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Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience.
... Framing is a representative framework that links reality to a clear proposal. It is about understanding protocol to make a certain event more comprehensible (Goffman, 1974). Framing involves deliberating topics that have imperative inferences for political process and communication to draw attention towards certain facets that are concealed. ...
... Media framing has become a widely used technique in the process of information dissemination by the media persons to construct a particular picture or meaning of the issues in the minds of the audience. Media content is shaped in planned contextualization through effective methods and media persons follow illustrative techniques to classify the excessive knowledge and effectively utilize them to achieve the goals behind the message (Arowolo, 2017;(Goffman, 1974). They make the issue pertinent, prominent, and considerable for the readers and audience using selection, interpretation, and way of discussion (Tankard, 1991). ...
... In the contemporary era, media framing theory has been commonly applied to news reports including editorials (Le, 2010), and the new world of communication is still unveiling the new aspects and realities through the application of this theory. There were several studies conducted, employing framing theory to understand the intermediating realities about the societal world and to examine how the media and journalists build these social real factors in the media talks to make them prominent, featuring and making light of, including and excluding occasions by utilizing numerous media frames (Entman, 1989;Graber, 1988;Goffman, 1974;Gamson & Modigliani, 1989;Pan & Kosicki, 1993;Tuchman, 1978). The framing process assists journalists in conceptualizing the issues that affect understanding public issues. ...
... As compare to domestic policies, media framing of foreign issues organized anywhere else besides media. Goffman (1974) is credited for coining the term 'framing' in his book 'framing analysis'. He said every individual carries some specific experience already and when he or she confronted new situation he interpret it according to his expectations. ...
... Schema as an abstract idea first of all explained by Piaget (1971) as unit of understanding hierarchically categorized among individuals. Both Goffman(1974) and Entman (2009) use the word ' schemata and schema' in same sense that schemata takes places in social setting between frame setter (govt., elite), frames projector (media) and public who share common understanding of their cultural values and interpretation of events and realities. Both scholars considered schemata as key variable of framing. ...
... Before Goffman, Heidegger (1889-1976 introduced concept of framing for apprehension of what is being going on around oneself? (Cresswell, 1994). Goffman (1974) got popularity by using word framing for interpretative schemata (framework). ...
The present study was conducted to find out the press framing of foreign policies and relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. These relations are described under conceptual model of the ‘Cascading Model of Framing’ presented by veteran media framing scholar Entman (2009). The proposition he suggested for measuring the variables used in current study as hypothesis. Two main concepts in framing introduced by Entman: source of information and ‘event schemata’. This longitudinal study was consisted of four newspapers’ editorial analysis The Nation, Daily Dawn, Afghanistan Times and Daily Outlook Afghanistan from 2015 to 2021. Sample was selected through purposive sampling. Content analysis was method of data analysis. Data, using cross tab test data was analyzed. The main findings of this study were as: govt. of both countries was major source of framing and after 2015, media routines were at highest in describing events proving event schemata as key in interpretive issues and events.
... Both authors concur in an exaggeration of individual feelings facilitated by rapid internal communication based on the later concept of "frames" (Goffman, 2006). This intra-group communication occurs through three consecutive actions: affirmation -of key concepts-, suggestion -belief in the message-, and contagion -transmission of the message-. ...
... Through contact and ongoing dialogue, individuals motivated by their individuality in the pursuit of a collective spirit can aggregate themselves and act in the same direction. McPhail's study of human behavior in crowds is based on the symbolic interactionism of Mead (1982) and Goffman (1977), which emphasizes the importance of communication and symbols perceived by society in constructing meaning and reality. According to Mead's symbolic interactionism perspective, individuals can develop a sense of self through interaction with others. ...
... Mayer [24] explains that providing clear definitions and/or developing classifications or taxonomies is challenging in emerging interdisciplinary research areas, such as gamification, and can "kill innovation because new combinations cannot be boxed". Instead of classifications, Mayer [24] uses framing theory [25] and frame-reflective discourse analysis [26] as a better way to dissect how to define serious games and the effect they have on the broader discussion of the issue. Framing is the act of attributing meaning to events and phenomena; a way of creating order out of chaos by providing a critical analysis of the multiple, often conflicting, ways in which we perceive and discuss the utility of games [24]. ...
... Framing is the act of attributing meaning to events and phenomena; a way of creating order out of chaos by providing a critical analysis of the multiple, often conflicting, ways in which we perceive and discuss the utility of games [24]. Frames are defined as definitions of the situation [that] are built up in accordance with the principles of organization which govern events-at least social ones-and our subjective involvement in them [25]. Similar to [24]'s framing of serious games, frame analysis is useful to answering RQ1 and providing structure to CSO gamification usage, as it provides a distinction between the interpretation of what is going on while a student is using the CSO GA, and the interpretation of the phenomena behind these experiences. ...
Gamification in education presents a number of benefits that can theoretically facilitate higher engagement and motivation among students when learning complex, technical concepts. As an innovative, high-potential educational tool, many educators and researchers are attempting to implement more effective gamification into undergraduate coursework. Cyber Security Operations (CSO) education is no exception. CSO education traditionally requires comprehension of complex concepts requiring a high level of technical and abstract thinking. By properly applying gamification to complex CSO concepts, engagement in students should see an increase. While an increase is expected, no comprehensive study of CSO gamification applications (GA) has yet been undertaken to fully synthesize the use and outcomes of existing implementations. To better understand and explore gamification in CSO education, a deeper analysis of current gamification applications is needed. This research outlines and conducts a methodical, comprehensive literature review using the Systematic Mapping Study process to identify implemented and evaluated GAs in undergraduate CSO education. This research serves as both a comprehensive repository and synthesis of existing GAs in cybersecurity, and as a starting point for further CSO GA research. With such a review, future studies can be undertaken to better understand CSO GAs. A total of 74 papers were discovered which evaluated GAs undergraduate CSO education, through literature published between 2007 and June 2022. Some publications discussed multiple GAs, resulting in a total of 80 undergraduate CSO GAs listing at https://bit.ly/3S260GS. The study outlines each GA identified and provides a short overview of each GA. It also provides a summary of engagement-level characteristics currently exhibited in existing CSO education GAs and discusses common themes and findings discovered in the course of the study.
... Here, following Taylor (2015), the idea of gender as constructed challenges "essentialist dichotomies of gender . . . and gender's primordial roots" (Cerulo, 1997, p. 387), in that gender is framed around societal interactions (Edgar & Sedgwick, 2005;Goffman, 1959). Gender is a shifting and porous construct (Blaikie, 2020(Blaikie, , 2021b, especially in relation to situated ontologies, sites, and cultures that frame gender performance. ...
... Gender is a shifting and porous construct (Blaikie, 2020(Blaikie, , 2021b, especially in relation to situated ontologies, sites, and cultures that frame gender performance. We engage in impression management to make sense of social, cultural, and political realities, reducing complexity and enhancing synergies, always seeking to belong (Bell, 2016;Fisk & Ridgeway, 2018;Goffman, 1974;Lai & Cooper, 2016). As a result, gender binaries simplify and generalise gender into (re)framed and (re)constructed distilled stereotypes (Fisk & Ridgeway, 2018). ...
Our autoethnographic narrative and visual vignettes explore gendered norms in childhood, framed by Noddings’ ethics of care, and Bourdieusian habitus. We offer experiences and memories of our gendered childhoods, where we lived lives circumscribed by family subcultures in Vietnam and South Africa. Giang tells of being a young, first-born gay boy in a traditional Vietnamese family, where he was obliged to act and be straight. Long’s understanding of gender and sexuality was influenced by his father, a straight Vietnamese male who was, ironically, obsessed with Freddie Mercury, a queer icon. Fiona reflects on her childhood in South Africa in a colonial British family with a mother who wished for her to become a femme ballerina.
... We unconsciously read the situation to know the expected behaviour. GOFFMAN (1974) talks about framing a situation, or answering the question "What is going on here?" This negotiation, however, is not something explicitly pronounced or conscious. ...
... School and being a student in a classroom could be seen as a primary framework that a playful design tries to transform by adding another layer to the activity (cf. GOFFMAN 1974). Students in upper secondary schools, including the participants in this research project, have studied within the school system for at least ten years. ...
Playful learning has been shown to create engaging learning activities for students, giving them agency, or the illusion of agency, in their learning experience. But how is this aim of giving students more autonomy understood and valued by the students themselves? In this study, I analyse interview data with students after one school year of using a gamified application for foreign language learning, and answer the question: How have the design aims for autonomy been interpreted by the students in the interview data? A reflexive thematic analysis of the interview data reveals a surprising contrast between the designers’ wish to give students the opportunity to develop their autonomy, and the students suggesting the playful learning experience should be closer to traditional schoolwork. The findings of this paper show the challenge of combining a playful frame with the potential for the emergence of learner autonomy in the school context. This challenge has interesting implications for the design of playful learning situations and for further research on the intersection of the playful learning and learner autonomy research fields.
... En una primera aproximación se describen los recursos lingüísticos para entender qué fue dicho, con qué formas y significados, como así también qué presuposiciones e inferencias resultan (Lavandera, 2014). Como teoría base usamos la lingüística sistémica funcional (Halliday, 1982(Halliday, , 1985Halliday y Hasan, 1985;Hasan, 2000;Martin y White, 2005;White, 2004), integrando el análisis de la argumentación (Carrizo, 2012(Carrizo, , 2019 y las estructuras de participación y posicionamiento interaccional (Du Bois, 2007;Goffman, 1974Goffman, , 1981 desde la perspectiva del análisis estratégico del discurso (Menéndez, 2019). ...
... Una vez segmentadas en cláusulas(Halliday, 1985), realizamos el análisis de los recursos de mitigación y énfasis discursivo(Lavandera, 2014), de coherencia y cohesión textual(Halliday y Hasan, 1985), de valoración(Martin y White, 2005;White, 2004) y de foco(Pardo, 2008). Los recursos lingüísticos se interpretan en el marco de las estrategias discursivas (Menéndez, 2019) orientadas a argumentar(Carrizo, 2012(Carrizo, , 2019Toulmin, 2007) y a enmarcar los movimientos interaccionales de los hablantes (DuBois, 2007;Goffman, 1974Goffman, , 1981.4. AnálisisEn la presentación del análisis, usamos la cursiva para citar textualmente, las comillas simples para indicar categorías semánticas de orden meta y los signos +/-para referir a la gradualidad de los recursos lingüísticos de las estrategias discursivas(Menéndez, 2019). ...
El 2 de abril de 1982 se inició la Guerra de Malvinas por la que Argentina enfrentó al Reino Unido para recuperar las Islas Malvinas. Ocurrió en el marco de la última dictadura militar, de modo que la dictadura y la guerra se entrecruzan en la memoria social (Guber, 2001; Lorenz, 2009). El objetivo es estudiar la representación discursiva de la guerra en cartas personales escritas en el frente de batalla con el fin de visibilizar la voz de los soldados. Enfocamos, en especial, los significados disponibles que activan los protagonistas en relación con su participación en el conflicto. El análisis de los textos toma como teoría base a la lingüística sistémico funcional (Halliday, 1982, 1985), integrando el análisis de la argumentación (Carrizo, 2012, 2019) y las estructuras de participación y posicionamiento interaccional (Goffman, 1974, 1981) desde la perspectiva del análisis estratégico del discurso (Menéndez 2019) y el análisis crítico del discurso (Fairclough, 2003; Pardo, 2008). Los resultados preliminares muestran estrategias que eluden las diferencias entre los protagonistas en pos de la experiencia compartida que legitima la participación.
... It is this notion that rendered Mead, in the view of Randall Collins, "America's greatest sociological theorist" (Collins, 1989, p. 1). Introduced into the sociological mainstream by post-Meadian symbolic interactionist scholars like Blumer (1969), the idea of the socially constituted self became a part of sociology's core conceptual toolbox, facili tating powerful analyses of micro-interactional circumstances (Goffman, 1971) as well as critiques of macro-structural transformations (Brubaker, 2020;Giddens, 1991). Moreover, it has also become one of sociology's most popular "boundary work" instruments (Gieryn, 1983), creating a clear distinction between sociology and other competing disciplines, especially philosophy and psychology. ...
... Mead drew inspiration from earlier pragmatist accounts of the self, particularly that of William James (1950), but repurposed it for the social sciences by emphasizing the socially constituted aspect of the self, which James had originally identified as merely one among three categories of the self (along with the material self and the spiritual self). Mead's thinking later became the base for the tradition of symbolic interactionism and the work of figures such as Herbert Blumer (1969) and Erving Goffman (1959), and still exerts considerable influence over the landscape of contemporary sociological theory and practice (da Silva and Vieira, 2011). Mead continues to be hailed for his successful "attack on individualist conceptions of the self" (Jerolmack & Tavory, 2014, p. 64). ...
Sociologists tend to see G. H. Mead's conceptualization of self as fundamentally correct. In this paper, we develop a critique of Mead's notion of the self as constituted through social interactions. Our focus will be on Mead's categorial distinction between the socially constructed self and subjective experience, as well as on the tendency of post-Meadian sociologists to push Mead's position in ever more radical directions. Drawing inspiration from a multi-faceted understanding of selfhood that can be found in Husserlian phenomenology, we then propose that the most basic level of selfhood is anchored in irreducible subjective experience.
... "Frames" serve as specialized schemas that assist individuals with processing information and direct courses of action (Goffman 1974). Frames are informed by social customs and, thus, enforce cultural norms and values (Entman 1993). ...
... On the other hand, the medicalization of disability relies on the presence of biomedical infrastructure which is largely underdeveloped in welfare states throughout the Global South (Rudra 2007). Therefore, we proposed our disability regimes in the Global South framework (Fig. 1) to illustrate how these moralization and medicalization frames, culturally informed schemas (Entman 1993;Goffman 1974), structure different opportunities social inclusion among people with disability. ...
Approximately 15% of the world’s population have a disability—and nearly 4 out of 5 live in the Global South. However, disability is seldom mentioned in global health and international development research. People with disability experience attitudinal and environmental barriers that limit their social inclusion. Due to different cultural perspectives and institutional capacities worldwide, people with disability experience various social conditions. In many settings, moralized beliefs toward disability assume one’s value, while medicalized beliefs are influenced by biomedical infrastructure. We develop a theoretical framework that cross-arrays these moral and medical dimensions to argue different framings of disability present varied opportunities for social inclusion. As a demonstration of this framework, we use data from the Accelerating Core Competencies for Effective Wheelchair Service and Support (ACCESS) Project (2014–2017) (n=6601) to analyze social inclusion differences in India, Kenya, and Nicaragua. We found that Nicaragua reported the highest count of social inclusion, followed by Kenya and India, respectively. These findings support our theoretical framework, respectively, which suggests there are three unique disability regimes—moral regime, integrative regime, and civic regime. We conclude that disability in the Global South is more complex than the Western perspective that emphasizes a unidimensional moral-to medical-to-social model continuum.
... While Agenda Setting theory operates to inform the audience of what to think about any issue of public importance as conveyed through news media, framing theory tells the audience how to think about that issue (emphasis is mine). Goffman (1974), the first to apply this theory to the field of communication, makes a distinction between two frameworks by which people come to make sense of the reality of the world around them as conveyed through news media: the natural and the social frames. Natural frameworks present events as physical occurrences without attributing any to the causation of social forces; but social frameworks see events as socially driven occurrences, driven and manipulated by the whims and goals of other social players. ...
... Yet, social frameworks build on natural frameworks. For Goffman (1974), these frameworks and the values they create are significantly influential in the way audiences interpret and respond to communicated news messages. ...
Gender is central to identity since humans are socially positioned as gendered subjects, and or
choose to identify with certain genders. This positioning, then, is evident in discourse choices and patterns, as
well as attitudes and orientations towards social phenomena. Premised on the gendered differentiation and
framing theories, this study examines women reporters’ construction of news stories in two broadsheet
mainstream newspapers in Nigeria, The Guardian and The Sun. Data comprise sampled news stories
published between 2015 and 2017. Through textual and thematic analysis, the study reveals that it is social
issues and institutional ideology or practice norms that predominantly drive female news constructions and
reportage. The study concludes that women’s news reporting is, fundamentally, driven by a number of
linguistic and structural values and that what counts most in female news reportage is fidelity to the
professional code of practice. However, women tend to engage more in the coverage of some news beats that
require less use of hard logical arguments. In view of these findings, a similar study might need to be
undertaken in the future in relation to the male news reporters to provide framework for comparison.
... Different media can interpret an event in different ways that may ultimately have dissimilar impacts on the audience depending on how that event was framed. Goffman [11], who introduced framing theory, believed that the interpretation of an event depends on "primary frameworks" used to explain that event (p. 24). ...
This study builds on previous research that examined U.S. media coverage of two airline disasters – KAL007 and IR655 – during the Cold War in the 1980s. It explores new Cold War frames in The New York Times and The Moscow Times’ coverage of the downing of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 in 2014. Additionally, U.S. and Russian official narratives of the incident were compared to the MH17 coverage by the two selected newspapers. Results reveal an absence of hostile Cold War assertions but indicate a link between media frames and the U.S. and Russian government positions. Additionally, findings shed light on the Moscow-Washington relations against the backdrop of intense confrontation between Russia and the West not witnessed since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
... At the same time, Greenall has left unelaborated how frame breaking could be applied to creative language or how it might relate to the other concepts she has coined. Surprisingly, instead of being a catalyst for modifications, refinements, and further research, Goffman's (1974) notion of "frame break" has almost vanished without a trace. Veale and Hao (2013) mention frames only in passing and do not discuss their influence or role within creativity in great detail. ...
Using a corpus of mainly Arabic political cartoons, this article investigates the relationship between multimodal impoliteness and metaphorical creativity. It offers an interesting and admittedly tentative argument that many aspects of creativity in language and verbo-visual arts may be related to what I call "frame flouting or exploitation"-a notion compatible with various ongoing research programs, including Rachel Giora and her colleagues' work on salience, defaultness, and optimal innovation. The concept of frame flouting refers to an overt and blatant infringement of a data structure employed for representing generic or geographical, social and historical or stereotypical knowledge or commonly encountered, stereotyped events or situations. A four-type typology for frame exploitations is proposed: (i) "frame element" exploitations; (ii) script (or scenario) floutings; (iii) "default context" violations; and (iv) inference ex-ploitations. Frame floutings may thus also be the basis for incongruity and humor. This research will aid both cognition studies and creative impoliteness scholarship based on nonverbal and multimodal stimuli.
... A number of other studies in the fields of sociology and environmental science investigated how climate change is communicated or reported in China on social media and in other publications from various perspectives: social network analysis (Liu & Zhao, 2017;Yang & Stoddart, 2021), information and content analysis (Liu & Zhao, 2017;Zhang & Skoric, 2020), and ethnographic research (Geall, 2018). There are, however, very few studies on the role of language in climate discourses, and those that do exist, such as Liu's (2015) sociological study of the climate discourse in Chinese-language publications in China, have mostly employed frame analysis to examine climate discourses (Goffman, 1986). The process of framing involves defining and constructing a public controversy or political problem through a communication source, such as a news organisation (Nelson et al., 1997). ...
Climate change has become a global issue, but no study has
examined the discursive construction of resistance to climate
change as part of crisis response in the media. To fill this gap, this
study employs Wodak’s discourse-historical approach to examine
82 news articles collected from China’s English-language news
media. The analysis reveals three themes used in the construction
of a discourse of resistance to climate change: (1) climate change as a global enemy, (2) China as a leading climate change fighter, and (3) other nations as China’s allies in the fight. These themes are articulated in the news stories using discursive strategies such as nomination, predication, argumentation, and mitigation. The article sheds light on the language state-run news media uses to project China’s image abroad and encourage international collaboration and action in the fight against climate change. It also illustrates how discourse analysis can illuminate the geopolitical and sociocultural dimensions of climate change.
... Çerçeveleme iletişim bilimleri alanında kullanılmadan önce psikoloji ve antropoloji (Bateson, 1987) ile sosyoloji ve etkileşim (Goffman, 1986) alanlarında da gündeme gelmiş bir yaklaşımdır. Bu çalışmada çerçeveleme analizi, iletişim araştırmaları içinde değerlendirilen kapsayıcı bir yaklaşım olarak, örneklemi oluşturan kamu spotlarının sorumluluk atfının nasıl çerçevelendiğini anlama bağlamında kullanılmıştır. ...
... Beyond these direct experiences, however, perceptions of police use of force may be associated with political identities and racial attitudes. Given public attention to the issue of police use of force in the Black Lives Matter Era, public opinion about this issue is itself the target of active and contested collective action framing efforts (Benford and Snow 2000;Goffman 1974). In other words, these views are likely to be at least in part social and political constructions (e.g. ...
... 92). Drawing on the research of others (e.g., Gibson, 1979;Goffman, 1974), Scheiner (2021) reminds the field that "what teachers notice in classrooms depends in part on how they frame what they are doing" (p. 90). ...
We contribute to the understanding of teacher noticing by focusing on what a teacher may notice in students' mathematical contributions in the context of problem‐based lessons. Complementing approaches to research on noticing that focus on individual teachers' perceptual, cognitive, or situated skills, this conceptual article offers four categories of perception as examples of affordances available in the practice of teaching mathematics through problems. These include (1) the familiar instructional situations available to frame the problem, and the possibility to see student's work as (2) responsive to the problem, (3) serviceable for the knowledge at stake, and (4) normative with respect to the instructional situation used to frame the problem. The article shows examples of how teachers recognize responsiveness, serviceability, and normativity of student contributions and calls for research that can further uncover how such recognition may matter in the practice of teaching.
... After experiencing a victimization, the victim is left with a difficult question: why? Narratives which ascribe meaning, attribute blame, and suggest future actions are important (see, for instance, sociological work on narratives and framing : Goffman 1974;Benford and Snow 2000;Small, Harding, and Lamont 2010). Symbolic interactionism suggests that "human beings act towards things on the basis of the meaning that the things have for them" (Blumer 1969 p. 2), but that the meaning of a thing is not necessarily intrinsic to that thing. ...
... The sensemaking dialogues in the data also depended on the contextual framing provided by the teacher. From the perspective of frames and framing (Goffman, 1974;Persson, 2018), conversational resources such as the chemical equation can be seen as a guide for the consensus of what is to be talked about, and how. In terms of sensemaking, the chemical equation can also be viewed as a cue that guides sensemaking down a preferred path (Weick, 1995). ...
Navigating the observational, symbolic, and theoretical knowledge domains of chemistry is crucial for chemistry sensemaking. However, this has been shown to be particularly challenging for students of chemistry. In order to reach government standards for sensemaking in the chemistry subject, it is important to investigate how chemistry teachers can sustain sensemaking practices in their classrooms. In this study, conversation analysis was used to study videotaped teacher–student dialogues at upper secondary school practical lessons in chemical equilibrium. Common patterns in how sensemaking was produced in interaction were found in four experienced chemistry teachers’ sensemaking dialogues with students. The data show how the teachers use coordinated actions in conversations to create a balance between (1) managing sensemaking dialogues in the laboratory classroom on a moment-to-moment basis through connecting theory and experience, and (2) managing the tension between exposing students’ knowledge gaps and presenting the students as competent as part of the interaction. The results of the study indicate that resolving tension in interaction is an important part of teacher–student sensemaking in chemistry, and also identify the chemical equation as a possible tool for sensemaking progression. The detailed examples of teacher–student sensemaking can be used as models for chemistry teachers interested in how sensemaking can be achieved practically.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/rp/c9rp00013e
... Our research aims to examine the impact of online persuasive messages on these four responses. To accomplish this, we adopt the framework of framing theory (Goffman, 1974), which is useful for understanding the effects of differently framed messages on consumer behavior (Bullock and Shulman, 2021). The goal is to investigate how to encourage responsible consumption behaviors through persuasive and effectively framed messages. ...
The debate about which communication strategies are most effective for inducing consumers to behave sustainably remains open, despite growing attention on more sustainable forms of fashion consumption. To further this understanding, we investigate the effectiveness of positive and negative message framing in promoting sustainable fashion consumption, where the beneficial versus detrimental environmental consequences of choosing secondhand clothing were highlighted. Across two experiments, positively framed messages were more effective than negatively framed ones in prompting consumers to engage in sustainable fashion consumption. Elevation was the anticipated emotion responsible for this effect, while consumers' subjective beliefs about the ethicality of advertising messages promoting sustainable consumption served as a moderator. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of this research together with its limitations and directions for future research.
... Therefore, the use of this theory is exceptionally substantial in concentrating because of the press in dissecting and depicting news connected with accountability institutions in Pakistan. Framing Theory (Goffman, 1974) Researchers see that in the inclusion of information things and publications connected with accountability institutions, both media is deeply shaping the considerations and opinions of individuals. Therefore, framing theory will be applied. ...
The study “Role of English Press in Strengthening Accountability Institutions of Pakistan During 2013-2021” aimed to find out how media especially the English Press explore, highlights, and analyze the problems in accountability institutions like the National Accountability Bureau, Public Accounts Committee, and Federal Investigation Bureau, Agenda Setting & Framing theory as theoretical support were selected. The content Analysis method was used for data collection by purposive sampling technique. After analyzing the data and putting it through statistical testing., the researcher justified the hypothesis successfully that the print media played an effective role in strengthening the accountability process that leads to independent institutions for accountability in Pakistan. Keywords: Framing, Pakistani media, Accountability, English Press.
... We chose frame analysis (Fogel, 1993a(Fogel, , 1993bGoffman, 1974;Kendon, 1985), that is, the identification and analysis of the most frequently occurring dyadic patterns of communication. Frames (G. ...
This study documented the growth of the earliest form of face-to-face communication in 16 mother–infant dyads, videotaped weekly during a naturalistic face-to-face interaction, between 1 and 14 weeks, in 2 conditions: with the infant in the mother's arms and with the infant semi-reclined on a sofa. Results showed a curvilinear development of early face-to-face communication, with a significant increase occurring between Week 4 and Week 9 depending on the dyad. After 2 months, trajectories diverged into 2 groups: 1 whose duration of face-to-face communication continued to increase and 1 whose duration peaked and then began to decrease. After the 1st month, the duration of face-to-face communication was significantly longer when the infant was on the sofa rather than in the mother's arms. In the latter condition, during the 3rd month, girls spent a significantly longer time than boys in face-to-face communication. These findings suggest that context (infant being held vs. not being held) interacts with the infant's age and sex in affecting mother–infant communication.
... Framing is the process of creating mental constructs by presenting information about events, places, and people in a way that favors specific ideological orientations [33]- [35]. Frames serve as integrated abstractions that structure and organize the meaning of the conveyed content. ...
... Hierfür ist der Begriff der Frames ausschlaggebend. Unter Frames werden in der Forschung zu Neuen Sozialen Bewegungen (New Social Movements, NSM), unter Bezug auf Goffman (1974), interpretative Werkzeuge verstanden, die genutzt wurden, um die soziale Realität zu beschreiben. Im Kontext von NSM sind hierbei insbesondere Ungerechtigkeitsframes von Relevanz, die sich auf moralische Prinzipien beziehen, die als verletzt wahrgenommen werden (Carty 2015, S. 24). ...
Während der Covid-Pandemie haben zahlreiche rechtsradikale und verschwörungsideologische Gruppierungen Zuwachs erhalten. Insbesondere im Rahmen der Proteste gegen die Lockdown-Maßnahmen der Regierung zeigt sich, dass Verschwörungsmythen, Antisemitismus und Geschichtsrevisionismus in verschiedenen Gruppierungen fester ideologischer Bestandteil sind. Online entfalten Falschinformationen eine beispiellose Reichweite und auch die Organisation von Protesten auf der Straße findet maßgeblich virtuell statt. Der Messenger-Dienst Telegram nimmt hierbei eine zentrale Funktion ein. Im Folgenden wird versucht, einen Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Strukturen, ideologischen Elemente und Narrative der Covid-Proteste in Deutschland zu leisten. Die zugrunde liegende Erhebung wurde von Dezember 2021 bis Februar 2022 durchgeführt. Ein Mixed-Methods Design wurde genutzt, um das Telegram-Netzwerk wichtiger Akteur:innen der Corona-Proteste in Deutschland zu erfassen und die Narrative in ihren Kanälen und Chat-Gruppen zu analysieren. Ein Fokus lag hierbei auf dem narrativen Bezug zum Holocaust: Die Narration des Holocaust als Vergleichspunkt gilt den Akteur:innen hierbei als legitim und wird genutzt, um einerseits die Coronapolitik der Bundesregierung als Wiederholung des Nationalsozialismus zu erzählen und andererseits klassische Muster des Geschichtsrevisionismus und der antisemitischen Schuldabwehr zu bedienen. Auf der Grundlage von Erkenntnissen aus der Forschung zu New Social Movements sowie aus einer Genocide-Studies Perspektive werden im Folgenden unter Nutzung computergestützter Netzwerkanalyse die Bedeutung zentraler Akteur:innen für die Proteste in Deutschland sowie die Funktion des Holocaust innerhalb ihrer Verschwörungsnarrationen herausgestellt
... The ways that issues are discussed, written about and framed, influence how they are understood (Schroeder & Borgerson, 2005). Rhetoric (e.g., Herrick, 2020), discourse (e.g., Fairclough, 1992), framing (e.g., Goffman, 1974.), intertextuality (e.g., Orr, 2010), and intermediality (e.g., Allen, 2021) all serve to create an image of phenomena that portrays other underlying messages. ...
Ethics, or moral philosophy, have existed throughout civil human history. Ethics can be described simplistically as the study of what is good and bad or good and evil. More relevant for contemporary societal discourses, are behavioural understandings of ethics, and ethical practice. It is integral for individuals operating in the fields of communications, design and technological development to grasp what ethics are, how they relate and apply to specific domains, where basic principles or similarities lie from context to context, and where there may be differences. This article serves as an introduction to ethics in the field of digital communication. It gives a brief overview of applied ethics as a practical sub-field of ethics and observes ethics in contemporary professional practice from practical, research, and theoretical perspectives.The article also discusses the ways in which the nature of ethics in the field of communication has been changing, and the impact of emerging technology on these changes.
... The ways that issues are discussed, written about and framed, influence how they are understood (Schroeder & Borgerson, 2005). Rhetoric (e.g., Herrick, 2020), discourse (e.g., Fairclough, 1992), framing (e.g., Goffman, 1974.), intertextuality (e.g., Orr, 2010), and intermediality (e.g., Allen, 2021) all serve to create an image of phenomena that portrays other underlying messages. ...
Ethics, or moral philosophy, have existed throughout civil human history. Ethics can be described simplistically as the study of what is good and bad or good and evil. More relevant for contemporary societal discourses, are behavioural understandings of ethics, and ethical practice. It is integral for individuals operating in the fields of communications, design and technological development to grasp what ethics are, how they relate and apply to specific domains, where basic principles or similarities lie from context to context, and where there may be differences. This article serves as an introduction to ethics in the field of digital communication. It gives a brief overview of applied ethics as a practical sub-field of ethics and observes ethics in contemporary professional practice from practical, research, and theoretical perspectives.The article also discusses the ways in which the nature of ethics in the field of communication has been changing, and the impact of emerging technology on these changes.
... In a convergence process these various realities are often to be negotiated in order thereby to reach a more common understanding -telling of both agreement and disagreement. Thus both descriptive and normative aspects attached to the Communication Principle as an operational concept are conditional upon the fact that actors succeed in clarifying and understanding one another's "frames" for inter-action (Goffman, 1986). ...
The Norwegian authorities emphasises to-way symmetric communication as an overall ideal to create a good relationship and communication with the public. Based on the report «Communication in Intercultural Encounters: The shaping of school-home co-operation» (Roald 1998) the paper focuses on the Norwegian authorities' common use of print information to the public as a basic tool to achieve these goals. The paper investigates how print information may influence the capacity of certain first generation immigrant groups within the intercultural audience which the authorities specifically want to reach in order to make them become communicative and participating. In this respect the paper questions options and limitations as regards written information in intercultural communication in cases where there might be cultural distance and/or low reading capability or, in other cases, dissimilar practises related to print information. The paper discusses that much understanding and interpretation of the text in the print media is partly based on tacit cultural knowledge inherent in the text. This is a knowledge that both interacting parties must share if the medium is to function as an effective intermediary and cultural door opener for people of a variety of cultural backgrounds. Also, to function as a real intermediary the authorities need pay attention to specific needs in the audience as well as the audience having the capacity to master print information as a genre within the large group of print medias. In relation to to.way symmetric communication the paper explores the concept "communication middle region" (Meyrowitz 1985) as a possible contribution to see alternatives to traditional ways and modes in co-operative strategies.
Introduction. The article presents the results of an empirical study, the main purpose of which was to consider communication between politicians and journalists, which can be characterized as negative. The main objectives of the study were to accumulate a database of typical conflict situations between politicians and journalists, their structural and role analysis; characterization of professional achievements and risks due to negative communicative actions.
Methodology and sources . The method of data collection was the case study. Focused on the in-depth study of the uniqueness of the object, in particular, a specific video document (a television story or a television interview), this method uses included observation and subsequent qualitative analysis of a specific situation, which reveals the possibility of identifying communicative scenarios and procedures that are difficult to identify by other methods. The article describes situations of interaction between politicians and journalists, published in the form of a media text and containing various types of conflicts. The conducted research is based on the ideas and positions of practice-oriented theories of social activity, set out in the works of P. Bourdieu, M. Weber, I. Hoffman, M. Castels, J. Habermas. Situational analysis is carried out within the framework of the so-called interpretive sociology, which considers social communication as a constitutive factor of people's behavior and activity.
Results and discussion . The selected situations are divided into categories, namely as situations that problematize informational, communicative and socio-role aspects of professional conflict interaction. Each designated category is considered from the point of view of negative communication techniques used by participants to solve their professional tasks.
Conclusion. The conceptual conclusion in the context of the research results suggests the total nature of conflicts between government officials and the mass media, which can be interpreted as an everyday reality in which the risk of c
Violent agitations for the secession of SouthEast from Nigeria is one of the conflict situations that has continued to persist, even after the civil war. The conflict is shredded in political and ethicalignments, thus threatening to drive the country into a second civil war. This study examined media framing of secession agitations pioneered by Indigenous People of Biafra. In doing so, a total of four newspapers-The Vanguard, The Punch, The Guardian and This Day-were content analyzed while the study duration was June 1st 2015 to June 1st 2018. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the study. The result showed that most of the newspapers examined cited official sources. It was also found that less attention was paid to causes of the agitations as well as solutions. The implications of these results on the frustration aggression and media framing theories are also explored. 1
Policy work in government is often framed as existing in a “black box”. It is assumed that public administrators, as “insiders”, have more knowledge of policy development processes than those outside of government. Are black box narratives of policy work constructed by practitioners? Or is the idea of a “translucent” box more appropriate to understand policy work within the bureaucracy? Based on interviews with sub-national civil servants in one provincial government in Canada, this article finds that black box narratives are used by practitioners to understand policy work. I interpret these results to argue that a theory-practice gap does not necessarily exist when it comes to constructions of policy work: practitioners in the field, like scholars, employ black box narratives to frame policy work in the bureaucracy. Yet, academics may still find that translucent box theory provides a more nuanced way of understanding government’s internal policy processes.RésuméLe travail politique au sein du gouvernement est souvent présenté comme existant dans une « boîte noire». On suppose que les administrateurs publics, en tant qu’ « initiés », ont une meilleure connaissance des processus d'élaboration des politiques que ceux qui ne font pas partie du gouvernement. Les récits en boîte noire du travail politique sont-ils construits par les praticiens ? Ou l'idée d'une boîte « translucide » est-elle plus appropriée pour comprendre le travail politique au sein de la bureaucratie ? Sur la base d'entretiens avec des fonctionnaires infranationaux d'un gouvernement provincial au Canada, cet article constate que les récits de la boîte noire sont utilisés par les praticiens pour comprendre le travail politique. J'interprète ces résultats pour soutenir qu'un fossé théorie-pratique n'existe pas nécessairement lorsqu'il s'agit de constructions de travail politique : les praticiens sur le terrain, comme les universitaires, utilisent des récits de boîte noire pour encadrer le travail politique dans la bureaucratie. Pourtant, les universitaires peuvent toujours trouver que la théorie de la boîte translucide offre une manière plus nuancée de comprendre les processus politiques internes du gouvernement.Key Words: Black Box Theory, Qualitative Semi-Structured Interviews, Social Constructivist Coding, Prince Edward Island Civil Servants, Policy CapacityMots-clés : Théorie de la boîte noire, entretiens qualitatifs semi-structurés, codage constructiviste social, fonctionnaires de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard, capacité des politiques
CfP (Deadline: March 3, 2024) for a special issue on Frames and Framing: Dynamic Nature and Material-Cognitive Interplays, edited by Natalia Igl & Martina Sauer.
Contributions are welcome from disciplines as diverse as literature, image studies (art, design, film, etc.), cultural studies and cultural anthropology, philosophy, developmental psychology, and neuroscience, among others. Theoretical, methodological and content-oriented contributions are equally welcome. Consideration of examples and case in point analyses is desirable, but not mandatory. Please direct questions to Natalia Igl (literature) and Martina Sauer (image). Please send submissions of abstracts with no more than 800 words to Natalia Igl (natalia.igl@hiof.no) and Martina Sauer (msauer@bildphilosophie.de) until March 3, 2024. A publication is scheduled for 2025 or 2026 as a special issue of the German magazine "Zeitschrift für Semiotik".
V prispevku predstavljamo konceptualizacijo pandemije koronavirusne bolezni in spremembe na leksikalni ravnini slovenskega, nemškega in madžarskega jezika, ki jih je sprožil globalni zunajjezikovni dejavnik, virus SARS-CoV-2. Koronavirus je drastično posegel na vsa področja našega življenja in družbe ter postal in ostal vse do danes osrednja tema vseh oblik komunikacije. »Okužil« je tudi jezik, ki ga govorimo in v katerem mislimo. Epidemiološke službe dajejo priporočila, vlade pa sprejemajo ukrepe za preprečevanje in zajezitev okužb z novim virusom. Mnogi politiki, zdravstveni strokovnjaki in mediji uporabljajo pri tem militaristično, katastrofično in apokaliptično retoriko, kar v ljudeh vzbuja strah pred neznanim, nevidnim virusom, dvom o njegovem obstoju in negotovost zaradi posledic bolezni, ki ga povzroča. Negotovost in dvom poglabljajo tudi teorije zarot, dezinformacije in lažne novice o covidu-19, infodemija. V novi realnosti se je spremenilo tudi to, kako pandemično situacijo konceptualiziramo in kako jo jezikovno realiziramo. Priča smo bolj ali manj pričakovanega metaforičnega uokvirjanja diskurza o covidu-19.
Erving Goffman's status as a great social scientist today seems relatively secure. Many commentators highlight his extraordinary capacities to pinpoint the fine-grained details of human behavior in the “interaction order”. But if Goffman's brilliance in this respect was deeply rooted in his various and interlocking personal, existential, social, and intellectual idiosyncrasies, and his intellectual practice is inimitable, the degree to which anyone else could, or should try to, imitate Goffman's intellectual practice today, remains an open question. This is especially so when we consider that such practice was grounded in notably wide reading across disciplines and in world literature, a highly developed analytical manner that was inseparable from a notable literary talent in composing published texts, and an open-mindedness about the gathering of data sources in ways that some today find methodologically much too promiscuous. The paper initially considers these issues: the multiple “Goffmans” that exegetes and commentators have identified; how such persons have claimed Goffman to be essentially of one or more theoretical persuasions; and how various social theorists have drawn upon Goffman's work. It then moves on to argue that a Goffmanesque kind of social theorizing, is not only possible (if difficult) today, but also vital too. Such theorizing insists on the ongoing role of literary-intellectual and metaphorical ways of thinking and writing, at a time when these are becoming apparently less crucial in studies of human interaction. No matter how technologically advanced such studies may become, they still require some of the intellectual and literary flair that Goffman brought to his scholarly doings. Goffmanesque theorizing can inform new insights into various domains, including the very nature of social change.
PSAs (Public service announcements) about social issues have become important tools of persuasion that aimed to direct the public regarding attention to those problems that intended to bring attitude and behavior change. Prevailing studies indicated that message framing that links to a different type of emotional experiences have played different roles in changing the perception of individuals. Especially, fear appeal-inducing techniques and their effectiveness were the main focus of scientific studies in the area. However, a new line of research indicated that, besides fear, other types of emotions might be important for effective message framing that can bring changes through some forms of persuasion. Following this new development, in this paper, I proposed that the way the message is framed (either behavior-focused or self-focused) elicit different self-conscious emotions (i.e., guilt and shame) that will differently affect intention for behavior change. The core assumption of the proposed model is that messages framed based on guilt-inducing strategies may lead to intention for behavior change due to the absence of suppression, while messages framed on shame-inducing techniques suppress behavioral change due to the activation of suppression. In line to this, an alternative model was proposed which posits that the potential effectiveness of framing messages based on guilt and shame-inducing techniques varies with respect to a cultural orientation that persists in a given society. In the course of enhancing the proposed model, the paper attempts to draw some examples of message framing based on guilt and shame-inducing and concludes with limitation inherent in the current model.
The heritage of a country provides clues to its past and how its society has evolved over time. Heritage includes both tangible and intangible aspects of the country. Existing research on heritage by the mass media has primarily focused on tourism, historical conservation, or landscape value in particular. Thus, there is a lack of studies looking at other valuable heritage issues in the country. This study adopts framing analysis to determine the representational dynamics employed in online news articles on heritage issues in Malaysia. Data were collected during the study timeframe from online newspapers in Malaysia between January and July 2022, and it was found that 176 articles covered Malaysia's heritage. The findings show that English language news portals published the highest rate of heritage news. Heritage news was mostly published as straight news type of news and used authority as the main source of information. This study identifies two frames, which are tangible and intangible heritage. The findings of the study are essential for creating awareness among the public about the different types of cultural heritage available in the country.
When I was a college student in Mexico, my university celebrated its first 50th anniversary. To mark the occasion, it held a series of conferences featuring world leaders. One of these guest speakers was the CEO of Citibank at the time. I’ve forgotten his name, but I remember his career advice to us students who were about to graduate. He was talking about his own career, how he did his work to the best of his ability, and then won promotions. His implicit message was that if you are good enough, the only career management you will need is to work hard. I was thankful that the event was virtual and out of sight. To see how hard I was rolling my eyes, he would have felt deeply insulted.
This chapter provides an introduction to the topic of agenda-setting theory and its relevance in the context of the media landscape. It begins by highlighting the importance of agenda-setting as a theory that explores the influence of media on shaping public opinion and political discourse. It introduces the concept of agenda-setting theory and its core principles. Then, Buturoiu, Corbu and Boţan further delve into the relationship between agenda-setting, priming and framing. Additionally, the authors explore different typologies of frames used in agenda-setting research, offering a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which issues and events are framed by the media. Lastly, the chapter examines the role of agenda-setting in the new media landscape. It acknowledges the transformative impact of digital media on the dissemination and consumption of news and information. Overall, this chapter sets the stage for further exploration of agenda-setting processes and their effects on public opinion and political communication.
Son yılların popüler bir halkla ilişkiler pratiği olarak, kurumlar iklim değişikliği, sürdürülebilirlik, küresel ısınma ve su krizi gibi çevre sorunlarına yönelik farkındalıkları artırmak için çevre sponsorlukları gerçekleştirmektedir. Çevreyle ilgili gerçekleştirilen etkinliklerin ayni veya nakdi olarak desteklenmesi olarak tanımlanabilecek olan çevre sponsorluğu, kurumlara çevresel sorunları tespit etme, soruna ilişkin çözüm üretme ve kamu kategorilerini harekete geçirme konusunda iletişimsel bir mecra sunmaktadır. Bu potansiyeline rağmen, halkla ilişkiler literatüründe çevre sponsorluğuna yönelik çalışmaların azlığı dikkat çekicidir. Özellikle, çevre sponsorluklarına yönelik eleştirel çalışma henüz bulunmamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışma çevre sponsorluğunu eleştirel bir yaklaşımla incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bir bulaşık deterjanı markasının sponsoru olduğu ve su krizi ile ilgili olarak çekilmiş olan 25 Litre belgeselinin çevre sponsorluğu örneği olarak ele alındığı çalışmada çerçeveleme analizi kullanılmıştır. Çerçeveleme analizi için Snow ve Benford’un “çerçeveleme süreçleri” ve Gamson & Modigliani’nin ve Zoch vd.’nin “çerçeveleme araçları” takip edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, belgeselde su krizinin teşhisi için “Nüfus ve Bireysel Su Ayak İzinin Artışı Çerçevesi”nin, çare olarak “Bireysel Tasarruf Çerçevesi”nin, güdüleyici unsur olarak ise “Distopik Gelecek Çerçevesini”n kullanıldığı ortaya konmuştur. Çalışma, su krizinin sorumlusu olarak bireysel tüketimi, su krizinin çözümü olarak bireysel tasarruf girişimlerini öne çıkaran belgeselin sanayinin su krizindeki rolünü ikinci plana ittiğini ve kurumsal öneriler sunmak yerine su krizinin sorumluluğunun büyük bir bölümünü bireylere yükleyerek su krizinin ekonomik ve politik boyutunu göz ardı ettiğini ileri sürmektedir.
Purpose:
Parent and therapist engagement and partnership are critical in early intervention physiotherapy and occupational therapy for infants with cerebral palsy to improve outcomes. The main aim of this study was to understand how parents perceive their engagement experience in early intervention over time.
Methods:
Grounded theory methodology was used. Twenty parents of diverse backgrounds participated in 22 interviews (including some repeated longitudinally) to reflect on their engagement experience within the context of early intervention community services provided in the UK NHS.
Results:
The findings highlight how parents' perspectives of their engagement in EI change according to critical circumstances, including their preceding neonatal trauma, the at-risk CP label, firmer diagnosis of CP and their child's response to intervention. We theorise that this disrupted transition experience to parenthood becomes part of parental framing (or sense-making) of their engagement in EI. Overlapping frames of uncertainty, pursuit and transformation capture and explain nuances in parents' engagement patterns within EI over time.
Conclusion:
This theorising has implications for early intervention therapists in how they engage in the lives of families and partner with parents to support healthier parental transition, wellbeing and subsequent improved infant outcomes.
This chapter examines the case of the Cerbère-Banyuls Marine Nature Reserve (MNR). After presenting a brief history of the MNR and detailing the relevant stakeholders involved in its governance and management, the chapter illustrates some of the ways that global-level environmental norms have been used to help justify the creation of the MNR, to situate its management and regulation into a wider context, and to help substantiate the importance of the current goals and objectives associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of the MNR. Examining theoretical concepts including framing (diagnostic, prognostic, motivational), norm linkages, and contextualization, the examples presented in this chapter show how the environmental norms of sustainable development, intergenerational equity, and common heritage have been (and are being) used and adapted to the local context. The conclusion explains how global environmental norms contribute to the development of a discursive field that promotes and reinforces protection, conservation, and sustainability in the context of the Cerbère-Banyuls MNR.KeywordsCerbère-Banyuls marine nature reserveMarine reserveFranceIssue framingGraftingSustainable developmentIntergenerational equityCommon heritage of mankindEnvironmental sustainabilityEnvironmental governance
This chapter outlines a theoretical framework for analyzing how global environmental norms are adapted and applied at the local level. It begins by reviewing the literature on norm diffusion and articulating some of the critiques that the diffusion concept has been subject to. Following this, the literatures on norm localization and norm-based institutional change are introduced and integrated into the theoretical framework. I emphasize their focus on dynamic concepts, such as framing, grafting, and foregrounding, and relate them to processes of frame construction – an under-researched aspect of issue framing. Lastly, the literature on actor constellations is included, and the concept of impact translation is introduced to emphasize the theoretical relevance of non-state actors and embedded context in processes of norm translation and diffusion. Overall, the aim of the chapter is to develop a theoretical framework that can be used to investigate how global norms travel to the local level and are applied by stakeholders in the cases of environmental governance and natural resource management examined in the book.KeywordsNorm diffusionNorm life cycleCongruenceNorm localizationIssue framingNormative reframingNormative innovationNorm entrepreneursImpact translation
This chapter delves into the significance of situational context in linguistic comprehension and production, shedding light on its crucial role. It thoroughly examines a range of studies from diverse fields, such as sociology and linguistics, all highlighting the triadic relationship between language, individuals, and society. Central to this discussion is the concept of Common Ground, which holds considerable potential in integrating theories that address different facets of context. By presenting compelling examples, the chapter demonstrates how various extralinguistic factors can influence the resolution of isolated referential problems observed in aphasic production.KeywordsCommon groundSociocognitive approachPresuppositionReferential failuresFooting
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