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Mainstreaming Marginalized Adults: The Transformation of Adult Basic Education in the United States
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Four battalion commanders were interviewed at length to explore their philosophies and goals for training, their training management practices, and training and evaluation techniques. Other topics discussed were ways that staff positions were utilized, the ways that commanders prepared for command, and the utility of training management doctrine and guidance. Positions taken by the commanders are described as representing points on a management/leadership continuum. Comparisons and contrasts are drawn among the four approaches to training management.
This report describes the development of a Literacy Assessment Battery (LAB) for determining the relative efficiency with which adults can comprehend language by reading or listening (called auding in the LAB). Development of the LAB included: the tryout with adults of two auding and reading tests designed for children; experimental studies of a decoding task involving simultaneous auding and reading; a calibration study to develop auding and reading passages of comparable difficulty; and a small-scale study to demonstrate how the experimental LAB might be normed and interpreted to make it an operational instrument. (Author)
It is a truism that history is written by the victors, and perhaps doubly so of military history, where the tendency is to relate the biggest battles, the most victorious and heroic deeds, the very best (or worst) of men. This book stands as a corrective to this belief.Scraping the Barrel covers ten cases of how armies have used sub-standard manpower in wars from 1860 to the 1960s. Dennis Showalter and André Lambelet look at the changing standards in Germany and France leading up to World War I, while Peter Simkins chronicles what happened with the 'Bantams,' special units of short men used by Britain in WWI. Often the use of substandard men was to answer the sheer need for manpower in brutal, lasting conflicts, as Paul A. Cimbala writes of the U.S. Veteran Reserve Corps in the Civil War, or to keep war-damaged men active; sometimes this ethos was used to include men who wanted to fight but who otherwise would have been excluded, as Steven W. Short writes of the U.S. Colored troops in WWI. In WWII it was to answer more dire exigencies, as David Glantz relates how the USSR, having suffered enormous losses, threw away many pre-war standards, reaching for women, ethnic/national minorities, and political prisoners alike to fill units. Likewise, Nazi Germany, facing many fronts and a finite manpower pool, was compelled to relax both physical and racial standards, and Walter Dunn and Valdis Lumans look at these changing policies as well as the battlefield performance of these men.In relating the stories of the sub-standard (for the military), Scraping the Barrel is also a humanist history of the military, of the more average men who have served their country and how they were put to use. It throws light on how militaries' ideas of fitness reflect the underlying views of their societies. The idea of "disability" has been constructed based on a variety of physical, yes, but also social standards: as a value judgment on groups viewed as lesserthe aged, the lower classes, and those of different races and ethnic identities. From the American Civil War, through World Wars I and II, through the U.S. Project 100,000 in the Cold War, sub-standard men have been mobilized, served, and fought for their countries. These men are the inverse of the elites that get the lion's share of our attention. This is their untold history.
This report describes a study undertaken to respond more fully to the current literacy problems in the Air Force. This involved the development, implementation, and evaluation of a prototype Job-Oriented Reading Program (JORP) which stressed the acquisition and development of job-related reading skills for Air Force personnel. The two major objectives were (a) to demonstrate the feasibility of using a job-related approach to reading instruction with airmen in the Air Force training systems, and (b) to test the effectiveness of this approach in an operational setting by using job-related reading materials to improve airmen's performance. Design of the JORP included special requirements that the reading grade level (RGL) of JORP be set at 9.0; student input RGL was from 6.0 to 8.9; JORP training was to be integrated in the duty day of the permanent party personnel; and time available for training 2-1/2 hours per day for five days a week for six weeks. Thr JORP prototype program was field tested during 1976 at Travis AFB, California. Data generated by this study indicated that there was a significant improvement for job-specific JORP test scores. Overall, the study showed the JORP to be a valuable and feasible approach to job-specific reading training in the Air Force.