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Excursion Flora of the British Isles.
... The results of molecular analysis prove this fact, because in dendrogram M2 appear in second cluster near Mentha aquatica (M1), so that indicate the genetic similarity in his structure. The morphological characteristics of the M2 variety correspond for Mentha x piperita, which it is universally agreed to be a hybrid (Harley, 1975). The leaves can be 4-9 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide with a very short petiole. ...
Ten Mentha varieties collected from Botanical Garden of UASVM Cluj-Napoca were studied for genetic diversity among them and to identify of some commercial variety using molecular RAPD markers. A total of thirteen RAPD primers were used, but after amplification only eight was polymorphic. All eight RAPD primers gave a total of 270 amplified products, with an average of 33 fragments per primer. The smallest amplified fragment was 291 pb obtained by OPA01 and the largest was 2371 pb obtained by OPJ10. The analysis of the genetic distances between the mint varieties calculated on the basis of the Jaccard coefficient showed that the used RAPD primers generated a high level of polymorphism dividing the mint varieties into 2 groups depending on the genetic origin and common morphological characteristics.
... Despite the fact that hybrids between these two subspecies are cited in the literature (e.g. Summerhayes 1951, Roberts 1975) , it appears that authenticated examples of this hybrid are not numerous (Roberts 1966(Roberts , pers. comm. ...
A biometric study was made of selected morphological characters of a series of populations of Dactylorhiza growing on artificial substrates in the Bolton and Wigan districts of S. Lancs. , v.c. 59 . The results suggest that: a) most populations can be readily referred either to D. majalis subsp. purpurella (T. & T. A. Stephenson) D. Moresby Moore & S06 or to D. majalis subsp. praetermissa (Druce) D. Moresby Moore & S06 ; b) the two subspecies generally do not occupy the same sites; c) populations appear to be genetically isolated from one another and distinct local variants exist; d) populations probably owe their origins to site-specific means of introduction. However, there remains the possibility that hybridization between these two closely related taxa may have played a major part in determining the present characters of at least one of the seven populations studied.
... In a detailed study Shaw, Rorison & Baker, 1984), distribution of species was investigated in relation to soil heterogeneity and nutrient status. Figure 2 summarizes the data for six of the chemical factors studied for five herbaceous species and for bare ground. Fxcept where authorities are given, nomenclature follows Clapham, Tutin & Warburg (1981). ...
S ummary
This paper highlights major developments in the field of heavy metal tolerance in plants over the last 15 years. Advances in experimental and theoretical aspects are considered. The value of both intra‐ and interspecific studies in assessing the ecological significance of adaptive strategies is stressed.
... Suaeda maritima is a common species on saline areas of the northern hemisphere. It grows in both inland and coastal wetland, such as British salt marshes, between high and low tides, from April to October (Clapham and Warburg, 1959;Wetson and Flowers, 2010) and commonly shows optimal growth between 170 and 340 mM NaCl (Flowers, 1972;Thiyagarajah et al., 1996). Although much work has been done on the effect of salinity on growth of S. maritima, there is less information on its response to the combination of salinity and waterlogging. ...
Suaeda maritima is a halophytic plant and its habitat is salt marsh. In order to adapt to saline or waterlogged conditions, plants have evolved mechanisms that include antioxidant protection. However, the combined effect of salinity and waterlogging on antioxidants in S. maritima is unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of saline-flooding on levels of glutathione and phenolic compounds (antioxidants) and the correlation between their concentration and activity in S. maritima shoots grown in their natural habitat and in a glasshouse.Shoots were collected from two different elevations (and so different degrees of flooding) of a salt marsh while other plants were grown in half strength seawater in the controlled conditions of a glasshouse for 8 weeks (drained and flooded). Shoot samples were used to measure dry weight, glutathione and its reduction state, malonyldialdehyde content (MDA), polyphenol content, superoxide anion and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) scavenging activity in the shoots of S. maritima.Growth of S. maritima was greater in plants growing on the high marsh than at a lower elevation and in drained medium as opposed to waterlogged conditions in the glasshouse. Waterlogging caused an increase in glutathione and its reduction state. The glutathione half-cell redox potential (EGSSG/2GSH) was more negative in plant shoots grown under waterlogged conditions than in plants grown under normal conditions. Higher DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging activity was associated with high antioxidant concentrations (glutathione and polyphenols).Conclusions. Under saline-flooded conditions in the field and in the glasshouse, plants produced a higher concentration of antioxidants than under drained conditions. These result indicated that antioxidant molecules play an important role in S. maritima plants under combined salinity and waterlogging stress.
Yabancı Ot Bilimi (Herboloji) ile ilgili bilimsel literatür taraması yapmak için güncel kaynaklara ihtiyaç duyulduğu bilinmektedir. Bu eser “istenmeyen bitkiler” olarak adlandırılan yabancı otlar ile ilgili toplumda ve özellikle akademik alanda lisans ve lisansüstü öğrencilerinin ulaşabilecekleri aktüel bilimsel yazılara gereksinim duyulmasından yola çıkılarak harmanlanmıştır. Yayınlanan bu kitap ile Herboloji’nin temel amaçları nelerdir, yabancı otları nasıl kontrol edebiliriz, yabancı ot yönetimi kültür bitkisinin gelişimine nasıl etki eder, gelecekte yabancı ot direnci ile ilgili hangi yeniliklere ihtiyacımız olacak gibi sorulara cevap aramaya ve yabancı ot dünyasına geniş kapsamlı akademik bir bakış açısı kazandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kitabın yazılması için zaman harcayan, emek veren ve kitap bölüm yazarlığı yapan sayın hocalarımıza ve değerli arkadaşlarımıza sonsuz teşekkürü bir borç biliriz. Ayrıca bu akademik kitabımızın kapak tasarımı için Dr. Oya Gönen’e teşekkür ederiz. Bu kitabın Herboloji’nin akademik dünyamızda yeni bir Anabilim Dalı olma sürecine katkı sağlaması dileği ile hayırlara vesile olmasını dileriz.
Herbicide use has raised concerns which results in the need to find an alternative approach, using natural methods, of controlling weeds. Phytotoxic substances released from plants have been used to manage weeds biologically. Rumex maritimus, belonging to the Polygonaceae family, is well known to have a wide range of biological properties. However, the phytotoxic properties of R. maritimus is not well documented. Thus, we conducted an investigation into the phytotoxic potential of R. maritimus and attempted to find out its phytotoxic substances. Leaf, stem and root extracts of R. maritimus exhibited a strong inhibitory effects on root and shoot length of Lactuca sativa L., Medicago sativa L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Phleum pratense L. With increasing extract concentration, inhibition increased. One substance, 2-methoxystypandrone, was purified after a series of chromatography and characterized by spectral data. 2-Methoxystypandrone reduced the seedling length of Lepidium sativum at concentration ≥ 3 μM. The required 50% growth inhibition concentration of Lepidium sativum seedling for 2-methoxystypandrone was ranged 5.8–11.8 μM. Therefore, it is suggested that the phytotoxic effects of R. maritimus on the test plants may be caused due to the presence of 2-methoxystypandrone.
Background and aims:
Suaeda maritima is a halophyte commonly found on coastal wetlands in the intertidal zone. Due to its habitat S. maritima has evolved tolerance to high salt concentrations and hypoxic conditions in the soil caused by periodic flooding. In the present work, the adaptive mechanisms of S. maritima to salinity combined with hypoxia were investigated on a physiological and metabolic level.
Methods:
To compare the adaptive mechanisms to deficient, optimal and stressful salt concentrations, S. maritima plants were grown in a hydroponic culture under low, medium and high salt concentrations. Additionally, hypoxic conditions were applied to investigate the impact of hypoxia combined with different salt concentrations. A non-targeted metabolic approach was used to clarify the biochemical pathways underlying the metabolic and physiological adaptation mechanisms of S. maritima KEY RESULTS: Roots exposed to hypoxic conditions showed an increased level of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle intermediates such as succinate, malate and citrate. During hypoxia, the concentration of free amino acids increased in shoots and roots. Osmoprotectants such as proline and glycine betaine increased in concentrations as the external salinity was increased under hypoxic conditions.
Conclusions:
The combination of high salinity and hypoxia caused an ionic imbalance and an increase of metabolites associated with osmotic stress and photorespiration, indicating a severe physiological and metabolic response under these conditions. Disturbed proline degradation in the roots induced an enhanced proline accumulation under hypoxia. The enhanced alanine fermentation combined with a partial flux of the TCA cycle might contribute to the tolerance of S. maritima to hypoxic conditions.
(1) Ant-hills built by Lasius flavus (F.) occur frequently in permanent grasslands in southern Britain and bear a distinctive flora. (2) The vegetation of large ant-hills was compared with that of the surrounding grassland at thirteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites in southern England. At each site, the percentage cover of each species was estimated on eight mounds and in eight associated pasture quadrats. (3) Most plant species showed consistent patterns in relation to ant-hills. (4) Annuals, particularly Arenaria serpyllifolia, were often confined to ant-hills. The perennial chamaephytes Cerastium holosteoides, Helianthemum chamaecistus and Thymus drucei were also significantly more abundant on the mounds $(P
A successful honey bee forager tells her nestmates the location of good nectar and pollen with the waggle dance, a symbolic language that communicates a distance and direction. Because bees are adept at scouting out profitable forage and are very sensitive to energetic reward, we can use the distance that bees communicate via waggle dances as a proxy for forage availability, where the further the bees fly, the less forage can be found locally. Previously we demonstrated that bees fly furthest in the summer compared with spring or autumn to bring back forage that is not necessarily of better quality. Here we show that August is also the month when significantly more foragers return with empty crops (P = 7.63e-06). This provides additional support that summer may represent a seasonal foraging challenge for honey bees.
This paper examines one possible way of Fuzzy Set Ordination by using multi-environmental variables. FSO's function is improved through combination with Detrended Correspondence Analysis which is used to summarize environmental information. It can be used to analyse the relationships between vegetation and environment no matter how many environmental variables are involved. An example with vegetation and environmental data collected from upland grasslands in Northern Snowdonia, Wales, is presented. Its results are consistent with that of CCA and DCCA.
A survey is given of the floristic composition and geographical distribution of limestone grasslands assigned to the Mesobromion ereeti, in Western Europe.This survey is based upon 800 vegetation relevs from various investigators throughout the area. Relevant tables have been summarized into a synoptic table with 30 columns. Each column represents a community described as an association or a subassociation.The synoptic table shows a division into a NW European group (Ireland, England, Denmark, and South Sweden) and a Central-W European group (Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Switzerland). Associations belonging to the former have, as a rule, a smaller distribution area than the latter.In the latter group only two associations can be distinguished: Mesobrometum erecti and Antherico-Brometum ass. nov. The Mesobrometum is widespread and includes many subassociations. The Antherico-Brometum shows a transition towards the Xerobromion erecti.According to Barkman et al., (1976) the often used name Gentiano-Koelerietum has to be seen as a not-correct synonym for the Mesobrometum erecti.The Mesobromion grasslands can, in general, not be divided based upon their agricultural management system.An attempt is made to interpret the gradual transition in floristic composition of the limestone grasslands from NW to SE, with climatological data.
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