Effect of Work Overload on Job Satisfaction, Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance and Employee Engagement (A Case of Public Sector University of Gujranwala Division)

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Abstract— The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of
work overload on Job Satisfaction and effect of job satisfaction
on employee performance and employee engagement. Literature
supported the relationship between work overload and Job
satisfaction, the relationship of job satisfaction with employees’
performance and employee engagement. To measure this, data
was collected with the help of questionnaires. The questionnaires
distributed among the sample size of 207 employees of Public
Sector University of Gujranwala Division including teaching
faculty and non teaching staff. Data was analyzed by using SPSS
software. This study revealed the relationship of work overload
on job satisfaction of the employee which is most important thing
of any organization. This study provided further guidance to
organization for making strategies to cope with these prevailing.
So this study is important to overcome the problem of work
overload which affects the job satisfaction which ultimately
affects employee performance and employee engagement.
Keywords– Work Overload, Job Satisfaction, Employee
Performance and Employee Engagement
I. INTRODUCTION
he main focus of this research is to find the relationship of
employee work overload and job satisfaction, between
job satisfaction and employee performance, employee
engagement. Employee dissatisfaction in consequences
generate outcome of reduction in employee performance
(Sehrish Tahir1, 2012). This study is important because work
overload is crucial issue of any organization now a day. This
problem increases day by day that produce stress and work
life conflict and decreases the morale of the employees which
ultimately decreases the performance and reduces the
employee involvement in their job.
The area of this research is Public Sector University of
Gujranwala Division because employees that include teaching
and non teaching staff are engaged in extra work but no
proper incentive and pay plans are given to their employees
for extra work load which ultimately results in low job
satisfaction. While working in University employees are
unable to relax or function properly as the result of
experiencing emotional or mental stress and work overload.
In this research study, one concept work overload is defined
as being asked to do too much work and being asked to do
work that is too difficult (admin, 2011). In this research study
second concept of Job satisfaction is defined as a positive
feeling about one’s job resulting from an evaluation of its
characteristics (Robbins S. P., Judge T.A. 2007). In this
research another important concept of Employee Engagement
is defined as an individual’s involvement with, satisfaction
with, and enthusiasm for the work they do (Robbins S. P.,
Judge T.A. 2007).
A. Problem Statement
Employee performance, employee engagement and job
satisfaction is important for every organization. These
attitudes are affected by many variables like intellectual &
physical abilities, their qualification, training, experience,
culture, reward systems, career progression opportunities, co-
workers behaviors, authority and responsibility, work
overload and structure of the organization. Practically
employees face main problem of work overload. Every
employee face work overload, stress at work and personal life
which ultimately affect their performance and job satisfaction
(Syed Saad Hussain Shah, 2011). So the problem statement
for this research is formulated as follows:
“What is impact of work overload on job satisfaction and
impact of job satisfaction on employee performance and
employee engagement”.
B. Objectives
Main Objective: To find the relationship of work overload
on job satisfaction and relationship of job satisfaction on
employee performance and employee engagement.
Effect of Work Overload on Job Satisfaction,
Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee
Performance and Employee Engagement
(A Case of Public Sector University of
Gujranwala Division)
Sobia Ali1 and Yasir Aftab Farooqi2
1National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBA&E), Pakistan
2Department of Management Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
1sobia_ali13@yahoo.com, 2yasir_farooqi@hotmail.com
T

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Sub Objectives:
 To find the relationship of work overload and job
satisfaction.
 To find the relationship of job satisfaction and employee
performance.
 To find the relationship of job satisfaction and employee
engagement.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Job Satisfaction
The concept of the job satisfaction consists of the feelings
and attitudes one has about one’s job. These attitudes include
all aspects of negative or positive feelings about a particular
job which are likely to contribute to the development of
feelings of satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) (Riggio, 2003). It
can also be referred to as an employee’s overall sense of well
being at work (Ang, 2003).
B. Employee Performance
Performance is total expectation of organization from
separate behavior samples of each person during specific
period of time (Motowidlo, 2003). Job performance is a set of
behavior which person show in relation to his job or, in other
word, amount of efficiency gained due to the person job type
(training, producing or servicing) (Rashidpoor, 2000). Job
performance is the same person efficiency in his job
according to his legal tasks and show amount of effort and
successfulness of that person (Babu, et.al., 1997).
C. Employee Work Overload and Job Satisfaction
This research study showed that work overload lead to poor
performance of the employees which has ultimately lead
toward the employee job dissatisfaction. If effective
incentives plans and proper training is given to the employees
than their performance can be increased and employees
become more satisfied from his job (Tahir, Yusoff, Azam,
Khan, & Kaleem, 2012). The research found that occupational
stress that occurred due to some factors like work overload,
lack of job security, work relations with others has negatively
correlated to job satisfaction (Paktinat & Rafeei, 2012). The
researcher found in this study that stress in job due to
different issues like work overload, coworkers behavior, etc
become harmful not for himself but for the organization
which negatively affected the job satisfaction. This stress can
be reduced by giving training, orientation, proper pay package
equal employee opportunities (Obiora & Iwuoha, 2013). This
research found level of job satisfaction in relation of role
overload in gender in the turkey education universities.
Research found that females are less satisfied from their jobs
in relation to role work overload due to home responsibilities
and job responsibilities as well. Role work overload
negatively related to job satisfaction (Bozkurt, Aytac, Bondy,
& Emirgil, 2012). Stress is the big issue of the organization
which occur due to tension work overload etc. finding of this
research shows that stress of the employees can be minimized
by some appraisal plans, effective pay plans, fix day to day
plans, these thing reduce the employee stress and ultimately
increased the employee job satisfaction (Vimala, 2013).
D. Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance
Employees of transport sector motivated by proper training,
reward system, revenue earned, personal polices, improved
promotion avenues all these things link to job satisfaction that
increased the employee performance in the transport sector
(Ram, 2013). Research of psychological literature examined
the attitudes-nonattitudes and their relationship with job
satisfaction and job performance. Attitudinal consistency
affects the job satisfaction in relation of job performance
(Schleicher, Watt, & Greguras, 2004).
This research showed that job satisfaction has meaningful
relationship within role performance and innovative job
performance (Dizgah1, Chegini2, & Bisokhan, 2012). This
research determined the relationship between job satisfaction
and job performance and found that there is positive
relationship between job satisfaction and job performance
(Judge, Thoresen, Bono, & Patton, 2001). This research
studies main purpose to find the relationship between job
satisfaction and job performance and found that job
satisfaction and job performance has modest correlation.
(Berghe, 2011).
E. Job Satisfaction and Employee Engagement
Employee engagement and job satisfaction has impact on
any organization which leads to turnover and absebtism in
term of low performance and low productivity. For engaging
employees organization used better compensation plans and
strong relationship with coworkers. To hold employee happy
and engaged organization used HR practices its and SHRM
customized services with higher satisfaction and higher
engagement (Kennedy & Malveaux, 2012). This research
study found the relationship between job engagement and
organizations citizen behavior and counterproductive
behavior. Result shows that there is positive relationship
between job engagement and JCB and negative relationship
between job engagement and counterproductive behavior
(Ariani, 2013).
Figure 1: Theoretical framework
Job
Satisfaction
Employee
Performance
Employee
Engagement
Work
Overload

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III. THE STUDY
Hypothesis
H1 = There is negative relationship between employee
work overload and job satisfaction
H2 = There is positive relationship between job satisfaction
and employee performance
H3 = There is positive relationship between job satisfaction
and employee engagement
A. Design
Research design is a logical plan of research, a strategy of
inquiry, that explain the way research is conducted from the
underlying assumptions to research design, and data
collection (Myers, 2009).
Positivism: The positivist paradigm of exploring social
reality is based on the philosophical ideas of the French
Philosopher August Comte. According to him, observation
and reason are the best means of understanding human
behavior; true knowledge is based on experience of senses
and can be obtained by observation and experiment.
Positivists assume that the reality is objectively given and is
measurable using properties which are independent of the
researcher and his or her instruments; in other words,
knowledge is objective and quantifiable. Positivistic thinkers
adopt scientific methods and systematize the knowledge
generation process with the help of quantification to enhance
precision in the description of parameters and the relationship
among them. Positivism is concerned with uncovering truth
and presenting it by empirical means (Henning, Van
Rensburg and Smit, 2004). According to Walsham (1995b)
the positivist position maintains that scientific knowledge
consists of facts while its ontology considers the reality as
independent of social construction. If the research study
consists of a stable and unchanging reality, then the researcher
can adopt an ‘objectivist’ perspective: a realist ontology - a
belief in an objective, real world - and detached
epistemological stance based on a belief that people’s
perceptions and statements are either true or false, right or
wrong, a belief based on a view of knowledge as hard, real
and acquirable; they can employ methodology that relies on
control and manipulation of reality. As my research also
shows the reality of impact of work overload on job
satisfaction so this research will follow the positivism
paradigm.
Epistemology: Epistemology concerns itself with ways of
knowing and how we know. The word is derived from the
Greek words epistéme and logos – the former term meaning
“knowledge” and that latter term meaning “study of”. Hence,
the word parsed into English implies the nature, source, and
limitations of knowledge. As such, the study of epistemology
historically has dealt with the following fundamental
questions:
What is knowledge, and what do we mean when we say that
we know something? What is the source of knowledge, and
how do we know if it is reliable? What is the scope of
knowledge, and what are its limitations? And in this research
study epistemology is the how we proved the relationship of
work overload and job satisfaction and between job
satisfaction and employee performance, employee
engagement by collecting information from University
employees.
Methodology: The research method is a strategy of enquiry,
which moves from the underlying assumptions to research
design, and data collection (Myers, 2009). In this research
study we were used these ways to prove the relationship
developed.
Population: Entire group of persons that conform to certain
specification that are of interest to the researchers and on
which results of the study can be generalized is termed as
population (Polit & Hungler, 1999). Our target population
was teaching faculty and non-teaching staff of (BPS-16 and
above) of Public Sector University of Gujranwala Division
which was estimated about 430.
Sample Size: Sample is termed as portion of research
population selected to make a part of the study and are envoy
of the entire research population (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber,
1998). Our sample was 207 employees of Public Sector
University of Gujranwala Division teaching faculty and non-
teaching staff whose result were generalize on whole target
population of university. Sample size is determined using
(Yamane, 1973) formula:
  
  󰇛  󰇜
n = Sample Size.
N = Total Population.
e = Margin of Error.
1 = Constant Number.
  
  󰇛  󰇜
n= 207
B. Sampling Design
In this research study population was divided into two strata
of teaching faculty and non-teaching staff that include 269
teaching faculty members and 161 non-teaching member. In
total population, 207 sample drawn from strata’s in which
42% samples drawn from teaching faculty strata and 58%
sample drawn from non-teaching strata of university by using
proportionate stratified sampling.
C. Measures
Survey method has been used for data collection method in
which questionnaire was used as instrument of survey method
and questionnaire has been distributed to sample of the target
population.
First part of questionnaire deals with work overload has
been measured by 4 items taken from (Buckingham, 2004)
work. Each item was measured by using a five-point scale
ranging from strongly disagree which was weighted as 1 to
Strongly Agree which was weighted as 5. The average of 4
items has been used as the total scale score for job work
overload by each respondent. Second part deal with job
satisfaction has been measured by 18 items taken from

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Figure 2: Sampling design
(Drukpa, 2013) work. Each item were measured by using a
five-point scale ranging from Strongly Disagree which was
weighted as 1 to Strongly Agree which was weighted as 5.
The average of 18 items has been used as the total scale
score for job satisfaction by each respondent. Third part deal
with employee performance has been measured by 13 items
taken from (Dizgah, et al., 2012) work. Each item were
measured by using a five-point scale ranging from Strongly
Disagree which was weighted as 1 to Strongly Agree which
was weighted as 5. The average of 13 items has been used as
the total scale score for employee performance by each
respondent. Forth part deal with employee engagement has
been measured by 8 items taken from (Wilson, 2009) work.
Each item were measured by using a five-point scale ranging
from Strongly Disagree which was weighted as 1 to Strongly
Agree which was weighted as 5. The average of 8 items has
been used as the total scale score for Employee Engagement
by each respondent. The fifth part of questionnaire constitutes
demographic information gender, department/faculty, grade,
marital status, job category, appointment nature and job
experience are included in this section.
IV. RESULTS
A. Reliability and Validity
Values of cronbach’s alpha for this case study are given in
the Table 1 in order to examine the reliability of the data.
Cronbach’s alpha is a measure use to check the consistency of
the data. If the value of cronbach’s alpha near to 1, it showed
that data is reliable. For this study, values of Cronbach’s alpha
for individual constructs vary from 0.784 to 0.884. These
values of cronbach’s alpha indicate that each construct
possesses high reliability. Whereas, the reliability estimate for
the overall questionnaire is .873, representing the high
reliability of data collected for this study.
B. Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistics (Demographic Profile of the
Respondents): Total 207 questionnaires were distributed
to the public sector university Demographic profile of
the respondents (including information about their
gender, department/faculty, grade, marital status, job
category, appointment nature and job experience) is
presented in Table: 2. The demography of respondents
show that out of 207 respondents, 114 (55.1%)
respondents were males, 93 (44.9%) were females. In
sample 43 (20.8%) were belong to FMAS (Faculty of
Management and Administration Sciences) department
29 (19%) were belong to Social Sciences, 37 (17.9%)
were belong to Sciences, 27 (13%) were belong to
CS&IT, 26 (12.6%) were belong to Engineering, 9
(4.3%) were belong to MC and 36 (17.4%) were belong
to Admin. Whereas, 68 (32.9%) were at BPS-16, 67
(32.4%) were at BPS-17, 44 (21.3%) were at BPS-18
and 28 (13.5%) were at BPS-19. In respondents 94 (45.4
%) were single while, 111 (53.6 %) were married.
Whereas, 87 respondents (42 %) were belong to
teaching faculty while, 120 (58 %) respondents were
belong to non-teaching faculty. 66 (31.9 %)
respondents, out of 325, were permanent, 79 (38.2%)
respondents were contractual employees and 62(30 %)
respondents were daily wages employees). And lastly,
45 (21.7 %) respondents have job experience of less
than one year, 91 (44%) respondents have 1-3 years job
experience and 71 (34.3 %) respondents have more than
3 years job experience .
Descriptive Summary: This case study was based on 43
items. Responses of all items were measured on five point
Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Whereas, the descriptive
summary for the each construct is given in table 3:
Mean scores of each variable is within a range 3.512
(Employee Engagement) to 3.71 (Work Overload). It means
that respondents are almost agreeing with the existence of all
of these variables in our society. The value of standard
deviation varies from 0.5689 to 0.7841.
C. Inferential Statistics
Correlation: Pearson correlation shows relationship among
variables. The table 4 describes about the correlation values
among the constructs of this study. From the analysis, shows
that work overload has significant negative relationship with
an job satisfaction (-.163*). Job satisfaction have highly
significant positive relationship with employee performance
(.462**). Job satisfaction also have highly significant positive
relationship with employee engagement (.369**). Therefore, it
could be concluded that the higher the job satisfaction higher
the employee performance and higher the employee
engagement.
Public Sector
University
Teaching Faculty
(269)
Sample (42%)
Non- Teaching Staf
(161)
Sample (58%)

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D. Regression Analysis
Table 5 shows the results of the regression analysis for
hypothesis 1: work overload and employee performance. The
value of R2 is 0.027 which means that 2.7% variations in
Dependent Variable (Job Satisfaction) is explained by the
Independent Variables (Work Overload). The value of F is
5.347 and P-value=0.022 in ANOVA indicates a significant
importance of the model. Whereas, the t and p-values in
coefficient table shows that Work Overload (t = -2.312; P =
0.022) have significant relationship with job satisfaction and
hence prove our hypothesis stated above. The value of β
coefficient for work overload is -.163 indicating negative
relationship.
The regression equation from these statistics can be drawn
up like this:
Work Overload (y) = α + βX1
Work Overload (y) = 71.606 - .163 (X1)
Hypothesis 2:
Table 6 shows the results of the regression analysis for
hypothesis 2: job satisfaction and employee performance. The
value of R2 is 0.214 which means that 21.4% variations in
Dependent Variable (Employee Performance) is explained by
the Independent Variables (Job Satisfaction). The value of F
is 54.032 and P-value=0.000 in ANOVA indicates a
significant importance of the model. Whereas, the t and p-
values in coefficient table shows that Job Satisfaction (t =
7.351; P = 0.000) have significant relationship with employee
performance and hence prove our hypothesis stated above.
The value of β coefficient for job satisfaction is 0.462
indicating positive relationship.
The regression equation from these statistics can be drawn up
like this:
Job Satisfaction (y) = α + ΒX1 (Employee
Performance)
Job Satisfaction (y) = 35.994 + 0.462 (X1)
Hypothesis 3:
Table 7 shows the results of the regression analysis for
hypothesis 3: job satisfaction and employee engagement. The
value of R2 is 0.136 which means that 13.6% variations in
Dependent Variable (Employee Engagement) is explained by
the Independent Variables (Job Satisfaction). The value of F
is 31.372 and P-value=0.000 in ANOVA indicates a
significant importance of the model. Whereas, the t and p-
values in coefficient table shows that Job Satisfaction (t =
5.601; P = 0.000) have significant relationship with employee
engagement and hence prove our hypothesis stated above. The
value of β coefficient for job satisfaction is 0.369 indicating
positive relationship.
The regression equation from these statistics can be drawn
up like this:
Job Satisfaction (y) = α + ΒX1 (Employee
Engagement)
Job Satisfaction (y) = 17.033 + 0.369 (X1)
V. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Work overload is a big concern for all the organizations.
Some people experienced pressure due to work overload,
some may experiences job dissatisfaction. Based on the
finding of the study, there are a few key points that can be
used to conclude this research paper. It is very important that
the organization understands the needs of its employees and
provide what is best for the employees. Constant appraisal
programs and appreciation should be given to reinstate and
motivate the employees. Other than this, some of the
measures can be taken up by the work force in order to cope
with the work overload include. Unhealthy job work overload
among the people responsible in assisting the future
generation’s service will ultimately affect their intellectual
and social abilities. By taking some appealing measures like
improving technology by using advance technology, were
lessen the work overload at individual level.
VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study reveals the relationship of work overload on job
satisfaction and relationship of job satisfaction on employee
performance, employee engagement which is most important
thing of any organization. This study provides further
guidance to organization for making strategies to cope with
these problems. When efficient strategies are implemented
like training, job rotation, reward system etc then problem of
work overload and stress is minimized. So this study is
important to overcome the problem of work overload which
affect the job satisfaction, employee performance and
employee engagement.
VII. LIMITATIONS
Major limitation faced was time shortage. The information
provided by the respondents is not favorable due the personal
problems. The scope of research was restricted because target
population was limited to “employees of one Public Sector
University of Gujranwala Division.. This research is a case
study, so results could not be generalized to whole only on
Public Sector University.
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Table 1
Constructs
Number of Items
Cronbach's Alpha
Work Overload
4
0.784
Job Satisfaction
18
0.864
Employee Performance
13
0.85
Employee Engagement
8
0.884
Overall Questionnaire
43
0.873

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Table 2
Respondent Demographics
Frequency
Percent
Gender
Male
114
55.1
Female
93
44.9
Department/Faculty
FMAS
43
20.8
Social Sciences
29
14
Sciences
37
17.9
CS&IT
27
13
Engineering
26
12.6
MC
9
4.3
Admin
36
17.4
Grade
BPS-16
68
32.9
BPS-17
67
32.4
BPS-18
44
21.3
BPS-19
28
13.5
Marital Status
Single
94
45.4
Married
111
53.6
Job Category
Teaching
87
42
Non teaching
120
58
Appointment Nature
Permanent
66
31.9
Contractual
79
38.2
Daily-Wage
62
30
Job Experience
Less than 1 year
45
21.7
1-3 years
91
44
more than 3 years
71
34.3
Table : 3
Descriptive Statistics
Constructs
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
Work Overload
207
1.77
5
3.71
0.6589
Job Satisfaction
207
1.77
5
3.569
0.6523
Employee Performance
207
1.43
4.89
3.654
0.5689
Employee Engagement
207
1.71
5
3.512
0.7841

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Table 4
Correlations
WO
JS
EP
EE
Work Overload
……
Job Satisfaction
-.163*
…….
Employee Performance
0.109
.462**
…….
Employee Engagement
-0.094
.369**
.345**
…….
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 5
Hypothesis
DV
IV
R2
F
Sig.
β
T
Sig.
H1
JS
WO
.027
5.347
.022a
-.163
-2.312
.022
Table 6
Hypothesis
DV
IV
R2
F
Sig.
β
T
Sig.
H1
EP
JS
0.214
54.032
.000a
0.462
7.351
0
Table 7
Hypothesis
DV
IV
R2
F
Sig.
β
T
Sig.
H1
EE
JS
.136
31.372
.000a
.369
5.601
.000