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3.19 Energy Production From Coal
Abstract
Coal is one of the world's most important combustible fossil fuel. Its fundamental properties can be determined by rank, chemical, petrographic, and mineralogical compositions. Coal is used mainly for power generation, metallurgy, and manufacturing of chemical products. It can also be converted into clean fuels by coal gasification and liquefaction. The main disadvantage of production and consumption of coal is its potential to pollute the environment. In this chapter, the origin of coal, its chemical and petrographic constituents are discussed with an emphasis on coal preparation and coal desulfurization to reduce the pollutants and upgrade the quality of coal.
... In addition, not all types of coal are suitable for the production of coke [55,56]. ...
... . Sulphur and ash are of particular importance because if their content increases, coke productivity in the blast furnace decreases. The ash content should be below 8% [55,56]. ...
... For coking to occur, the coal must fall within a certain rank range. The coal must have a comparatively high content of vitrinite (a type of maceral) to form a hard metallurgical coke [55,56]. ...
As probably the most complex natural (geological) material, as well as a parent of the industrial revolution and the most important source of heat and electricity in the world, coal has attracted and continues to attract special attention of scientists and the entire world population. In this context, this lecture text is intended to provide both chemistry and geology students as well as teachers of courses on the chemistry and geology of coal with a solid background of the chemistry and geology of coal. Various aspects of coal chemistry are covered, including the nature of coal, its composition, coking, gasification, liquefaction and production of chemicals. Coal geology concerns major eras of coal formation as well as the processes of peatification, coalification and the chemical processes of coalification, coal types and their properties, coal lithotypes and coal ranks. Each of these topics is an important subject in its own, and this text is aimed to give only a brief overview of each, emphasising the relationship between the geology and chemistry of coal.
Graphical Abstract
... We rely on energy balances from the scientific literature on steel manufacturing to understand the type and quantity of energy required to make each unit of steel in the model from each technology pathway (Cavaliere, 2019(Cavaliere, , 2022Hasanbeigi et al., 2013;Ho et al., 2008Ho et al., , 2013House et al., 2009;Kildahl et al., 2023;Li et al., 2018;Nduagu et al., 2022;Ozbayoglu, 2018;Prasad et al., 2011;Song et al., 2019;Vasudevan et al., 2016;Vogl et al., 2018;West, 2020aWest, , 2020b. Each manufacturing site in the model then has different costs for electricity and fuels. ...
... Raw material requirements per unit of steel produced are derived from mass balances in the scientific literature on steel manufacturing via different technology pathways. We draw from the same references as those used for energy balances (Cavaliere, 2019(Cavaliere, , 2022Hasanbeigi et al., 2013;Ho et al., 2008Ho et al., , 2013House et al., 2009;Kildahl et al., 2023;Li et al., 2018;Nduagu et al., 2022;Ozbayoglu, 2018;Prasad et al., 2011;Song et al., 2019;Vasudevan et al., 2016;Vogl et al., 2018;West, 2020aWest, , 2020b. Ferrous scrap (i.e. ...
... Hemicellulose has less volatile matter and more fixed carbon than cellulose and includes some ash. Lignin has Energies 2023, 16, 5341 3 of 17 relatively less volatile matter and more fixed carbon, with a particularly higher ash content than the other two components [6][7][8][9]. These characteristics cannot be determined using elemental analysis alone. ...
... Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 content than the other two components [6][7][8][9]. These characteristics cannot be determ using elemental analysis alone. ...
Emerging global environmental pollution issues have caused a reduction in coal utilization, leading to an increased research focus on biomass use as an alternative. However, due to the low heat values of biomass, studies in this field are still in progress. Biomass primarily comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. To determine the composition of these three components, the measurement methods recommended by TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry) and NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) are typically employed involving equipment such as HPLC. However, these methods are time consuming. In this study, we proposed a model for predicting cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents based on elemental and industrial analyses. A dataset comprising 174 samples was used to develop this model. This was validated using 25 additional samples. The R²P values for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were 0.6104–0.6362, 0.4803–0.5112, and 0.7247–0.7914, respectively; however, the R²CV values obtained from the validation results were 0.7387–0.7837, 0.3280–0.4004, and 0.7427–0.7757, respectively. The optimal models selected for cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose were C1, L2, and 100-(C1-L2) or H2, respectively. Our predictions for woody and herbaceous biomass, including torrefied samples, should be applied with caution to other biomass types due to the potential accuracy limitations. To enhance the prediction accuracy, future research should broaden the range of biomass types considered and gather more data specifically related to woody and herbaceous biomass.
... Volatile matter is gases released when coal or briquette is heated without air contact at 950 °C under specific conditions and it consists of short and longchain aliphatic carbon atoms and aromatic hydrocarbon and some sulfur. Volatile matter is a key interest in assessing the reactivity and ignitability of coal or briquette (Ozbayoglu, 2018). The high content of volatile matter in the charcoal briquette causes more smoke when it is burnt (Maryono et al., 2013). ...
... Fixed carbon is the carbon found in the materials that remain after the volatile matter is removed. It differs from the coal ultimate carbon content in that some carbon is lost in the volatile hydrocarbons (Ozbayoglu, 2018). The fixed carbon-to volatile ratio (fuel ratio) indicates the ease of ignition and combustion, but the heat content of the volatile matter is a more reliable guide to ignition (Chukwu et al., 2016). ...
Nowadays, the world energy demand is very high while the fossil energy source decreases continuously.Biobriquette presents as environmentally friendly alternative energy from biomass. One of the potentialresources of biomass for biobriquette is agricultural waste, such as palm kernel shells and coconut shells.The availability of these wastes is abundant but has not been utilized optimally. Thus, biobriquette productioncan solve two problems at once, namely energy and environmental problems. The objective of this study isto determine the optimum mass ratio of palm kernel shell and coconut shell which has the quality in termsof calorific value, and proximate characteristics (moisture content, ash content, volatile substances, andfixed carbon) qualified the SNI (Indonesia National Standard) specification (No. 01-6235-2000) forbiobriquette. The mixing variations of the coconut shell and palm kernel were 100: 0, 75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75,and 0: 100. The results of the quality analysis have shown that all samples have met all SNI criteria and thesample with 100% kernel composition was the best composition.
... The variables VM, fC, Ash, and C are significant, with an R 2 value of 96.53 and MAE HHV and MBE HHV values of 2.64 and 0.35 percent, respectively, for the equation that combines proximate and ultimate analysis, which is represented as Equation (17). The results of the study demonstrate that carbon is a fundamental component of both fixed carbon and volatile materials, and that it is present in all equations (Ozbayoglu 2018). Considering that C greatly increases the energy content of biomass, its inclusion in the calculation is sufficient (Yin 2011). ...
This study aimed to enhance the efficiency of by-product raw materials from the sugar industry for use as fuel. The approach involved developing an equation to calculate the higher heating value (HHV) for each type of raw material using a regression method. Additionally, a simplex-centroid mixture design (SCMD) was employed to estimate the lower heating value (LHV) based on the mixing ratios by weight of sugarcane trash leaves (SCL), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), and filter cake (FTC). The results demonstrated that the developed model accurately estimated the HHV for each raw material. The ultimate analysis showed high statistical appropriateness, with an R² of 0.83. The standard error of estimation was 0.74 MJ/kg, and the mean absolute error was 0.76%. Furthermore, the SCMD effectively estimated the LHV of the SCL, SCB, and FTC mixture ratios, achieving an R² of 99.77%. The evaluation and validation of the prediction equation revealed a mean absolute error of 7.57% and a mean bias error of 6.31%. The findings of this study can be used to enhance the combustion efficiency of sugar industry by-products for use as fuel by selecting the optimal mixing ratio for each type of raw material.
... The final product of the coal carbonization process is coal coke, often called metallurgical coke. It contains carbon impurities as most of the volatile part of coal is removed during the carbonization process [71]. Coal tar products treat conditions like psoriasis in skin care products. ...
This comprehensive review addresses the need for sustainable and efficient energy storage technologies against escalating global energy demand and environmental concerns. It explores the innovative utilization of waste materials from oil refineries and coal processing industries as precursors for carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage systems, including batteries and supercapacitors. These waste-derived carbon materials, such as semi-coke, coal gasification fine ash, coal tar pitch, petroleum coke, and petroleum vacuum residue, offer a promising alternative to conventional electrode materials. They present an optimal balance of high carbon content and enhanced electrochemical properties while promoting environmental sustainability through effectively repurposing waste materials from coal and hydrocarbon industries. This review systematically examines recent advancements in fabricating and applying waste-derived carbon-based electrodes. It delves into the methodologies for converting industrial by-products into high-quality carbon electrodes, with a particular emphasis on carbonization and activation processes tailored to enhance the electrochemical performance of the derived materials. Key findings indicate that while higher carbonization temperatures may impede the development of a porous structure, using KOH as an activating agent has proven effective in developing mesoporous structures conducive to ion transport and storage. Moreover, incorporating heteroatom doping (with elements such as sulfur, potassium, and nitrogen) has shown promise in enhancing surface interactions and facilitating the diffusion process through increased availability of active sites, thereby demonstrating the potential for improved storage capabilities. The electrochemical performance of these waste-derived carbon materials is evaluated across various configurations and electrolytes. Challenges and future directions are identified, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the microstructural characteristics that influence electrochemical performance and advocating for interdisciplinary research to achieve precise control over material properties. This review contributes to advancing electrode material technology and promotes environmental sustainability by repurposing industrial waste into valuable resources for energy storage. It underscores the potential of waste-derived carbon materials in sustainably meeting global energy storage demands.
... La humedad total se calcula multiplicando el porcentaje de humedad obtenido a 50 °C con el porcentaje de humedad obtenido a 110 °C y dividiéndolo entre 100 %. La pérdida de la humedad que no está ligada a la materia orgánica se determina mediante el secado entre 45 y 50 °C, durante un tiempo de 72 h o hasta que alcance el peso constante, mientras que el contenido de humedad inherente se cuantifica tomando la muestra después de retirada la humedad libre y se seca a 110 °C por 24 h (Ozbayoglu, 2018). Se ha encontrado que a menor contenido de humedad en el material, mayor es el poder calorífico, debido a que, al quemar la biomasa, primero se debe evaporar el agua para conseguir el calor aprovechable (De Lucas et al., 2012). ...
Este artículo busca establecer las perspectivas de valorización de 9 semillas y 12 cáscaras de frutas a partir de sus propiedades físicas. Estos residuos se caracterizaron respecto a: índice de generación de residuos (IGR), tamaño de partícula, espesor, esfericidad, densidad (partícula y granel), humedad total, dureza y madurez (escala de color). Al analizar los resultados de estas características físicas, se establecieron las posibilidades de aprovechamiento para la obtención de alimentos comestibles, harinas, pigmentos, compostaje, extracción de aceites y carbón activado. Se encontró que el IGR de las cáscaras y semillas se encuentra entre 11,91-55,61 % y 2,08-13,95 %, respectivamente. Las semillas presentaron tamaños de partícula de 0,38-4,21 cm, esfericidades entre 0,42-0,90, densidad de partícula de 0,91-1,43 g/mL, densidades a granel entre 0,85-1,08 g/mL y humedad total de 31,42-84,71 %; mientras que las cáscaras presentaron espesores de 0,08-0,80 cm, densidades entre 0,94-1,19 g/mL, durezas desde 54,49 N a valores mayores de 118,43 N y contenido de humedad total de 15,19-94,44 %. Se concluye que las cáscaras se generan en mayor cantidad que las semillas y se recomienda aprovechar estos residuos en conjunto. Además, las características físicas de los residuos afectan la alternativa de aprovechamiento y valorización. Por lo tanto, las residuos de frutas se pueden aprovechar en la obtención de alimentos comestibles, harinas, pigmentos, biofertilizantes, aceites vegetales y carbón activado; y se recomienda realizar otros análisis como: el análisis termogravimétrico, elemental, poder calorífico, bromatológico, determinación de curvas de adsorción y porosidad, para revalidar los posibilidades de aprovechamiento y valorización anteriormente mencionadas.
... Accordance results analysis cooperation economy Asia Pacific, he said that enhancement, it will keep going on until dry in 2040 [4,5]. Coal is an easy material burning, originating from mixture heterogeneous organic from remainder plants that have experience change in a manner physique and chemicals [6][7][8][9][10]. Content coal is carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and sulfur [11]. ...
The various aspects of coal, including its chemical composition, properties, and environmental impacts. The recent research focused on developing new technologies and processes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of coal comminution, with a particular focus on the use of kinetic energy impact application of coal comminution with linear momentum. We explored the potential benefits of this approach, as well as ongoing research aimed at optimizing the comminution process and improving our understanding of the physics of coal comminution. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to reduce energy consumption and environmental impact associated with coal mining and use. From calculation on comminution of coal samples 10 mm long, 1 mm thick and 1 mm wide using linear momentum kinetic impact energy were carried out to produce coal between 100 mm and 1 mm in size. The main parameters of the process are the configuration of the impact surface of the runway wall, volume, mass and initial size of the sample, as well as the impact distance to the runway. The results of the analysis produce 55 process equations with models per millimetre scale; starting from the equation. The value of the kinetic energy of the fragmentation impact is increasing small if the distribution of energy has an increasing impact Far from static center impact; following with bigger size fragment. With doubling the value of the distribution of impact kinetic energy per millimetre; uniformity size fragment between 100mm to 1mm reached. This first mathematical model is expressed as a comminution dynamic fragmentation linear pattern per millimetre.
... Other fuel properties include volatile matter content and heating value. In the case of coal, the volatile matter refers to the gases that are comprised of sulfur, long-chain aliphatic carbon atoms, or aromatic hydrocarbons that are dispersed as the fuel is burnt at 950 °C in an oxygen-free environment (Ozbayoglu 2018). The heating value, also known as the gross calorific value, refers to the quantity of heat formed on combusting a unit volume of gas (Rena et al. 2019). ...
Energy consumption in human society has increased as more energy supplies are required to meet the needs of the world’s growing population. However, there is a major concern about fulfilling energy demand while reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Bamboo-based biomass has great potential for use as a raw material for the production of biofuels and bioenergy. Bamboo possesses excellent fuel qualities that can be converted into solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels. Hence, the cultivation and harvesting operations must be performed efficiently to ensure that the availability of this biomass is sufficient to meet the demand for biofuel production. Several studies have shown that the micropropagation technique has increased bamboo production and that proper bamboo plantation management can benefit both the environment and society. Nevertheless, there are several challenges in bamboo cultivation and biofuel production, such as environmental impact from land management and economic risk from the industrial supply chain. Bamboo-producing countries, including Malaysia, have initiated several policies to propose strategies for sustaining the bamboo industry.
... As a result, total organic matter was 91.12%, whereas total dry matter was 8.88%. The protein value was calculated by multiplying the percent nitrogen by a conversion ratio of 6.25.With proximate analysis, the calorific value is usually necessary as well[27]. The calorific value was 357.05±4.34 ...
The pineapple and its skin contain a lot of vitamin C, which helps to prevent and fight illnesses. Dry pineapple peel phytochemicals and proximate analysis were investigated in this study. Oil derived from ripe pineapple peels was tested for phytochemical constituents and proximate analysis of dry peel pineapple using a conventional method.Moisture content was 5.10±0.07%, the ash content was 3.78±0.05%, the fat content was 5.57±0.08%, the protein content was 5.78±0.10%, the crude fiber content was 4.10±0.06%, and the carbohydrate content was 75.68±0.86%. Alkaloid phenol, tannin, flavonoid, and saponin were identified as phytochemical components from the result of phytochemical screening.The presence of secondary metabolites in pineapple peel oil is a positive indicator that if thoroughly investigated, bioactive chemicals with significant biological activity may be extracted. As a result, it's plausible to believe that nutraceutical advantages can be derived from this waste (pineapple peel), potentially boosting humanity's prosperity, health and well-being.
... (15)), the variables C, N, Vm, and fC were significant. All equations include carbon, the main constituent of volatile material, and fixed carbon [35]. Yin [23] points out that the presence of C in the equation is adequate considering that this element contributes significantly to the energy content of biomass. ...
Microalgae biomass is a unique feedstock capable of effluent bioremediation and thermochemical conversion. Energetic valorization routes require higher heating values (HHV) as an important parameter for system design. Equations to predict the HHV of various biomass are proposed in the literature, but none is found for microalgae biomass. This study aimed to propose equations to predict the HHV of microalgae biomass based on results from proximate (ash, volatile matter — Vm, fixed carbon — fC, and moisture — M) and ultimate analysis (carbon — C, hydrogen — H, oxygen — O, nitrogen — N, and sulfur — S). The equation based on proximate and ultimate analysis combined (HHV (MJ kg⁻¹) = 20.6 − 0.352 C + 2114 N − 0.379 Vm + 0.1131 fC − 0.0394C N + 0.01166 C Vm) presented the highest statistical fit in terms of determination coefficient (R² = 0.83), standard error of the estimate (SEy = 1.31 MJ kg⁻¹), predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS = 77.7), mean absolute error (MAE = 5.55%) and mean bias error (MBE = 0.46%).
The environmental, social, and economic concerns regarding fossil fuels necessitate the demand for an efficient energy mix utilising renewable resources like biomass for sustainable development. Recent interest in the thermochemical conversion of coal and biomass into bioenergy via co-pyrolysis processes is gaining importance. This review critically assesses the behaviour of different types of coal and biomass blends during co-pyrolysis from various perspectives, including the effects of temperature, blending ratios, heating rate, synergistic and inhibitive behaviours, heat transfer mechanisms, nature of products, and their future applications. The possible synergies arising due to differences in the compositions of coal and biomass are discussed. In addition, the synergistic effect on co-pyrolysis yield is critically presented. Moreover, it is analysed that the co-pyrolysis offers higher yields of liquid and gaseous fuels compared to individual feedstock coal and biomass. Co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass can be promoted from a scientific standpoint; however, further research is still required for the integration of new technologies to enhance the effectiveness of co-pyrolysis.
Coal is the predominant global energy source, where its consumption as metallurgical coke from fast-depleting
prime coking coal is vital. In India, the complete depletion of prime coking coal and ultimate dependence on lowgrade
low-volatile coking coal reserves are the primary concern, so the need to explore alternative fuels, preferably
with less climatic concern. Accordingly, a process for the synthesis of bio-coke, a novel product, using
varying blending ratios (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50) of such inferior grade coal and biochars (derived
at 550◦C) of coconut shell (CSC), groundnut shell (GSC), sawdust (SDC), and sugarcane bagasse (SBC) in the
presence of starch and molasses binders was developed via carbonization (at 800–1100◦C). Obtained bio-cokes
from coal and biochars with molasses possess better strength and plastic properties for metallurgical applications
than those prepared with starch, and can be a sustainable substitute for metallurgical coke.
Abstract
Shortage of Coal led to a power crisis, first in Europe, then in China, and later in India. Quick recovery of economies from COVID pandemic lockdowns and resumption of industrial activity, higher temperatures leadings to increase power usage at night, global increase in coal prices have led to a surprise shortfall in coal mining activity. While the event got averted because of the quick intervention of the authorities, it highlighted the need for quick reforms in the sector and an increasing need to increase renewable energy usage manifold. Inferences drawn from this research can help various stakeholders in energy management (such as power generation companies, coal mining companies), policymakers (such as power regulators), the Government in better handling crisis-like situations that would come in the future.
Keywords: coal shortage, power crisis, load shedding, energy crises, coal calamity
JEL Classification: Q40, Q47, Q4
This study investigated catalytic ozone oxidation using a sawdust char (SDW) catalyst to remove hazardous toluene emitted from the chemical industry. The catalyst properties were analyzed by proximate, ultimate, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier-transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. In addition, hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction experiments were conducted to analyze the catalyst properties. The specific area and formation of micropores of SDC were improved by applying KOH treatment. MnOx/SDC-K3 exhibited a higher toluene removal efficiency of 89.7% after 100 min than MnOx supported on activated carbon (MnOx/AC) with a removal efficiency of 6.6%. The higher (Oads (adsorbed oxygen)+Ov(vacancy oxygen))/OL (lattice oxygen) and Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ ratios of MnOx/SDC-K3 than those of MnOx/AC seemed to be important for the catalytic oxidation of toluene.
The rising production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the introduction of stationary and portable energy-storage devices as well as electric mobility in particular demands an efficient and sustainable waste management scheme. In principle, the material transformation from end-of-life (EOL) LIBs to secondary (raw) materials follows the recycling chain for wastes. Therein, processing aims to break up the bonds between the individual components and materials of the battery to enrich them into defined concentrates for subsequent metallurgical refining. In general, mechanical processes are more energy-efficient and economically affordable than thermal, chemical, and metallurgical ones. Consequently, a combination of several crushing, size classifying, and sorting steps are commonly used to prepare concentrates for further treatment. This chapter presents the principles of mechanical liberation and physical separation processes for EOL LIB processing. Combinations of specific processes categorized by their feed materials are proposed and discussed, outlining possible material fractions and further potential for research and development. LIB recycling with a mechanical processing unit is shown to achieve high recycling efficiencies that enable the fulfill the upcoming and updated European legal framework regarding LIB disposal.
Coal is one of the most abundant nonrenewable fossil fuels, in Pakistan. However, in general, the quality of coal is too low to offset the practical, economic, and regulatory barriers to its utilization. High sulfur content comes up as one of the bottlenecks in productive usage of indigenous coal. Biotechnology can emerge as a panacea for upgrading the huge reserves of high sulfur coal. In current study, the sulfur removal potential of Rhodococcus spp. (Eu-32) was investigated using coal from Dukki, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Biodesulfurization process was optimized for various parameters and maximum decrease of 40% and 60% in total and organic sulfur contents, respectively were achieved in 15 days. The Langmuir and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of the biotreated coal were increased by 20 and 16 times, respectively. Scanning electron microscope showed higher tendency of attachment of bacterial cells to the coal particles. Our results revealed that Eu-32 could remove significant amounts of organic sulfur from coal and could be used in the pre-combustion operations with appropriate arrangements.
In recent years Coal Preparation Plant designers globally are increasingly considering large diameter Dense Medium Cyclones (DMC) for treating the full size range of feed, in preference to a combination of open Bath or Drum Dense Medium Separators (DMB) and DMC’s. This has also coincided with the general trend of curtailing the DMC process at a bottom size of 1 or 2 mm, and using water based gravity processes, such as Spirals or Upward Current Separators, to process the minus 1 or 2 mm fraction on which the performance of the very large diameter DMC’s starts to decline. The main perceived advantage of this preference, for DMC’s only, is plant design simplicity, by removing a sizing stage between the two Dense Medium processes and reducing the number of moving parts. However, there are several reasons why use of a circuit, which contains both a Large Coal open bath and DMC’s, is more efficient with reduced operating costs when compared with an “all DMC” circuit.
Three-product teetered bed separator, labeling as TPS, as an upgraded device, is emerging to get rid of an awkward facts thoroughly that traditional TBS could only produce two products, overflow and underflow. This paper introduces the structure characteristics of TPS with type I and type II, and its four possible applications. On a basis of actual separation performance, it’s demonstrated that two-stage separation is necessary when treating coal slime. The float-sink analysis shows that TPS has the similar separation performance as heavy medium cyclone when treating easy-to-clean coal with -1.0 mm size. Combining the washability of the feed, when clean coal with ash 8.56 % is produced, theoretical separation density is about 1.95 g/cm3 and theoretical recovery is 85 % from washability curve while actual recovery is 82.54 % and separation efficiency goes to 97.11 %. The disadvantage of traditional TBS could be exaggerated when treating difficult-to-clean coal due to only producing two products. The birth of TPS provides a better way of solving the problem.
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and about 42 % of the world electricity is generated through coal fired power stations. However, mechanized mining has led to an increase in the quantity of fine coal production. The value of the fine coal necessitated the selection of the correct equipment for the gravity beneficiation of this coal. On the other hand, fine coal might be unwanted; it all depends on the coal, the market and the decision makers. Each technology in use for the processing of fine coal therefore has its own place in the process flow diagram. Technologies have improved, DMS cyclones can treat the particle range spirals would normally do, while efficiency still remains good. Spirals have low capital and operating costs, the teeter bed separator offers a low cut point and water only cyclones are cheaper to operate than froth flotation. The paper addresses the different technologies available for the beneficiation of fine coal and their space and place in the coal processing industry.
In the context of global cross-industry and interdisciplinary integration technological and techno-economic changes in related sectors of power resources will affect growing demand for coaI. The following arguments are brought forward in this article: factors affecting changes in the structure of power resources consumption, greening of economy and toughening of ecological requirements in power sector. Priority orientations in on quality improvement and enhancement of coal competitiveness as well as expansion of the scope of its application are defined. Advanced studies of technologies of deep-processing of coal for the near future are also specified.