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Effect of Essential Oil of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) on Performance, Blood and Fecal Parameters of Holstein Calves during Suckling Period
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil (600 mg/day) on
performance and blood parameters of Holstein calves. The study was started with total of 24 calves,
randomly categorized into two groups of 12 (6 males and 6 females) however, it was completed with 23
calves because of dying a female at the 8th week of the trial. Addition of Laurel essential oil into whole
milk did not cause any significant change in weekly live weight gain (kg), total weaning live weight
gain (kg), weekly chest girth measurements (cm), weaning chest girth (cm), dry matter, roughage and
concentrate feed consumption (gr), total milk consumption (kg), feed conversion ratio (kg), total cost
and unit cost (P>0.05). However, essential oil contained calf’s milk decreased fecal evaluation score and
number of days with diarrhea (P<0.05). The calf’s serum total cholesterol, glucose, AST, GGT, creatinine,
phosphor, calcium, insulin, total T3, total T4, albumin, GH and globulin concentrations did not differ
between the groups (P>0.05). Essential laurel oil containing whole milk, on the other hand, lowered
serum triglyceride concentration (P<0.05). Altogether these results suggested that the consumption of
laurel essential oil (600 mg/day) containing whole milk by calves might have positive influences on their
health parameters compared to the control group.
... To the best our knowledge, a little reports concerning using laurel bay leaves in ruminant nutrition except one report by Al-Kinani [11] who reported that incorporation laurel bay leaves at different level 0%, 3% and 6% in crossbred calves diet improved their growth performance especially with low level (3%). Laurel bay oil is rich in essential oil [12]. Furthermore, the synergy between individual bioactive compounds in PPP (Tannins)+ LLP(Essential oils) may be an important feather of their action which may affect board aspect [4]. ...
... However, Al-Kinani [11] reported significant improvement in ADG and FCR in crossbred calves fed laurel bay leaves, and contributed that to the presence of 1,8 cineole, and flavonoids. Similar findings were observed in Holstein's calves fed laurel oil (600mg/h/day) and showed better performance than those in control [12]. Although the a non-significant difference in TWG, ADG, and FCR in lambs receiving 1% LLP in the current study, but these parameters were improved by 6.73%, 6.7%, and 6.06%, respectively compared to lambs received the control diet. ...
... Hundal et al., [28] also found that combination of PPP and Tecomella undulata improve male buffalo's performance. Several reports showed that each PPP and LLP have antibacterial activity especially pathogenic bacteria [4,6,23,24] as well as antioxidant activity [22] which may lead to improve animal health [12] as well as in combination [4]. The highest improvement in lambs performance in the current study with the mixture (0.5%PPP+0.5%LLP) ...
Phytochemical contains several plant secondary compounds improved ruminant health and productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and laurel bay leaves powder (LLP) and their mixture on growth performance and some blood parameters in growing lambs. Sixteen Awassi lambs at 4-5 months old with average of (21.81kg ±0.63) kg weight were randomly distributed into four treatments groups: control without any addition (0%), 1% PPP, 1% LLP and mixture 0.5% PPP plus 0.5% LLP in a completely randomized design and fed 63 days a concentrate diet at 3% of live body weight. No significant difference (P>0.05) in feed consumption, final body weight. Results revealed that lambs received 1%PPP and mixture of 0.5% PPP plus 0.5%LLP had best total weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio as compared with control group. Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and urea nitrogen concentration were not affected in lambs supplemented with pomegranate peel and laurel bay leaves compared to the control. The additives had no effect on the liver enzymes AST and ALT. It can be conclude that lambs that the mixture of PPP plus LLP exhibited better lamb's performance in comparison with 1% LLP and no adverse effects biochemical blood parameters.
... Many studies conducted in this subject support the results of current research (Montoro et al., 2011;Vakili et al., 2013 (Table 2). These results are similar to Ünlü &Erkek (2013), andİzzaddeen &Kaygısız (2018). These results indicated that oregano oil increases calves' appetite and concentrate feed consumption, and starts consuming at earlier ages. ...
... Many studies conducted in this subject support the results of current research (Montoro et al., 2011;Vakili et al., 2013 (Table 2). These results are similar to Ünlü &Erkek (2013), andİzzaddeen &Kaygısız (2018). These results indicated that oregano oil increases calves' appetite and concentrate feed consumption, and starts consuming at earlier ages. ...
This study was conducted on 44 newborn Holstein Friesian calves raised in a private farm in Hatay province, Turkey. The calves were divided into two groups; the first group (control group) was fed only with milk replacer and the second group was fed with milk replacer added 893 mg oregano oil (oregano oil group) from the fourth day after calving. The amount of milk replacer offered to the calves was 10% of their weekly live weights. The calves were weaned when they consumed 800 g concentrate feed daily for three consecutive days. Weaning age and daily live weight gains for control and oregano oil group calves were found as 68.6 ± 4.45, 67.7 ± 4.62 days and 0.300 ± 0.09, 0.400 ± 0.011 kg, respectively. The mean consumption of milk replacer, hay and concentrate feed of calves for the control and orageno oil calves were found as 327.7 ± 42.17, 331.0 ± 49.40 liters; 13.25 ± 3.025, 15.23 ± 3.682 kg and 19.97 ± 4.186, 22.37 ± 5.709 kg, respectively. The average initial hay, and concentrate feed consuming ages and diarrhea days for the control and oregano oil groups were determined as 10.6 ± 0.29, 9.5 ± 0.28 and 3.1 ± 0.111, 1.9 ± 0.073 days. The initial hay and concentrate feed consuming ages were the same in both groups. According to the results of the study, more research is needed to evaluate the optimal dosing of oregano oil.
... Silolanabilirliklerine göre yemler gruplandırıldığında ise yonca zor silolanabilir sınıfta yer almaktadır (Ergün ve ark., 2016). Defne yağının ruminantlarda in vitro rumen fermentasyonuna ve besin maddelerinin sindirimi üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin olmadığı, hatta buzağıların sağlıklarının üzerine olumlu etkilerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir (Sızmaz, 2016;Izzaddeen & Kaygısız, 2018). ...
Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerde defne (Laurus nobilis L.) yaprağı tozu (DYT) katkısının yonca silajlarında kimyasal kompozisyonun, in vitro gaz üretim parametrelerinin (metabolize edilebilir enerji, in vitro organik madde sindirilebilirliği ve net enerji laktasyonu) ve bazı fermentasyon özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Defne yaprağı tozu, yoncaya %0 (kontrol), %0,5 (DYT05), %1,0 (DYT10), %1,5 (DYT15), %2,0 (DYT20), %4,0 (DYT40) ve %8,0 (DYT80) düzeylerinde ilave edilerek 75 gün boyunca silolanmıştır. Araştırma sonunda, kontrol grubuna göre DYT05 grubunda yonca silajının kuru madde içeriği azalmış, DYT20, DYT40 ve DYT80 gruplarında ise kuru madde içeriği artmıştır. DYT80 grubunda ham kül içeriği düşük bulunmuştur. DYT10 ve daha yüksek düzeyler silajın pH’sını; DYT20 ve daha yüksek düzeylerse laktik asit içeriğini önemli düzeyde düşürmüştür. Defne yaprağı muamelesi, silajların NDF, ADF, ham protein, ham yağ, asetik asit, propiyonik asit, in vitro gaz üretim parametrelerini etkilememiştir. Araştırma silajlarının tamamında bütirik asit ve amonyak azot içeriği tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, DYT’nin yonca silajlarında %1 düzeyinde kullanılabileceği ve pozitif katkısının olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
... Amad et al. (2011) observed that the supplementation of thyme and anise to broilers and Soltan (2009) discovered that adding essential oil to milk replacer in calves increased serum total protein levels. It has also been established that the addition of laurel essential oil has a lowering effect on serum triglyceride levels in Holstein calves (Izzaddeen and Kaygısız, 2018). ...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) leaf powder supplementation in ration on performance, some blood serum biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status in weaned Tuj lambs. Twenty-four Tuj male lambs with an average body weight of 11.5±0.3 kg were allocated to three groups. While no supplementation was added to the basal ration of the control group, dried leaves of pennyroyal at the levels of 0.1% (P1) and 0.2% (P2) were added to the basal ration of treatment groups, respectively. During the experimental period (56 days) the lambs were to be weighted individually every two weeks and body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were estimated. Also, blood biochemical parameters and activity of antioxidants were determined. According to the study results, BWG, FC, and FCR were not affected by pennyroyal supplementation. Moreover, there was no difference between the control and pennyroyal treatment groups regarding serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, triglyceride, and total protein in the study. Mineral substances such as calcium and phosphorus levels were not influenced by supplementation of pennyroyal to the basal ration. Malondialdehyde and glutathione were affected by Pennyroyal supplementation on the 14th day. In conclusion, the supplementation of pennyroyal to lamb ration did not have a significant act on growth performance.
... Replacement dairy calves are susceptible to many pathogens that cause preweaning diseases during the milk drinking period. Acute scours usually occur in newborn calves aged 15 days and earlier and are clinically characterized by watery diarrhea, progressive dehydration, and death within a few days of its onset (Blood et al., 1992;Izzaddeen and Kaygısız, 2018). Hastening weaning age, with the intention of reducing feed and labor costs, has attracted special attention among researchers during the last decades (Owen and Larson, 1982;Kehoe et al., 2007;Ozkaya et al., 2015). ...
In this study, the effectiveness of commercial essential oil mixture application in preventing calf losses due to diarrhea and on the growth, development and health parameters of calves was investigated. For this purpose, 24 newborn Simmental calves were used. Following birth, 20 ml of essential oil mixture was given orally via syringe to the calves in the treatment group after drinking milk in the morning for 5 days. The average birth weight of calves was 39.0 ± 0.72 kg. Birth weight of male and female calves were 42.3 ± 1.01 and 38.6 ± 0.96 kg respectively, the difference between groups were found significant. First month weight was 45.7 ± 1.67, 42.4 ± 1.65 kg in the control and treatment groups, respectively. There was no difference between the control and treatment groups in terms of body measurements taken at birth, but a significant difference was observed in chest circumference in favor of the control group in terms of measurements obtained at the 1st month. There was no difference between the treatment and control groups in terms of hematological parameters detected in the blood taken on the 10th day and in the 1-month period. No differences were observed between groups in terms of immunoglobulin levels (IgM and IgG). There was no effect of the commercial essential oil mixture on the fecal score of the calves included in the trial. It was revealed that the essential oil mixture does not make any difference in the growth, development and health of Simmental calves in a one-month period. In future studies on the subject, it is recommended that higher doses of the essential oil mixture be investigated.
Investigation of The Microbiological Effect of Chitosan Based Peaunet Pine Resin Added Hydrogel
Veterinary medicine education, which started in Istanbul in 1842 in Turkey, has shown continuous improvement due to the medical necessities seen in animal husbandry in the country and the world. The school, which increased the number of students due to the increase in epidemics, sent its graduates to Europe for specialization education at the beginning of the 20th century. The school, which was moved to Ankara in 1933, increased the education period to five years and served as the only faculty in our country until the 1970s. Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, which has been
serving all animal health issues in our country and nearby geography throughout its past history, established the "Aquaculture, Fisheries and Game Animals" department on May 16, 1967, which examines animal species other than domesticated. With this established department, the first academic perception and studies on wild animal species started. After this department, whose academic activities ended in the 1980s for various reasons, studies on wild animals continued with the individual efforts of academics in faculties. After a long time, the "Wildlife and Ecology Department" established within the Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine became the pioneer of the new
era in our country, and this was followed by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Kafkas University. In our country, "Wild animal diseases and ecology departments" continue their activities within the body of Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa, Dicle University, Ondokuz Mayıs University and Erciyes University Veterinary Faculties. In addition to these departments in our faculties, with the joint investments made with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, five Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centers with infrastructure compatible with the wild life of the region. These centers have been put into service at this university campuses in the last years and these are managed by academic staff. Academic interest and investments in this field are increasing day by day in our faculties, whose academic staff and geography are suitable for such activities.
In the literature, there is a wide range of information about infectious infertility (decrease in reproductive performance or litter productivity), due to a certain microbial factor, in different breeds of breeding animals. Also, regarding infertility cases in animals, dairy breeding females (eg. Holstein/Simmental cow, Chios ewe, and Saanen doe) come to mind first. However, non-microbial (non-infectious) infertility cases are very common in both males and females in the field. Including these ‘non-infectious’ factors, infertility is particularly important for sire bulls as a year-round breeder or for stallions, rams, and bucks that mate seasonally only during a certain period of the year (seasonal breeder). Seasonal heavy use of breeding males can lead peculiarly to their premature sexual exhaustion.
Although a certain disease (Brucellosis, Maedi, etc.) is not observed in male breeders in cases of 'non-infectious' infertility, which may be mainly of environmental (care-feeding) and individual origin, the regular expected semen production, libido, ejaculation, and litter (lamb/kitten) yield can be seriously impaired. Even in severe infertility or advanced cases, the reproductive process may stop completely.
In the solution of infertility cases, care and feeding (including flushing) in the breeder flock should firstly be arranged, and all flock-based protective measures (vaccination, parasitic control, hoof and udder care, mating-lambing/kidding-milking hygiene) should be taken. Care should also be taken in reproductive management in issues such as the use of teaser ram/buck, male/female ratio, weekly mating number, exercise, and experience. In addition, inbreeding and the use of older breeders should be avoided. Especially in synchronization practices, necessary precautions should be taken against extremely hot/arid climatic conditions, together with a sufficient number of rams/bucks used rotationally.
Finally, for a sustainable profit in sheep breeding, protective-preventive measures as farms and flocks should always be preferred to problem-solving (treatment) approaches. In enterprises where female animal welfare is a priority, sustainable individual yield (meat, milk, offspring) increases. Additionally, given in a small number of expensive males, the expected libido and fertility due to seasonal heavy use is only possible thanks to the well-being level and ideal reproductive management. Undoubtedly, for achieving a sustainable profit in animal husbandry, it is vital to consider animal health and welfare together. In small ruminants, the necessary interest and responsibility in production provide convenience in the ideal solution with the opportunity of early intervention against unwanted fertility problems in breeding animals.
Keywords: small ruminant, management, feeding, reproduction, infertility
Hatay’da özel bir işletmede yetiştirilen 28 baş yeni doğmuş Siyah Alaca ırkı buzağı üzerinde yürütülen bu çalışmada; buzağılar 2 gruba ayrılarak, birinci gruba sadece tam yağlı süt, ikinci gruba ise mama içirilmiştir. Buzağılara içirilen günlük süt ve mama miktarı, haftalık olarak belirlenen canlı ağırlıklarının % 10’u kadar hesaplanmıştır. Üç gün arka arkaya 700 gr kesif yem tüketen buzağılar sütten ve mamadan kesilmiştir. Tam yağlı süt ve mama ile beslenen buzağılarda günlük ortalama kesif yem tüketim miktarı 0.366±0.02 ve 0.384±0.02 kg (P>0.05); sütten ve mamadan kesim ağırlığı 65.15±7.23 ve 62.08±7.94 kg; sütten ve mamadan kesim yaşı 64.77±5.33 ve 68.42±4.97 gün; günlük canlı ağırlık artışı 0.450±0.05 ve 0.392±0.06 kg; içirilen toplam süt ve mama miktarı 299.07±16.48 ve 308.58±25.67 kg; günlük ortalama kaba yem tüketim miktarı 0.198±0.02 ve 0.220±0.02 kg;; toplam tüketilen kaba yem miktarı 12.86±0.87 ve 15.09±1.02 kg; toplam tüketilen kesif yem miktarı 23.70±1.87 ve 26.31±1.35 kg; kaba yem tüketimine başlama yaşı 11.38±0.31 ve 12.83±0.27 gün; kesif yem tüketimine başlama yaşı 10.38±0.40 ve 11.92±0.29 gün ile yemden yararlanma etkinlik oranı 2.32±0.16 ve 2.83±0.21 olarak tespit edilmiştir Ayrıca, buzağıların ishalli geçirdikleri gün sayıları, ishal vakası görülme oranı, büyütme masrafları ile 1 kg canlı ağırlık artışı için yapılan masraflar ise yine aynı sırasıyla; 1.80±0.25, 3.24±0.36 gün; %38.46 ve %60; 998.4±58.4, 954.7±62.7 TL(P<0.05), 33.33±2.91 ve 35.63±3.01 (P>0.05) olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, tam yağlı süt ile beslenen buzağılarda, mama ile beslenen buzağılara oranla gelişim performansının daha yüksek, kaba ve kesif yem tüketim miktarının daha düşük ve ishal vakasının ise daha düşük düzeyde görüldüğünü ve çiğ süt fiyatlarının yüksek, mama fiyatlarının düşük olduğu dönemlerde ise buzağı büyütme maliyetlerinin mama ile beslenen buzağılarda ekonomik olarak daha düşük olduğunu, ancak 1 kg canlı ağırlık artışı için yapılan masrafların mama ile beslenen buzağılarda daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
The purpose of this study was to determine effects of the combination of direct-fed microbials (DFM) with exogenous feed enzymes (EFE) on the growth performance, feed efficiency ratio as well as some behavioural traits of Brown Swiss x Eastern Anatolian Red F1 calves reared in Eastern Region of Turkey. Twenty crossbred calves (10 males and 10 females) were assigned to treatment (DFM plus EFE additive) and control groups. Calves in DFM plus EFE group had 3.05 kg and 5.11 kg higher (P<0.05) weights at weaning and 3 months of ages than these in control group. Growth rate of the DFM plus EFE supplemented calves was significantly greater (P<0.05) than calves in control group in pre-weaning as well as between birth and 3 months of age. The feeding of DFM plus EFE additives to crossbred calves resulted in beneficial effect on the feed efficiency ratio in the pre-weaning period, and amount of dry matter of feed consumed per kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the calves in the treatment group. Gains in front shank circumferences from body measurements was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in the calves fed DFM plus EFE supplement compared to these in the control group. Behavioural activities of the calves were not significantly affected by DFM plus EFE additives. In conclusion, feeding combination of DFM and EFE to the crossbred calves resulted in significant beneficial effect on the growth performance and feed efficiency ratio of the young animals.
Two experiments were conducted with beef cattle to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of monensin (Rumensin® premix, MO) and different doses of a mixture of essential oils (Vertan®; EO) on feed intake, growth performance and feed efficiency (exp. 1), nutrient digestibility and N retention (exp. 2). In exp. 1, 20 steers and 20 heifers (Angus x Hereford, initial BW = 369 ± 10 kg) used in a random block design were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) without supplementation (control, CO), or supplemented with MO (33 mg kg DM -1) or EO (2 and 4 g d-1). In exp. 2, five steers (Angus x Hereford, initial BW = 244 ± 4 kg) used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design were fed CO, MO (33 mg kg DM-1), or EO (2, 3, and 4 g d -1). In exp. 1, DM intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by the addition of EO, but it was 10% lower (P < 0.01) for cattle fed MO compared with those fed CO. Average daily gain (ADG) was similar (P > 0.05) between cattle fed CO and those fed MO or EO. Feed efficiency (ADG to DM intake ratio) was not affected (P > 0.05) by the addition of EO and MO in the diet , but EO had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) being highest at the dose of 2 g of EO d-1. In exp. 2, DM intake was similar (P > 0.05) for cattle fed MO and those fed CO, but it was higher for steers fed EO compared with those fed CO (6.30 vs. 5.85 kg d-1; P < 0.05), and linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increased doses of EO. Neither the apparent digestibility nor the retention of N was affected (P > 0.05) by MO or EO addition. Results from this study suggest that EO have the potential to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle. EO are effective at lower dose levels but at higher dosage, EO appear to have no beneficial effect on feed efficiency.
The objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding increasing amounts of essential fatty acids (FA) in milk replacer (MR) during the first 60 d of life on growth, health, and immunity of Holstein calves. Calves were born from dams fed low concentrations of total and essential FA during the last 2 mo of pregnancy. Newborn calves were blocked by sex and parity of the dam and assigned randomly to receive 1 of 4 MR treatments (T). Hydrogenated coconut oil and soybean oil were mixed with emulsifier and commercial MR powder to prepare the following 4 MR containing 0.119 and 0.007 (T1), 0.187 and 0.017 (T2), 0.321 and 0.036 (T3), and 0.593 and 0.076 (T4) g of intake per kg of metabolic body weight (BW(0.75)) of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, respectively. At 30 d of life, concentrations of essential FA (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) in liver increased, whereas concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C20:3n-9 decreased linearly with increasing intake of essential FA. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were optimized when male calves consumed T2, whereas gain by female calves tended to increase linearly with increasing intake of essential FA during the first 30 d of age. However, these responses to treatment were not maintained after initiation of concentrate feeding at 31 d of life. Over the 60-d preweaning period, wither and hip heights were improved in both sexes as intake of essential FA increased up to T3. Some measures of health and immunity were affected by replacing some coconut oil with soybean oil. Severity of diarrhea tended to decrease linearly; plasma concentrations of haptoglobin during diarrhea were lower in T2, T3, and T4; phagocytosis by blood neutrophils tended to peak for calves fed T2; in vitro proliferation of stimulated blood lymphocytes was greater for calves fed T2; in vitro stimulated blood cells produced more IFN-γ (up to T3 for males and T2 for females), concentrations of serum IgG against ovalbumin injections were increased in males fed T2 or T3; and skin-fold thickness increased in response to an intradermal antigen injection of all calves fed up to T4. Across sex and under the conditions of the present study, mean daily intakes of linoleic acid between 3 to 5 g/d and intakes of α-linolenic acid between 0.3 and 0.6 g/d during the first 30 d of life promoted growth of preweaned Holstein calves, possibly by improving their immune status.
Copyright © 2015 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Essential oils have been shown to favorably effect in vitro ruminal fermentation, but there are few in vivo studies that have examined animal responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of thyme (THY) and cinnamon (CIN) essential oils on feed intake, growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in feedlot calves fed high-concentrate diets. Twelve growing Holstein calves (213±17 kg initial BW) were used in a completely randomized design and received their respective dietary treatments for 45 d. Treatments were: 1-control (no additive), 2-THY (5 g/d/calf) and 3-CIN (5 g/d/calf). Calves were fed ad libitum diets consisting of 15% forage and 85% concentrate, and adapted to the finishing diet by gradually increasing the concentrate ratio with feeding a series of transition diets 5 wk before the experiment started. Supplementation of THY or CIN did not affect DMI and ADG, and feed efficiency was similar between treatment groups. There were no effects of additives on ruminal pH and rumen concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA; whereas molar proportion of acetate and ratio of acetate to propionate decreased, and the molar proportion of propionate increased with THY and CIN supplementation. Rumen molar concentration of butyrate was significantly increased by adding CIN compared to control; but no change was observed with THY compared with control group. No effects of THY, or CIN were observed on valerate, isobutyrate or isovalerate proportions. Plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea-N, β-hydroxybutyrate, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not changed by feeding THY or CIN. Results from this study suggest that supplementing a feedlot finishing diet with THY or CIN essential oil might be useful as ruminal fermentation modifiers in beef production systems, but has minor impacts on blood metabolites.
This is the first in a series of articles that explore herbs and drug resistance. In Part 1, the authors discuss the general phenomeon of antibiotic resistance and review studies showing that herbs may have a positive effect on microbial resistance to antibiotics. In Part 2, the authors will evaluate this research and discuss its clinical implications. Subsequent articles will cover herbs and resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy and provide more detailed information about the mechanisms of drug resistance and how herbs affect them.
One thousand two hundred and fifty sexed day-old broiler chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery were divided randomly into five treatment groups (negative control, antibiotic and essential oil combination (EOC) at three levels) of 250 birds each. Each treatment group was further sub-divided into five replicates of 50 birds (25 male and 25 female) per replicate. The oil in the EOC was extracted from different herbs growing in Turkey. The EOC at 24, 48 or 72 mg/kg diet and an antibiotic at 10 mg avilamycin/kg diet were added to the basal diet. There were significant effects of dietary treatments on body weight, feed intake (except at day 42), feed conversion ratio and carcass yield at 21 and 42 days. Body weights were significantly different between the treatments. The birds fed the diet containing 48 mg essential oil/kg were the highest, followed by those receiving the diets containing 72 mg essential oil/kg, the antibiotic, the negative control and the 24 mg essential oil/kg at day 42, respectively. From 1 to 21 and 1 to 42 days of age, feed conversion ratios were improved significantly by the supplementation with 48 and 72 mg essential oil/kg diet. The feed intakes were significantly different between the treatments at 21 days, but not at 42 days. Supplementation in excess of 48 mg EOC/kg had no additional beneficial effect on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield. The EOC, a feed additive of natural origin, may be considered as a potential growth promoter in broiler production.
Cinnamaldehyde (CIN), a natural chemical compound found in the bark of cinnamon trees, can alter rumen fermentation by inhibiting selected ruminal microbes, and consequently, may improve growth performance and feed efficiency of animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet of feedlot cattle with CIN on intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites. Seventy yearling steers (BW = 390 +/- 25.2 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments: control (no additive), monensin (MO; 330 mg*steer(-1)*d(-1)), and 400, 800, or 1,600 mg of CIN*steer(-1)*d(-1). At the start of the experiment, steers were blocked according to BW and assigned to 14 blocks of 5 cattle, with cattle within block assigned to treatments. The diets consisted of 9% barley silage, 86% dry-rolled barley grain, and 5% supplement (DM basis). Dry matter intake responded quadratically (P = 0.03) to CIN supplementation with 13% more feed consumed for steers fed CIN (mean of 3 CIN levels) compared with those fed control during the first 28 d of the experiment, and with a tendency of 4% increase over the entire experiment. The ADG (kg/d) tended to respond quadratically (P = 0.08) to CIN supplementation during the first 28 d, but was not affected over the entire experiment (112 d). Feed efficiency (G:F) linearly declined (P = 0.03) during the first 28 d with CIN supplementation and was quadratically affected between d 29 to 56 and d 85 to 112 by CIN dose. Supplementation of MO did not affect (P > 0.15) DMI or growth performance at any time during the experiment. Serum NEFA concentrations were reduced (P = 0.05) by 35, 29, 30, and 22%, respectively, on d 56, 84, 112, and overall with CIN supplementation. Concentrations of serum amyloid A were reduced on d 28 by 56, 60, or 56% for 800 mg of CIN, 1,600 mg of CIN, and MO, respectively, compared with control. Plasma concentrations of lipopolysaccharide binding protein were linearly decreased (P = 0.05) with increasing CIN supplementation on d 28. Results indicate that supplementing a feedlot finishing diet with a small dose of CIN ameliorated feed intake during the initial month but had minimal effects on ADG, feed efficiency, and carcass traits over the entire experiment. Including CIN in the diet of feedlot cattle, particularly early in the feeding period, may help promote intake and reduce the effects of stress.
The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the influence of prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics on health and performance in preweaned dairy calves on a calf ranch. One hundred twenty 1-d-old calves were enrolled into 3 management systems for antibiotic use and raised until 4 wk of age. Sixty calves were not eligible to receive prophylactic or therapeutic antibiotics. Thirty calves were eligible to receive individual antibiotic treatment for disease, but no prophylactic antibiotics in milk replacer. The remaining 30 calves received milk replacer medicated with neomycin and tetracycline HCl, and could be treated with antibiotics. Health status and treatments were monitored and recorded daily. The primary study outcomes were weight gain, morbidity, and mortality. The most important factor associated with morbidity and mortality was passive immune transfer through colostrum. In-feed antibiotics delayed onset of morbidity, decreased overall morbidity, and increased weight gain. Nonantibiotic therapies for clinical disease were associated with increased mortality and morbidity compared with antibiotic treatments. The study has shown that minimizing or eliminating the use of antibiotics in the feed requires measures to ensure adequate passive transfer of immunity, but that in the face of inadequate passive transfer of immunity, animal welfare may be endangered by replacing medicated milk replacer with nonmedicated milk replacer, and therapeutic antibiotics with nonantibiotic alternatives.
The monoterpene 1,8-cineole is a major constituent of the essential oils that adversely influence intake of sage brush by herbivores, but little is known about the mechanisms of its action. We investigated the influence of 1,8-cineole on the feeding behavior of two groups of sheep, one group dosed intravenously and the other intra-ruminally. In the first study, we infused 40 mg/kg BW of 1,8-cineole intravenously into four lambs on wk 1, 2, and 4. In the second, we administered 125 mg/kg BW of 1,8-cineole into the rumen of four lambs as a single-bolus dose in wk 1 and 2. Lambs dosed intravenously spent less time feeding than controls (28 vs. 60 min; P<0.05), as did lambs dosed intra-ruminally (35 vs. 60 min; P<0.05). Dosed lambs ate less than controls during rumen dosing studies (P<0.05). For the intravenous infusion studies, rates of elimination did not differ among weeks (P<0.05). For the rumen infusion studies, however, the absorption rate constant increased from 0.035/min to 0.076/min from wk 1 to 2, while the absorption half-life declined from 24 to 10 min (P<0.05). Maximum plasma concentrations and time to reach maximum plasma concentrations were no faster in wk 2 than wk 1, but the primary elimination rate constant was 2.3 times higher in wk 2 (0.058/min) than in wk 1 (0.025/min) (P<0.05). Dosed lambs exhibited clinical effects-licking of lips, drowsiness, staggering, and 1,8-cineole-smelling breath-that were much more pronounced with intravenous than rumen infusions. Dosing did not affect the acid-base balance. Collectively, these data suggest 1) rapid absorption and distribution of 1,8-cineole was responsible for initiating satiety, while more prolonged excretion was responsible for the duration of the satiety effect, and 2) lambs more readily adapted to 1,8-cineole in the rumen-dose study than in the intravenous-dose study.
Four Holstein heifers (360 +/- 22 and 450 +/- 28 kg of BW in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) fitted with ruminal trocars were used in 4 x 4 Latin square designs to evaluate the effects on ruminal microbial fermentation of the following: Exp. 1, no additive, alfalfa extract (30 g/d, AEX), a mixture of cinnamaldehyde (0.18 g/d) and eugenol (0.09 g/d; CIE1), and AEX and CIE1 in combination; and Exp. 2, no additive, anise oil (2 g/d), capsicum oil (1 g/d), and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde (0.6 g/d) and eugenol (0.3 g/d). Heifers were fed a 90:10 concentrate:barley straw diet (16% CP; 25% NDF) for ad libitum intake. Each period consisted of 15 d for adaptation and 6 d for sampling. On d 16 to 18, DM and water intakes were measured. On d 19 to 21 ruminal contents were sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after feeding to determine ruminal pH and the concentrations of VFA, L-lactate, large peptides, small peptides plus AA (SPep+AA), and ammonia N. On d 20 and 21, samples of ruminal fluid were collected at 0 and 3 h after feeding to determine protozoal counts. In Exp. 1, CIE1 and AEX decreased (P < 0.05) total DMI, concentrate DMI, and water intake. The increase (P < 0.05) in SPep+AA and the decrease (P < 0.05) in ammonia N when supplementing CIE1 suggest that deamination was inhibited. Treatment AEX increased (P < 0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio, which is less efficient for beef production. Treatment CIE1 increased (P < 0.05) counts of holotrichs. Effects of AEX and CIE1 were not additive for many of the measured metabolites. In Exp. 2, treatments had no effect on ruminal pH, total VFA concentration, and butyrate proportion. The capsicum oil treatment increased (P < 0.05) DMI, water intake, and SPep+AA N concentration and decreased (P < 0.05) acetate proportion, branched-chain VFA concentration, and large peptide N concentration. The cinnamaldehyde (0.6 g/d) and eugenol (0.3 g/d) treatment decreased (P < 0.05) water intake, acetate proportion, branched-chain VFA, L-lactate, and ammonia N concentrations and increased (P < 0.05) propionate proportion and SPep+AA N concentration. The anise oil treatment decreased (P < 0.05) acetate to propionate ratio, branched-chain VFA and ammonia N concentrations, and protozoal counts. The results indicate that at the doses used a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, anise oil, and capsicum oil may be useful as modifiers of rumen fermentation in beef production systems.
Twenty four buffalo calves weighted 120.49±0.7 Kg and 4.5±0.3 month of age were selected and divided randomly into 4 similar groups (6 animals each) in 140 days feeding trial. All calves in the different groups were fed similar basal diet of concentrate feed mixture (CFM), berseem hay (BH) and rice straw (RS). First group (D , control) fed the basal diet. Group 2, 3 and 4 (D D and D ) were supplemented with 2.5, 5 and 1 2, 3 4 7.5 % /kg diet/day natural additive of juice of garlic, anion and lemonade (1: 1: 0.125 / liter clean water) respectively. Bacteriological tests were done in all diets. At the end of 8 week of the feeding trial, the th digestibility traits were carried out using twelve buffalo calves (3 calves each) to evaluate the pervious rations by using acid insoluble ash (AIA) technique. Samples of blood were drowning to evaluate hemaotcrate (Ht) count, red blood cells (RBC) count, white cells (WBC) count and its components and immunity. Results indicated that digestibility of all nutrients as well as DCP values were significantly increased (P
Standardized procedures for measuring and reporting calf performance data are presented. The North Central Regional Research Committee on Improving Large Dairy Herd Management (NC-119) encourages researchers to consider these guidelines in designing, conducting, and reporting results of calf experiments. Greater uniformity in defining the conditions and results of the studies would aid in making more meaningful comparisons.
Effects of essential oil compounds (EOC) on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics were determined using 60 lambs (24.6±0.77kg initial live weight, LW) fed either a barley- or corn grain-based diet without supplementation (control), or supplemented with 0.2g/kg (DM basis) of carvacrol (CAR) or cinnamaldehyde (CIN). The experimental diets were arranged as a 2×3 factorial with 11-week periods and fed to lambs ad libitum. Ruminal pH tended (P=0.06) to be lower and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was higher (P
One hundred and forty-three Holstein calves were used in two trials to measure the response from oral administration of antibiotic in a herd with long use of antibiotic. In one of the trials half of the calves were fed milk cultured with Lacto- bacillus acidopbilus and Lactobacillus lac- tis; the others (control) were fed pasteur- ized milk. Calves receiving 83 mg oxy- tetracycline daily consumed more starter, gained more weight, and tended to have firmer feces than did those in the control group. All calves were healthy. The cul- tured milk did not affect weight gains or frequency of diarrhea significantly. Calves fed cultured milk consumed less starter.
The effect of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on lamb meat characteristics was investigated. Eight male and eight female Chios lambs were divided into two equal groups. The first group was fed with the control diet consisting of concentrated feed and alfalfa hay, whereas the second group consumed the same diet, the only difference being that the concentrated feed was uniformly sprayed with oregano essential oil (1ml/kg). Duration of the experimental period was two months. No differences were observed after oregano essential oil supplementation in final body weight (kg), body weight gain (g) and carcass yield (%). Tenderness of longissimus thoracis muscle, expressed as sarcomere length and shear force value, was not influenced by the treatment, whereas pH and colour parameters (yellowness-redness) appeared to increase (P<0.05). Moreover, results showed that dietary incorporation of oregano essential oil exerted strong antioxidant effects retarding lipid oxidation (MDA formation) in meat during refrigerated and long-term frozen storage (P<0.001).
Twelve crossbred calves (Holstein cross) in their pre-ruminant stage were used to study the effect of garlic extract feeding on their performance and they were randomly allotted into treatment and control groups in equal number. Performance was evaluated by measuring average body weight (BW) gain, feed intake [dry matter (DM); total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein (CP)], feed conversion efficiency (DM, TDN and CP), fecal score and fecal coliform count. Diets were same for both groups. In addition, treatment group received garlic extract supplementation at 250 mg/kg BW/day/calf. BW measured weekly, feed intake measured twice daily, proximate analysis of feeds and fodders analysed weekly, fecal scores monitored daily and fecal coliform count done weekly. There was a significant (p < 0.01) increase in mean BW gain and feed intake and a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in severity of scours as measured by fecal score in the treatment group compared to the control group. The results suggest that garlic extract can be supplemented to the calves for better performance.
One hundred Holstein male calves were assigned to investigate the effect of essential oil mixture (eucalyptus oil, menthol crystal, mint oil) supplementation in milk replacer (0, 94, 187 and 281 mg/calf/day) during the 8 weeks (pre-weaning period) and in drinking water (0, 15.6, 31.2 and 46.8 mg/liter) for the next 16 weeks (post-weaning period) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, health condition as well as on some blood serum parameters. Calves receiving 94, 187 and 271 mg EOM/calf/day during pre-weaning period had lower (p>0.05) concentrate intake across the whole period by about 6.1, 6.1 and 1.2% respectively when compared with control but had no effect on roughage intake while reduced the total dry matter intake across the whole pre-weaning period by about 3.6, 3 and 1.2% respectively although, EOM had no effect on body gain and improved feed conversion ratio. EOM improve nutrient digestibility and increase total protein and albumin concentrations in the blood serum. Moreover, EOM treatment reduced the incidence of diarrhea, reduces the average number of diarrheic days and improves the general health score compared with the control. Although there were bad effects of the higher doses of EOM supplementation on health, it can be concluded that the supply of EOM reduced the necessity of antibiotics treatments against digestive and respiratory diseases. On the other hand, during post-weaning period it was clear from this study that calves administrated 15.6 mg of EOM/liter of drinking water may increase daily body gain, reduced feed intake and improved FCR by about 3.8, 3.2 and 8.15% respectively when compared with control while, the higher dose of EOM administration less effective and uneconomical to be used.
Thirty-six crossbred calves (Holstein cross) of 5 days of age were used to study the effect of garlic extract feeding on their performance up to the age of 2 months (pre-ruminant stage). They were randomly allotted into treatment and control groups (18 numbers in each group). Performance was evaluated by measuring average body weight (BW) gain, feed intake (dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein (CP)), feed conversion efficiency (FCE; DM, TDN and CP), faecal score, faecal coliform count and feeding cost. Diets were the same for the both groups. In addition, treatment group received garlic extract supplementation at 250 mg/kg BW per day per calf. Body weight measured weekly, feed intake measured twice daily, proximate analysis of feeds and fodders analysed weekly, faecal scores monitored daily and faecal coliform count done weekly. There was significant increase in average body weight gain, feed intake and FCE and significant decrease in severity of scours as measured by faecal score and faecal coliform count in the treatment group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Feed cost per kilogramme BW gain was significantly lower in the treatment group compared to control group (P < 0.01). The results suggest that garlic extract can be supplemented to the calves for better performance.
Carvacrol, (+)-carvone, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde were tested for their inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, their toxicity to Photobacterium leiognathi was determined, utilizing a bioluminescence assay. Their effects on the cell surface were investigated by measuring the uptake of 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN), by measuring their sensitization of bacterial suspensions toward detergents and lysozyme, and by analyzing material released from cells upon treatment by these agents. Carvacrol, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibited E. coli and S. typhimurium at 1-3 mM, whereas (+)-carvone was less inhibitory. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was the most inhibitory component toward P. leiognathi. Carvacrol and thymol disintegrated the outer membrane and released outer membrane-associated material from the cells to the external medium; such release by (+)-carvone or trans-cinnamaldehyde was negligible. Of the tested components, carvacrol and thymol decreased the intracellular ATP pool off. coli and also increased extracellular ATP, indicating disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane.
Forty-five Holstein calves were fed milk replacers containing either antibiotics [MRA (oxytetracycline at 138 mg/kg and neomycin at 276 mg/kg), n = 22)] or Enteroguard [MRE, a blend of fructooligosaccharides, allicin, and gut-active microbes at (129 mg/kg, n = 23)] from birth to 5 wk of age to compare effects on average daily gain and on incidence of scours. Performance was evaluated by measuring weight gain, feed efficiency, and fecal scores. The overall body weight gains and severity of scours were not different between treatments, nor were there differences in starter intake or mean body weight gain. During wk 2, the average gain of calves fed MRA was less than that of calves fed MRE (0.07 vs. 0.09 kg/d, P = 0.09), and greater during wk 5 (0.62 vs. 0.51 kg/d, P < 0.01); however, total gain for calves fed MRE was not different from calves fed MRA. Likewise, average feed efficiencies (gain/dry matter intake) were not different. Severity of scours, as measured by fecal scores, and concentrations of serum proteins, an indirect measure of immunoglobulins, were similar for calves fed MRA and MRE. The results suggest that antibiotics in milk replacers can be replaced with compounds such as fructooligosaccharides, probiotics, and allicin to obtain similar calf performance.
Successful infection by Listeria monocytogenes is dependent upon a range of bacterial extracellular proteins including a cytolysin termed listeriolysin O and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. Five plant essential oils--bay, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg and thyme--significantly reduced the production of listeriolysin O by L. monocytogenes. The greatest change was observed after culture with oil of thyme, which reduced haemolysis to 52.1 haemolytic units (HU)/ml compared with 99.8 HU/ml observed with the control. Oil of clove was the only oil that also significantly reduced phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C activity. These changes were observed despite the oils causing no change to the final bacterial concentration or total extracellular protein concentration.
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