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Le spanglish : un outil de résistance aux États-Unis ?
Abstract
Le terme spanglish fait référence à la stratégie linguistique employée par les locuteurs bilingues qui consiste à faire des aller-retours entre l’anglais et l’espagnol, en faisant preuve d’une double compétence linguistique et d’une capacité à utiliser les deux langues pour marquer et revendiquer son appartenance à une communauté linguistique et culturelle.
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The occurrence of codeswitching, or the seemingly random alternation of two languages both between and within sentences, has been shown (Gumperz, 1976; Pfaff, 1975; Wentz, 1977) to be governed not only by extralinguistic but also linguistic factors. For the balanced bilingual, codeswitching appears to be subject to an ‘equivalence constraint’ (Poplack, 1978): i.e. it tends to occur at points in discourse where juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a surface syntactic rule of either language. If correct, the equivalence constraint on codeswitching may be used to measure degree of bilingual ability. It was hypothesized that equivalence would either be violated by non-fluent bilinguals, or that switch points which are ‘risky’ in terms of syntactic well-formedness (i.e. those which occur within a sentence) would tend to be avoided altogether. To test this hypothesis, I analysed the speech of 20 Puerto Rican residents of a stable bilingual community, exhibiting varying degrees of bilingual ability. Quantitative analysis of their switches revealed that both fluent and non-fluent bilinguals were able to code-switch frequently and still maintain grammaticality in both Lx and L2. While fluent bilinguals tended to switch at various syntactic boundaries within the sentence, non-fluent bilinguals favoured switching between sentences, allowing them to participate in the codeswitching mode, without fear of violating a grammatical rule of either of the languages involved. These results suggest that the codeswitching mode proceeds from that area of the bilingual's grammar where the surface structures of Lx and L2 overlap, and that codeswitching, rather than representing debasement of linguistic skill, is actually a sensitive indicator of bilingual ability.
The present work intends to debate about different stereotypes related to Hispanic presence in the United States, foreign-born as well as native, regarding the perception that society has of this presence, Hispanic reaction to deformed, partial or incomplete images and the repercussions of such images in the linguistic area. Indeed, if identity is inherently linked to language, we will discuss how Hispanics can still identify with the Spanish language, how spanglish and U.S Spanish influence the definition of a heterogeneous cultural identity, and how this new hybrid identity manifests itself through literature.
Is spanglish a language ? », The New York Times, 28 mars
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