trade to study
the impact of brand elements on brand equity taking
small companies and establishments in consideration.
Furthermore, this study aimed to find the impact of
brand elements on brand equity from the corporation's
point of view. Future research may re-study this impact
from the clients or consumers point of view.
1) Corporations are aware of the importance of branding
but they must give it more attention because branding is
a very important subject and has a huge impact on brand
equity.
2) Private or even public sector must establish a branding
association to serve all sectors and to raise the level of
awareness of this subject which will lead to a higher
brand equity that will eventually reflect on the national
economy.
3) Marketing managers must develop branding
knowledge of their staff, not only external branding but
internal branding.
4) Corporations must have a separated Department of
Branding, not only having a responsible of branding at
the Department of Marketing.
5) Ministry of Industry and Trade must give some
attention to this valuable subject by hosting branding
specialists to give lectures and organize workshops to be
up to date with branding.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
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