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Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World
... The study of the history of the future of the ocean helps us avoid possible repeated mistakes in marine resource management. Many previous civilizations that relied on the sea eventually collapsed due to overexploitation of resources and failure to manage maritime ecosystems properly (McNeill, 2010). For example, some ancient maritime kingdoms in the Mediterranean Sea faced decline when marine ecosystems became no longer productive due to overfishing. ...
... The theory of maritime economic continuity, on the other hand, focuses on the sustainable and sustainable use of marine resources. According to McNeill (2010), overexploitation of the sea can lead to the collapse of marine ecosystems and ultimately harm the maritime economy itself. Using this theory, researchers can predict the longterm economic impact that may occur due to the unsustainable use of marine resources. ...
... Incorporating the concept of future history in the context of marine history is important to understand possible future scenarios involving oceans. First, through a future historical approach, researchers can predict marine ecological challenges such as climate change, marine pollution, and biodiversity loss that may worsen in the coming decades (McNeill, 2010). Based on climate science and historical data, we can see possible patterns, for example changes in ocean temperatures that could lead to mass migration of marine species to areas more suitable for their habitats. ...
This article aims to discuss the future history of the ocean from a past and present perspective, focusing on how historical patterns and current data can be used to predict future challenges and opportunities that marine ecosystems and coastal communities may face. Key questions explored in this study include the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, the threat of plastic pollution, potential geopolitical conflicts in strategic sea lanes, as well as implications for maritime economics and food security. In terms of conceptual framework studies, this paper uses continuity theory and future uncertainty theory used to analyze the relationship between past changes, current conditions, and future potential in maritime ecosystems. In terms of methodology, the study will use qualitative methods through the analysis of marine history literature and maritime science, as well as the use of simulation methods and predictive models to study future trends. This article also applies maritime climate change theory, maritime geopolitical theory, and maritime economic sustainability theory to support discussions and predict possible future scenarios. The results of this study show that the future history of the ocean depends not only on scientific data but also on the understanding of historical and social contexts, which can help shape a more comprehensive and sustainable ocean management strategy.
... However, these discussions often lack attention to how our current imaginaries have become historically shaped by the use of fossil fuels, and how these fossil imaginaries impregnate all attempts to analyze and imagine climate futures. Although fossil fuels are now ubiquitous in modern lives, they have only recently played a role in the grand academic narratives about modernity, which have tended to focus on cultural, economic, social, technological, and political innovations (Johnson, 2014;Jones, 2014;McNeill, 2000). Neither in economic analyses (Georgescu-Roegen, 1971;Mirowski, 1989;Wrigley, 1988) or in social science theories and diagnoses of the times (Cottrell, 2009), nor in novels and literature (Ghosh, 2017), was the societal consumption of and dependence on coal, oil, and gas or their alternatives, wind, biomass, solar, and hydro energy, an issue of greater importance. ...
... In these discussions, the distinction between pre-fossil and fossil societies has become a universal explanation for diverse societal changes. At its core is the idea that pre-fossil societies were based on an organic (Wrigley, 2010), solar and agrarian (Sieferle, 2001), somatic energy and material regime (McNeill, 2000), or biological old regime (Marks, 2020). Modern capitalist societies, on the other hand, are based on a fossil energy regime and are characterized as mineral, hydrocarbon, or high-energy societies. ...
... Fossil fuel use did not only shape every-day practices and habits, like mobility, nutrition, or construction, which all became ever more energy intensive. It also influenced Western notions of doing business (McNeill, 2000;Osterhammel, 2009), of the modern entrepreneurial life and capitalist social relations (Huber, 2013;Mitchell, 2011), of art and aesthetics (Johnson, 2014;Lord, 2014), or of temporality (Nye, 1992). Following these analyses, the central element of carbon culture can be defined as the steady growth in the consumption of energy flows and other resources, tightly linked to capitalist expansion and uneven development, that results in social achievements around modern modes of living, welfare-state security, democratic participation rights, and political freedoms for a certain part of the global population, while exacerbating externalization, global inequality, and environmental degradation. ...
... Le premier programme interdisciplinaire abordant ces questions d'archéologie environnementale a débuté en 1985 : « Archéologie et environnement fluviatiles du Mésolithique aux époques protohistoriques, d'après les investigations en milieu humide à Noyen-sur-Seine, Seineet-Marne » dans le cadre de l'Action thématique programmée (ATP) « Développement d'approches nouvelles en archéologie par les méthodes de la physique, de la chimie, des mathématiques et des sciences de la Terre » du CNRS sous la direction de Marie-Christine Marinval (Marinval et al., 1989) Marinval, 2019 ;Corvol, 1993 ;1999 ;Derex et Grégoire, 2009 ;Sajaloli et Servain, 2013... d'histoire consacrés à l'environnement des périodes moderne et surtout contemporaine, consacrés plus particulièrement aux questions de pollution, de déchets et d'assainissement, de politiques environnementales et énergétiques. Souvent inspirés à leurs débuts par l'environmental history américaine (Ingold, 2011 ;McNeill, 2000), ces historiens se sont fédérés en réseau, le Réseau universitaire des chercheurs en histoire environnementale (Ruche 7 ) créé en 2008, organisant des séminaires et colloques dont « Écrire l'histoire environnementale au XXI e siècle », tenu à Lyon en 2018 (Frioux, 2020 ;Frioux et Bécot, 2022). ...
... Cette conception de la nature et de l'environnement recentre la discussion sur la relation entre les humains et les nonhumains (Grésillon et al., 2024). Elle oblige ainsi à repenser notre relation avec les autres vivants (Sajaloli et Grésillon, 2019 ;Sajaloli, 2021c) dans le cadre d'un projet de cohabitation qui devient de ce fait un enjeu fondamental de notre relation à l'environnement (Barrière et al., 2021 ;McNeill, 2000 ;Morizot, 2020 ;Larrère et Larrère, 2018). ...
La réflexion sur les temporalités des liens nature-société a occasionné de riches travaux au sein des différentes disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) dès les années 1970. En dressant une historiographie des temps de la nature dans les SHS, en insistant sur les controverses et sur les résultats conceptuels (anthroposystème, héritage, crise, résilience…) de cette historiographie, c’est une épistémologie du temps qui apparaît, scandée en trois étapes : la construction interdisciplinaire des temps de l’environnement, la crise opérationnelle des temporalités pour lesquelles le rapport au vivant constitue un creuset d’engagement, enfin l’affirmation de la contribution des sciences géohistoriques à la gouvernance de l’environnement.
... This model continues to this day, with commodities such as palm oil being produced in ways, much as they were in the sixteenth century, with profound social and ecological consequences (Chao, 2022). Indeed, there is increasing recognition that social history is tightly bound up with ecological history (McNeill, 2000), and with the unsustainable system of value creation that has structured socioeconomic development over the last 500 years (Moore, 2002(Moore, , 2012. Based on the constant re-discovery of new frontiers for the production of food and other commodities, this system is quickly reaching the 'point of exhaustion ' (van Krieken, 2020). ...
This chapter extends Elias’s discussion of utopias to food systems via the notion of contemporary social processes and ecological civilising processes. Looking at the role played by utopias in illuminating the worsening social and ecological problems associated with the long-term developmental trajectory of the global food system, the foundations of industrial agriculture are traced back to the sixteenth century when European powers were exerting their influence around the globe and perfect utopian societies were becoming fashionable. Examining the entanglement of technological food utopias, based on the belief that technology can deliver clean and affordable food for everyone everywhere, with anthropological food utopias and moral arguments stressing the need for humans to change what and how they eat, it is argued that a focus on social relations is key to realising ecological utopian visions.
... Essa pergunta só era considerada quando existiam riscos individuais ou locais constatados, ou seja, quando a periculosidade e/ ou toxicidade de composto químico já havia sido observada em algum momento. Outros riscos (regionais e planetários) não eram cogitados já que existia uma concepção social hegemônica (até meados da segunda década do século XX) de os recursos naturais serem ilimitados e de que a Natureza, por si só, serviria como um grande sorvedouro para esses produtos lançados, sem as ideias de bioacumulação e persistência [6,7]. ...
... For John R. McNeill (2000), the mass consumerist society was born on January 5, 1914. By that date, Henry Ford had renegotiated the social contract so that his workers could have a salary sufficient to be able to afford to buy consumer items that were previously unaffordable, particularly his Ford Model T (McNeill, 2000: 403). ...
The entrance into the Anthropocene Epoch has pushed historians and social scientists to reconsider human history through new lenses and along an entirely different timeline. For historians, the notion of the Anthropocene can be seen as an overarching category superimposed on the usual chronological divisions into ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary history. In social sciences in general, the notion of the Anthropocene has been embraced, often critically, by enlarging its semantic field through a series of neologisms, which this article aims to analyze and contribute to. Originating from within stratigraphy and geology, the new coining for a (not yet official) epoch acts as a tectonic shift by bringing geology into history, as well as into humanities and social sciences. Paradoxically, it could be said that humans are being “ejected from history” just as geology enriches itself with a human-centered eponym, Anthropocene, that is, when specific actions carried out by a single biological species, homo sapiens, have spawned consequences so deep and everlasting that an imprint upon the Earth’s stratigraphy has been impressed forever. These specific actions can be encapsulated in a single term: overconsumption, possibly accompanied by its twin dimension, overexploitation (of resources). This article sets out to identify the period and sequence of events leading to the shift from consumption to overconsumption and from exploitation to overexploitation. Identifying the moment these transitions occurred is essential, as the double excess of “over” patterns has characterized what is commonly understood as the Anthropocene Epoch.
... Lo más acuciante es que este imperativo del crecimiento ha permeando las más diversas actividades del quehacer humano que, progresivamente, se le subordinan. Fue -y es-tal su influencia, que la prioridad general asignada al crecimiento económico se reconoce como la idea más importante y más difundida del siglo XX (McNeill, 2000). ...
A pesar del acelerado desarrollo de las energías alternas, que genera importantes impactos ambientales, la matriz energética global continúa asentada en los combustibles fósiles, persistiendo los problemas del calentamiento global que difícilmente se mantendrá por debajo de 2°C. Estando en marcha una revolución tecnológica, no se constata una transición energética limpia, puesto que se da en una trayectoria tecnoeconómica que demanda intensivamente materiales y energía. Las transformaciones tecnológicas son insuficientes para avanzar en la transición ecológica, llevando a analizar los cambios que promuevan esta transición, identificándolos en las interacciones en el sistema sociotécnico. Estos cambios deben ser impulsados por factores socio-institucionales que modifiquen la configuración de la matriz energética, reduzcan los desequilibrios de poder entre los actores con relación a la orientación del desarrollo tecnológico e impulsen cambios en el consumo final....................
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Abstract
Despite the development of alternative energies, which is generating significant environmental impacts, the global energy matrix continues to be based on fossil fuels, with the problems of global warming persisting, which will hardly remain below 2°C. While a technological revolution is underway, a clean energy transition is not observed, because it occurs in a techno-economic trajectory that intensively demands materials and energy. Technological transformations are insufficient to advance to the ecological transition, leading to the analysis of the changes that promote this transition and identifying them in the interactions in the sociotechnical system. These changes must be driven by socio-institutional factors that modify the configuration of the energy matrix, reduce power imbalances between actors, in relation to the orientation of technological development and drive changes in final consumption.
... Mundial por el incremento del uso de las energías fósiles y sus consecuentes emisiones pero también por la forma y la intensidad con la que se extraen los recursos mediante la ciencia y la tecnología experimental --él se refiere a la Tierra como un gigantesco laboratorio--, y cuyos resultados no se pueden anticipar porque el experimento todavía está en marcha (McNeill, 2000). En ese sentido, los historiadores latinoamericanos también se han mostrado reflexivos sobre el Antropoceno. ...
El vínculo del hombre con la naturaleza, data desde el Paleolítico, pero los términos en que se desarrollaba esa relación comenzaron a cambiar a partir de la Revolución Neolítica, con el descubrimiento de la agricultura y la formación de las sociedades tempranas. Un segundo momento -histórico- de cambio en la interacción Hombre-Naturaleza, fue sin dudas la Revolución Industrial, donde la economía mercantilizó absolutamente a la Naturaleza. El tercer gran cambio es el más intenso, se conoce como de “gran aceleración”, comenzó a mediados del siglo XX y continúa en la actualidad. Este último está acompañado por el uso de tecnologías que dotaron de herramientas genéticas a la economía capitalista extractivista; el resultado es la aceleración desmedida de la producción y el consumo, el aumento demográfico -también desmedido- y la ruptura de todos los ciclos terrestres naturales; el contraste con el período conocido como Holoceno es bastante significativo por eso algunos científicos proponen denominar a este período como Antropoceno. Este cambio de periodización geohistórica pretende poner en foco la problemática del impacto antrópico, hecho que puede servir a los fines de modificar esa situación. A través de la revisión de un caso de impacto antrópico se pretende dar significación a la trama del Antropoceno, estamos hablando del Río Nuevo. Ese río nació en la provincia de San Luis en 1985 a partir de un desequilibrio provocado por el desmonte y el mal manejo de los suelos para desarrollar la agricultura extensiva.
... More recently some Earth system scientists have posited that humanity has left the Holocenea relatively stable climatic period lasting about 12,000 yearsand entered the Anthropocene or 'age of humans'. The neologism presupposes that humans are now the dominant driver of planetary change impacting the Earth's air, soil, water and biosphere; or in other words, recomposing the very conditions for life on the planet (McNeill, 2000). Critics of the Anthropocene point out that not all humans are equally responsible for 'our' planetary crises; some groups pollute more than others and some populations, particularly indigenous communities and racialised subaltern groups, are disproportionately affected by environmental harms (Chakrabarty, 2023;Fraser, 2023;Federici, 2014). ...
... La crise du géosystème terrestre est en effet parvenue à un stade où elle génère des fluctuations majeures, caractérisées à la fois par des effondrements et des émergences, bref par une dimension événementielle qui représente un défi inédit pour les sciences de la nature et les formes d'ingénierie qui en sont issues, fondées dans l'esprit des Lumières sur l'idée de régularités calculables. Pour reprendre le titre de la synthèse produite par l'historien John McNeill au tournant du millénaire, il y a bien « quelque chose de nouveau sous le soleil » dans notre temps présent (McNeill, 2000), et ce « quelque chose » est passablement inquiétant. ...
Jamais pleinement alignées, les temporalités de la nature, des sciences et des sociétés se trouvent aujourd’hui dans un déphasage problématique, qui les place au cœur de la crise du système Terre et de ce que l’on peut appeler la « crise du futur ». Délaissée durant la phase historique de la « grande accélération » de la seconde moitié du XX e siècle, la question de la prise en compte des temporalités intriquées resurgit aujourd’hui sur le mode de l’urgence, quand ce n’est pas de la panique, appelant à un effort inédit pour concevoir, dans une logique à la fois interdisciplinaire et transdisciplinaire, une intelligence du temps susceptible d’être actionnée à toutes les échelles pertinentes pour « embarquer » le système Terre dans une transition vers un modèle à la fois viable et vivable. Inscrit dans la filiation des réflexions et des propositions portées par le collectif Natures Sciences Sociétés depuis sa fondation en 1993, cet article se propose de mener une analyse clinique et critique du « présentisme », avant d’explorer les possibles nouveaux usages de l’histoire d’une part, de la prospective d’autre part, pour fonder une pensée impliquée et responsable des temporalités dans le contexte des fluctuations de plus en plus fortes de l’anthropocène.
... Population growth and migration were the most influential engines in the progression of environmental change in the 20 th century and into the 21 st century. Individual and political choices affected reproductive behavior and the geographic movement of billions of people, and almost none of the choices took the environment consciously into account (McNeill, 2020). In many countries (Erhabor & Dona, 2016), ignorance, poverty, greed, and overpopulation are responsible for human antienvironmental behavior and actions. ...
Environmental education in schools is critical to help decrease plastic litter pollution because plastic pollution could be the most significant health problem of the 21st century. Our research examined the environmental behaviors and attitudes of Generation Z (Gen Z) high school and undergraduate students in South Texas, USA. The research was important because we need to understand what young people believe and value if we are going to see any change in environmental behavior. Results supported research on how teachers can influence student environmental attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge with education. Feedback from students revealed significant attitude change and a rich narrative of pollution and watershed ecology knowledge and behavior themes. These themes disclosed that a holistic environmental science curriculum is necessary to connect Earth systems with the plastic litter pollution cycle.
... Water is essential to life and has been the backbone to early human decisions on the best area to live and procreate (McNeill, 2000). Hence people adapt to living along coastlines riversides. ...
This study focuses on flood susceptibility mapping in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria, leveraging Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Damaturu is prone to recurring flood events, necessitating effective flood mitigation and risk assessment strategies. Through the integration of GIS and remote sensing data, this research develops a robust flood susceptibility model. The study incorporates various data sources, including digital elevation models, hydrological data, and land-use maps, to create a comprehensive spatial database. Remote sensing data obtained from satellite and aerial platforms facilitate land cover change detection, flood extent identification, and flood-related damage assessment. The flood susceptibility mapping process employs GIS-based techniques, such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Weight of Evidence (WoE), to analyze and integrate the datasets, ultimately generating flood susceptibility maps for the area. These maps offer essential insights into flood-prone regions, aiding in flood risk assessment, disaster preparedness, and the development of targeted flood management strategies. The research outcomes are invaluable for policymakers, urban planners, and emergency response teams, enabling informed decision-making and proactive flood mitigation measures. The integration of GIS and remote sensing technologies ensures a comprehensive and adaptable approach to combat the challenges posed by floods in Damaturu, enhancing the resilience of local communities to future flood events.
... According to a study conducted by Rashid 2018, in Muzaffarabad city located on the bank of Jhelum and Neelum, observed that population of the city is growing rapidly and it has created many issues especially related to water scarcity and pollution. Grimm et al 2008;Elmqvist et al 2013., have listed some major issues related to urbanization of a river basin which can be more than one of the following: 1) Deforestation 2) Catchment degradation 3) Silting and sedimentation 4) Degraded water quality 5) Alteration of the hydrology 6) Water scarcity 7) River fragmentation 8) Overexploitation 9) Habitat loss 10) Extinction of native species of water bodies 11) Change in species assemblage 12) Threat to biodiversity 13) Frequent floods and drought After 1950 urbanization peaked up globally, that caused global environmental degradation, increased dependency on natural resources, habitat loss and ecosystem change (McNeill 2000, McDonald 2013. According McDonald(2013) urbanization lead to fragmentation of natural habitat, isolation of population and reduction of gene flow and loss of sensitive species. ...
... The well documented fact that industrial development as a "super ideology" (Porritt and Winner 1988), with its efficient technologies, enhances biodiversity loss and ecological disasters in all European colonies in the past centuries as well as all ex-colonies (Diamond 1997) is not peculiar to capitalist economies alone (McNeill 2000;Deb 2009a endemic taxa are still found in sacred groves and ponds in Asia and Africa (Deb 2009a;Gadgil 2018). ...
A large number of Green discourse blames the human species for the current ecological crisis. However, this description of humanity as the ecocidal culprit serves to conceal the role of humans, in both past and contemporary pre-industrial societies, as custodians of biodiversity. Indigenous societies are known to have conserved their natural resource base for posterity, by instituting cultural norms and institutions against exhaustive resource use. In addition, pre-industrial societies also increased biodiversity on taxic and genetic levels, by domestication of many wild biota, and on the ecosystem level with agroforestry. While Darwin gave much importance to the process of domestication of plants and animals by means of artificial selection, modern science and agriculture curricula tend to neglect this aspect of the history of human civilization. The novel taxa, created in the process of domestication, are characterised by many morphological and behavioural traits never found in the wild progenitor species. Further selection of favourable traits of the new species created an abundance of distinctive crop landraces and animal breeds. The increment in diversity at the ecosystem, taxic and genetic levels, by the process of domestication and in ancient agroforestry systems, began to reverse with industrial development over the past two centuries. Indeed, industrial development has been the chief driver of the continuing process of biodiversity erosion and habitat loss worldwide. Industrial agricultural systems, signposted by the Green Revolution (GR), has severely truncated the on-farm crop species and genetic diversity, which characterised traditional multi-crop farming and agroforestry systems in native agrarian cultures. Over the past six decades, the continual replacement of hundreds of landraces with a handful of GR cultivars, combined with the institutional apathy toward in situ landrace conservation efforts, has led to the disappearance of the importance of genetic purity of landraces from breeding programs and heirloom crop conservation discourse. Most of the modern farmers, predominantly dependent on the industrial supply of crop seeds, have forgotten the methods of genetic purity maintenance, resulting in the rapid loss of the hundreds of crop landraces with distinctive properties, which were selected centuries ago for diverse agronomic, gustatory, and aesthetic qualities. A recognition of the value of the custodian role of ecosystem people in creating and conserving biodiversity, vis-a-vis the current industrial decimation of biodiversity on all levels, will likely promote biodiversity conservation ethos in modern societies, and the value of genetic purity of the extant crop landraces.
... El crecimiento se asumía indistintamente por ortodoxos y heterodoxos (Sunkel y Paz, 1970), permeando y condicionando las más diversas actividades del quehacer humano que, progresivamente, se subordinarían a este. Fue -y es-tal su influencia, que la prioridad general asignada al crecimiento económico se reconoce como la idea más importante y más difundida del siglo XX (McNeill, 2000). 2 Bajo el paraguas de esta idea fuerza se organizó el tramado institucional del desarrollo (figura 2). ...
Abstract
The evolution of the Venezuelan S&T policy is
described according to Sabato’s triangle. At the
beginning, the linear model of innovation stimulated
the development of scientific capabilities but not
technological ones. Although there were efforts to
balance these activities these remained unmodified.
At the end of 20th century the triangle had
consistent relationships between the government
vertex (GV) and science-technology vertex (STV) but
scarce interaction with productive structure vertex
(PSV). At the beginning of this century, an attempt
was made to reconfigure the institutionality by
expanding the actors of the NIS. An authoritarian
turn in 2008 fractured the institutional framework
with devastating effects on STV and PSV. So,
recovering strategies that transcend the government
are proposed, and the possibility of overcoming the
triangle as a model for policy formulation is explored.
Resumen
Se describe la evolución de la política de CyT
venezolana de acuerdo al triángulo de Sábato.
Inicialmente, el modelo lineal de innovación
tecnológica estimuló la conformación de capacidad
científica, pero no tecnológica. A pesar de
esfuerzos por equilibrar estas actividades no hubo
modificación. Para finales del siglo XX, el triángulo
mostraba interrelaciones consistentes entre el vértice
gobierno (VG) y el vértice infraestructura científicotecnológica
(VICT), pero escasas con el vértice
estructura productiva (VEP). A inicios del siglo se
intentó reconfigurar la institucionalidad ampliando
el espectro de actores del Sistema Nacional de
Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Sncti.) Un viraje
autoritario en 2008, fracturó la institucionalidad con
efectos devastadores sobre VICT y VEP. Esto lleva a
proponer estrategias de recuperación que trascienden
el gobierno y se explora la posibilidad de superar el
triángulo como modelo de formulación de política.
... The environmental historian J.R. McNeill argued that the modern ecological history of the planet and the socioeconomic history of humanity make full sense only if seen together (McNeill 2001). We agree with McNeill and have therefore worked to move beyond discipline-specific approaches to integrate different sciences (e.g. economic history, ecology, environmental or agrarian history), hopefully transcending each of their traditional boundaries (Westley and Miller 2013;Nicolescu 2014). ...
... Dans ce contexte, l'histoire comme discipline et l'historien comme chercheur se trouvent transportés très loin de leur matrice académique d'origine et douloureusement remis en cause dans leur prétention à embrasser l'histoire humaine comme une continuité narrative rationalisable. Mais être historien, c'est, ou ce devrait être, accepter l'idée que l'histoire, justement, abrite la possibilité que quelque chose de radicalement nouveau apparaisse sous le soleil, fût-ce sous la forme d'une menace existentielle (McNeill, 2000). Ainsi, l'histoire comme entreprise de connaissance est-elle appelée à se repenser de manière à la fois située, réflexive et collaborative. ...
L’essor de la question environnementale dans la recherche française depuis les années 1990 s’est accompagné à la fois d’un fort développement de l’interdisciplinarité et d’une convocation sans cesse plus pressante de l’histoire, d’abord comme récit, ensuite comme méthode. Cette contribution se propose d’analyser ce processus au prisme d’une trajectoire située, celle de l’auteur, historien de métier progressivement intégré à une communauté épistémique formée autour des approches interdisciplinaires des relations entre natures, sciences et sociétés, et amené à y partager l’heuristique du récit comme élucidation de « ce qui arrive au temps » dans l’anthropocène.
Context The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is one of the four species of South American camels, and is the largest native mammal inhabiting arid and semi-arid environments in South America. Although the guanaco was abundant and widely distributed in the past, currently its density and distribution range are substantially reduced, inhabiting mainly Southern Patagonia in small isolated groups. The decline in guanaco populations is most likely related to the Anthropocene defaunation process that is affecting large mammals in developing countries worldwide, but the extent and causes of these changes are not well understood. Aims To explore both the changes in the distribution of guanaco populations in Northwest Patagonia and the environmental and anthropic factors that shaped the distribution patterns, by employing a long-term perspective spanning from the end of the Late Holocene to present times (i.e. the last 2500 years). Methods We combine archaeological information, ethnohistorical records and current observations and apply Species Distribution Models using bioclimatic and anthropic factors as explanatory variables. Key results Guanaco spatial distribution in Northwest Patagonia changed significantly throughout time. This change consisted in the displacement of the species towards the east of the region and its disappearance from northwest Neuquén and southwest Mendoza in the last 30 years. In particular, the high-density urban settlements and roads, and secondly, competition with ovicaprine livestock (goats and sheep) for forage are the main factors explaining the change in guanaco distribution. Conclusions Guanaco and human populations co-existed in the same areas during the Late Holocene and historic times (16th to 19th centuries), but during the 20th century the modern anthropic impact generated a spatial dissociation between both species, pushing guanaco populations to drier and more unproductive areas that were previously peripheral in its distribution. Implications As with many other large mammal species in developing countries, Northwest Patagonia guanaco populations are undergoing significant changes in their range due to modern anthropic activities. Considering that these events are directly related to population declines and extirpations, together with the striking low density recorded for Northwest Patagonia guanaco populations, urgent management actions are needed to mitigate current human impacts.
To solve global ecological crisis and promote the development of economy and society environmental friendly, changing the mode of economic growth is important. However, ecological economics goes beyond environmental economics and critique on traditional economics. New concepts and theoretical research approaches should be brought in to a special stage of economic growth called zero-growth economy and also, shouldering the task of moderating social economic contradictions. Ecological economics takes more complicated approaches to environmental problems and focuses on long-term environmental sustainability and issues of scale. It can been seen that keeping sustainable ability of ecological environment through international cooperation will realize the harmonious development of social economy, the best welfare for human beings, therefore, the view of sustainable development has deep and wide connotations.
This chapter deals with the existential significance of the Anthropocene for the future of humanity. We have only been living in the Anthropocene for the length of a human life. If geologists, with their extremely long-term perspective, are already proclaiming a new phase of the Earth’s history, then we should be alarmed. A meaningful scientific approach that also leads to realistic solutions combines natural sciences and a whole range of human sciences. Of central importance are a significantly time-extended cultural anthropology and an anthropologically informed geology. In short: We need geoanthropology!
This chapter presents the fascinating discovery of the Anthropocene in the year 2000 and follows the diverse paths of its rapid popularization. I must explain that the Anthropocene is not simply old wine in new bottles, and that the Anthropocene is much more than human-made climate change: it concerns large parts of the geosphere. The chapter discusses a variety of proposals for the beginning of the Anthropocene in human history, which date back to many thousands of years from today. These historical and archaeological debates about periodization contain a hitherto untapped social and cultural-theoretical potential for research on cultural change and the question of the main factors of long-term cultural revolution.
This chapter brings together what the culturalization of the planet and the geologization of culture mean for societies and for us as individuals. In view of the diverse debates, only building blocks can be provided here, which will not be enough to produce a conceptually inhabitable building. Hence, the controversial discussion about scales is combined with concepts of world citizenship in the Anthropocene. I have then formulated the guiding question as a cosmopolitan-informed question of world ecology: How can intensively networked cultures peacefully coexist on a planet that is heavily influenced by humans but limited in size, without all having to become indistinguishable? Using Southeast Asia as an example, I finally show what a “provincialization” and a localization of the Anthropocene could look like on site.
The aim of this chapter is to present the intrinsic connection between Anthropocene and climate change, and the pathway we should follow as humanity towards a safe and sustainable Anthropocene. We explore climate change as one of the main indicators of the Anthropocene, presenting the main impacts, and climate action that we can apply to tackle it. Within the Anthropocene, global change is intricately linked to many of the other grand challenges that we face: land use and land cover, urbanization, globalization, coastal ecosystems, atmospheric composition, etc. Climate change is also an important justice issue, since the poor and future generations are mostly, the ones who will be worst affected. That´s why, we highlight the pathway to a safe and sustainable Anthropocene, and analyze the implication of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to affront climate change, and thus advance towards a safe Anthropocene. At the end, we express some final thoughts and steps for a just and sustainable transition.
Esta ponencia propone un análisis integral sobre la gestión del agua en las ciudades, con énfasis en Guatemala, donde el cambio climático antropogénico y la falta de políticas públicas estructuradas, como la ausencia de una ley de aguas y de ordenamiento territorial y gestión de riesgos, exacerban las diversas crisis. El origen de las ciudades como concentraciones humanas asociadas a la disponibilidad de recursos y sus transformaciones a lo largo de la historia urbana permite entender cómo la urbanización, en gran medida impulsada por el capitalismo, ha intensificado la degradación ambiental.
Se destaca que, en el contexto del Antropoceno, las ciudades enfrentan retos no solo ecológicos sino también sociales y políticos. Las dinámicas urbanas actuales, basadas en la mercantilización del espacio, demandan una transición hacia modelos sostenibles que combinen investigación disruptiva, enfoques históricos críticos y planificación urbana adaptativa. Se argumenta que replantear la investigación urbana implica reconocer la complejidad de las ciudades, incluyendo su caos inherente, para proponer soluciones integrales que equilibren las necesidades humanas con la preservación de los ecosistemas. Por lo tanto, se sugiere incorporar metodologías inter, multi y transdisciplinares que conecten historia, geografía crítica y análisis del cambio climático, fomentando ciudades resilientes y equitativas.
The relationship between humans and the environment is a complex and dynamic interplay that has evolved over millennia. This paper explores the multifaceted interactions between human societies and their surrounding ecosystems, emphasizing the profound impacts of human activities on the environment and vice versa. As human populations have grown and technological advancements have accelerated, the scale and intensity of environmental impacts have increased, leading to significant challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The study begins by tracing the historical development of human-environment interactions, highlighting key periods such as the Agricultural Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the current Anthropocene epoch. Each period is characterized by distinct environmental impacts and societal responses, providing a framework for understanding contemporary environmental issues. The paper then delves into the concept of sustainability, examining how it has emerged as a crucial paradigm in addressing the environmental crisis. Sustainable development goals and practices are discussed, illustrating how they aim to balance economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection. Central to the discussion is the notion of environmental ethics and the role of cultural values in shaping human attitudes and behaviors towards the environment. The paper reviews various ethical frameworks, including anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, and their implications for environmental policy and management. By analyzing case studies from different parts of the world, the paper demonstrates how cultural perspectives influence environmental decision-making and outcomes. Furthermore, the paper addresses the challenges and opportunities presented by environmental governance. It explores the roles of governmental and non-governmental organizations, international agreements, and community-based initiatives in promoting environmental stewardship. Special attention is given to the concept of adaptive management, which emphasizes flexibility and learning in addressing environmental uncertainties. The paper concludes by proposing a holistic approach to human-environment interactions, advocating for integrated strategies that recognize the interdependence of social, economic, and ecological systems. By fostering collaboration across disciplines and sectors, and by embracing a long-term perspective, humanity can work towards a more sustainable and resilient future. This exploration of the human environment underscores the urgency of rethinking our relationship with the natural world. It calls for a collective commitment to sustainable practices that respect the intrinsic value of the environment while ensuring the well-being of present and future generations.
This chapter outlines possible conditions for legitimizing a universal basic income with the help of the Arendtian concept of labor and its temporalities. Using Arendt’s critique of Marx’s concept of work, the critique from which she established her own concepts of labor and work, I show that labor is organized upon a circular conception of time essentially linked to both futility and eternity. For Arendt, the eternal circularity of production and consumption organizes life, nature, and the Earth itself, being thus structural to two different households (oikoi), i.e., the economy and ecology, wherein humans dwell. The capitalist economy is a threat to both, as it drives the “unnatural growth of the natural” that expels an increasing number of people from production and consumption, and disrupts Earth’s cycle itself (the Anthropocene). Capitalism emphasizes production and champions indefinite growth to provide universal inclusion in the labor system, but if we instead stress consumption as a basic activity for the condition of life, it may offer theoretical (and political) ways to include those excluded from the realm of production, i.e., those who have no outcome to offer. By breaking the link between income and outcome, a universal basic income may help us bestow the life cycle its due meaning.
Fluid power is the use of fluids under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. Fluid power is conventionally subdivided into hydraulics (using a liquid such as mineral oil or water) and pneumatics (using a gas such as compressed air or other gases). Although steam is also a fluid, steam power is usually classified separately from fluid power (implying hydraulics or pneumatics). Compressed-air and water-pressure systems were once used to transmit power from a central source to industrial users over extended geographic areas; fluid power systems today are usually within a single building or mobile machine.
Fluid power systems perform work by a pressurized fluid bearing directly on a piston in a cylinder or in a fluid motor. A fluid cylinder produces a force resulting in linear motion, whereas a fluid motor produces torque resulting in rotary motion. Within a fluid power system, cylinders and motors (also called actuators) do the desired work.
In sustainability debates, the concept of consumption corridors (CCs) has gained prominence. CCs are understood to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries. This concept operates on the premise that setting upper limits to consumption is in principle feasible within liberal democracies. But to what extent, if at all, are upper limits to consumption compatible with liberal democracy? In this article, we argue that the tensions between CCs and liberal democracy may run deeper than proponents of CCs suggest. Because consumption plays a constitutive role in social reconciliation, the formation and exercise of autonomy, and democratic legitimacy in liberal democracies, introducing upper limits may indeed hit harder boundaries – boundaries that sufficiency approaches to reducing consumption (and production) levels increasingly face in the current political landscape. Sharing the normative horizon of a good life for all, we propose that for CCs to become a viable lever for transformative change, a deeper analysis of existing barriers may be in order.
No pequeno livro O Antropoceno e as Humanidades, publicado em 2023, José Eli da Veiga explora dois agudos sintomas da dissociação entre os conhecimentos produzidos nas áreas de ciências naturais e de ciências humanas ou sociais na atualidade: a ignorância generalizada sobre a importante contribuição que Charles Darwin legou a essas últimas em sua segunda grande obra, The Descent of Man (1871), e reação bastante heterogênea, mas em geral vaga e tardia, que elas tiveram à questão do Antropoceno.
Green criminologists champion two key ideas. First, following the work of zemiologists, they recognise that criminology as a discipline should be concerned with both legal, and illegal, harms. Second, perhaps more radically, the scope of harm is broadened to include harms to humans (present and future), harms to non-human animals, and harms to the environment. A non-speciesist green criminology, therefore, recognises that non-humans can also be victims of crime. In this chapter it is argued that a non-speciesist approach should be extended to consider the harms that are inflicted on those organisms that make up the vast majority of animal life: invertebrates. Using White’s (2013) eco-justice perspective as a framework for considering these harms, an Invertebrate Justice Model is outlined that recognises the various direct, and indirect, harms that arise from our interactions with invertebrate species and how these affect individual invertebrates (species justice), present and future humans (environmental justice), and the wider environment (ecological justice).
Günümüz dünyasının en büyük sorunu iklim değişikliğidir ve bu sorunun temel sebebi sera gazlardır. Karbon türevi gazlar ise sera gazlarının en önemlisidir. İklim değişikliği sorunun çözümü noktasında karbon salınımının azaltılması en kritik konulardan biridir. Bu bağlamda karbon ayak izinin ortaya konulması oldukça önemlidir ve bu konu birçok araştırmaya konu olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu (YÖK) Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi veri tabanında yer alan lisansüstü tezler “karbon ayak izi” kelimesi kullanılarak taranmıştır. Bulgular, karbon ayak izi konusunda 2008-2024 yılları arasında 104 tez üretildiğini; bu tezlerden 100 adedinin yüksek lisans tezi olduğunu; tezlerden 51’inin Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümlerinde yapıldığını göstermiştir. Tezlerde özellikle yerleşim, sanayi, ulaşım, kampüs alanı ve atıkların karbon ayak izi hesaplamalarına odaklanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de karbon ayak izi konulu lisansüstü tezler, az sayıda bölümde, belirli konular temelinde ve özellikle karbon ayak izi hesaplamalarına odaklı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu nedenle farklı bölümlerde, farklı konularda, daha çok sayıda yüksek lisans ve doktora tezine gereksinim bulunmaktadır.
The first systematic attempts to straighten the River Inn in Tyrol for shipping and land reclamation date back to the middle of the 18th century. A dedicated hydraulic engineering authority—the so-called Main Ark Inspection—was established to realize this challenging task. The one-man authority was unable to straighten the Alpine river through the period of its existence up to 1792. The reasons for this were by no means related to a lack of technical resources and knowledge. On the contrary, a micro- and environmental-historical analysis of the attempts to straighten the River Inn highlights the complexity of the causes, which were mutually reinforcing and multifactorial. In this paper, four key causes are examined in more detail: (1) the social organization of water engineering, (2) social conflicts between riparian communities among themselves and with the hydraulic engineering authority, (3) conflicts between Tyrol and Bavaria at the wet border downstream of Kufstein, and (4) increased bedload discharge into the main river by tributaries. To illustrate the causes mentioned above, historical river maps are analyzed in great detail, drawing on contemporaneous written sources. The approach thereby highlights the overall complexity of pre-modern hydraulic engineering in all its facets, be they social, technical, natural, administrative, or organizational. To conclude, the results of this environmental history research are embedded and discussed in the context of integrated river management in the Anthropocene.
İklim değişikliği, sadece doğa bilimleriyle sınırlı bir konu değildir; aynı zamanda sosyal bilimlerle de yoğun bir ilişki içindedir. Sosyal bilimler, iklim değişikliğinin nedenlerini anlama, etkilerini değerlendirme, insanların bu değişikliklere tepki verme şekillerini anlama ve politika yapıcılarına, topluma ve endüstriye nasıl müdahale edebileceğimize dair önemli bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Sosyal bilimler, iklim değişikliği sorununun çözümünde multidisipliner bir yaklaşımın önemini vurgulayarak, insan davranışları, politika yapımı, iletişim ve sosyal yapı gibi unsurları hesaba katarak daha kapsamlı çözümler bulunmasına yardımcı olabilmektedir. Bu durum özellikle siyaset biliminin çalışma alanları ile paralellik göstermektedir. Bu makale bu tespitten hareketle iklim değişikliği konusunun siyaset bilimi çalışmalarına dair bir fotoğrafını çekmeyi ve bu doğrultuda Türkiye’deki yapılabilecek araştırmalara yönelik öneriler geliştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada bilimsel yayınlardan elde edilen niteliksel ve niceliksel veri üzerinden analizine imkan sağlayan bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi seçilmiştir. Öncelikle siyaset bilimi alanında ve iklim değişikliği çerçevesinde dünyadaki yayınlara ilişkin alan yazına ve Türkiye için konunun önemine değinilmiştir. Devamında bahsedilen yöntem doğrultusunda Web of Science veri tabanı üzerinde Vosviewer programı vasıtasıyla derlenen veriler analiz edilmektedir. Sonuçta ise dünya ile karşılaştırıldığında Türkiye’nin söz konusu alan ve çerçevedeki yayınları itibariyle henüz başlangı.ç aşamasında olduğu, tam da bu nedenle konunun Türk siyaset bilimcileri için verimli bir araştırma sahası teşkil ettiği ileri sürülmüştür. Ayrıca çeşitli araştırma soruları ile siyaset biliminin imkânlarına dair öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
The two volumes of this handbook provide a comprehensive account of the emerging and vibrant science of the ecological restoration of both habitats and species. Ecological restoration aims to achieve complete structural and functional, self-maintaining biological integrity following disturbance. In practice, any theoretical model is modified by a number of economic, social and ecological constraints. Consequently, material that might be considered as rehabilitation, enhancement, re-construction or re-creation is also included. Principles of Restoration defines the underlying principles of restoration ecology, in relation to manipulations and management of the biological, geophysical and chemical framework. The accompanying volume, Restoration in Practice, provides details of state-of-the-art restoration practice in a range of biomes within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Handbook of Ecological Restoration will be an invaluable resource to anyone concerned with the restoration, rehabilitation, enhancement or creation of habitats in aquatic or terrestrial systems, throughout the world.
Article 11 of the 1922 Constitution provides for State ownership of ‘natural resources’. This chapter argues that Article 11—and the successor provision it inspired in Bunreacht na hÉireann—can be understood as creating a State duty of environmental stewardship. This duty entails managing the country’s natural resources to respond to the current climate and biodiversity crises.
The article discusses the challenges and opportunities facing interdisciplinary attempts to produce knowledge about water and lake-related processes. It examines key aspects of the long-standing debates on this topic and discusses the state of the art providing empirical examples. The article argues that, notwithstanding the significant progress achieved in disciplines and fields of knowledge relevant to water-related research, the development of interdisciplinary coordination, particularly between the physical–natural and the social sciences remains underdeveloped. However, the fact that the extreme global crisis affecting water and life in the planet, more generally, has a primarily anthropogenic nature suggests that there are urgent reasons to promote greater collaboration between different forms of knowledge relevant to these processes. The main objective is contributing to raise awareness about obstacles and opportunities for enhanced interdisciplinary coordination in these areas, to tackle the urgent problems facing the socio-hydrosphere.
This chapter focuses on urbanization and sustainability, introducing the concept of ecosystem services to help the reader understand the complex human-nature relationship. This chapter also highlights key topics in urban sustainability planning such as urban growth and land use, urban design, housing, transportation, green space, climate change, recreation, health and well-being, economic development, and biodiversity.
İklim değişikliği siyaset biliminin gündemine, diğer disiplinlere nazaran daha geç bir dönemde girmiştir. Bununla birlikte konunun siyaset biliminin genel kavramsal ve normatif çerçevesi içinde ele alınmaya başladığı çalışmaların sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Bu makalede de iklim değişikliğinin milliyetçilik ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Metin üç bölüme ayrılmıştır. İlk bölümde, antroposen çağı kavramsallaştırması çerçevesinde sanayi-toplumunun iklim krizinin meydana gelmesindeki etkisi ve bunun ulus-devlet ve milliyetçilik ile ilişkisi özetlenmiştir. Devamında, milliyetçiliğin iklim değişikliğine uyum politikalarına karşı ne gibi dirençler meydana getirdiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Son bölümde ise hâlihazırda güçlü bir aktör olan ulus-devletin ve etkin bir ideoloji olan milliyetçiliğin, iklimsel uyum konusunda güncellenmesinin imkânları, literatürden örnekler ile tartışılmıştır. Milliyetçiliğin belirli bir türünün refah toplumları için iklim değişikliği çerçevesinde bir imkân olduğu, ancak gelişmekte olan toplumlar için aynı önermenin kuşkulu olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bununla birlikte milliyetçiliğin belirli bir döneminde demokratik siyasal katılmayı artırdığı da değerlendirildiğinde, bu ideolojinin iklim değişikliğine uyum konusunda kendini yeniden-üretmesi imkânı olduğu düşünülmektedir.
La iniciativa ¿En qué Conurbano queremos vivir? constituye un aporte sustancial a la producción de conocimiento académico, de la que con orgullo puedo decir que la Universidad Nacional de la Matanza (UNLaM) forma parte. Considero que tomar al Conurbano como objeto de reflexión resulta un hecho sumamente desafiante, pero al mismo tiempo imprescindible. Este territorio presenta aun notables desigualdades, no solo en términos so-
cioeconómicos, sino también en relación con sus aspectos ambientales, de salud pública, educativos y tecnológicos, ejes que estructuran la presente publicación. Estos aspectos exigen respuestas innovadoras, frente a las cuales el conocimiento científico producido en las universidades nacionales puede constituir un gran aporte que transforme problemas en oportunidades de cambio sustentable. Adicionalmente, este libro expresa una mirada del Conurbano elaborada
por sus propios protagonistas. En ese marco, celebro la posibilidad de trabajar de forma articulada con las cuatro universidades nacionales que han decidido participar de esta iniciativa bajo la expresa convicción de que los problemas que afectan a este territorio son transversales a las referidas instituciones y suficientemente complejos como para ser resuel-
tos de forma individual.
The study was conducted in Salah al-Din Governorate - northern Iraq, during the period from 1/11/2021 to 30/3/2022, with the aim of evaluating the level of pollutants in the atmospheric air for three areas: Al-Boutama (rural area), Baiji refinery (oil industry area), and the city of Tikrit (a densely populated area), the concentrations of toxic gases were measured: sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrite (NO 2 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide. (CO), using the Wolf Pack Modular Area Monitor. The results were as follows: Significant differences were found between the study sites for all the variables tested, and Baiji refinery recorded the highest values for each of the variables SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , HCl and HF, which amounted to 2.54, 8.28, 6.4, 10.62 ppm and 0.42 mg/ m ³ , respectively. November 2021 recorded the highest concentrations of HCl and CO compounds with averages of 7.6 ppm and 18.37 mg/m ³ , respectively, while January 2022 recorded the highest averages of NO 2 , HF and CO 2 , which amounted to 5.27 ppm and 0.4 mg/m3 and 791 ppm, respectively, the interaction between Baiji refinery site and the months of November, December and January recorded the highest concentrations of pollutants amounting to 4.4 ppm for SO 2 concentration, 11.2 ppm for NO concentration, 7.9 ppm for NO 2 concentration, 13.8 ppm for HCl concentration, and 0.7 mg/m ³ for HF concentration, and 16.5 ppm for VOCs concentration.
Michel Foucault and Roberto Esposito have been two of the most influential biopolitical thinkers of the twentieth century, but their respective approaches to the relationship between life and politics do not address the main problem of the Anthropocene: the relationship between life and energy. Thus, this article analyzes the biophysical limits of biopolitics in the works of Foucault and Roberto Esposito and, to overcome these limits, it proposes to analyze the physiological assembly of the devices of power within the energetic flows of social metabolisms. The article concludes that the physio-political approach to human societies allows us to overcome the biophysical limits of both Foucauldian biopolitics and Esposito's immunological paradigm.
Late Holocene dunes migration is
intricately linked to climate change and anthropogenic
actions. Along the Portuguese coast, large-scale sand
drifts occurred between the sixteenth and nineteenth
centuries, sometimes associated with the Little Ice
Age (LIA) period, characterised by long-term cooling
across the north Atlantic region. Primary historical
sources, coupled with scientific data about
paleoenvironmental conditions and OSL ages were
used to analyse the spatial and temporal extent of the
sand drift occurrences and explore their impact on
coastal communities. Covering the period of the past
millennium, the study describes the main drivers for
drift events in Portugal. The results show the
intensification of sand drift episodes after 1500 AD,
which can be attributed to both natural forcing
factors and human activities (e.g., agriculture and
intensive deforestation). It is also clear that human
pressure on dunes was dominant after 1800, when
dunes fixing strategies through afforestation
programmes were seen as the best solution to control
sand encroachment. The negative impact of the driftsands
was an important trigger for the management
of coastal areas and determinant for the implementation of a set of environmental policies in
Portugal. Through a geohistorical perspective, the
paper discloses the human-nature interactions over
time, and the long-term efforts of governments to
control natural processes, contributing to large-scale
landscape transformation of the Portuguese coastal
dunes.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.